FINDINGS OF FACT
On 20 August 1962; a second affidavit and Order of Notice to Show Cause was entered. On 24 August
1962, upon order of the court, Pong paid the entire
$33.00 due to date and the second Order was sub- sequently dismissed. Approximately 14 months later on 18 December 1963, Counsel for the Plaintiff Gilganangin filed an untitled paper, which read as follows:
I, Gilganangin, counsel for the plaintiff in the above-caption proceeding, have talked to plaintiff C h o o ' himself a n d decided t h a t the interest t h a t should bear on the j u d g e m e n t of t h e same case at the end of each calendar year provide t h a t such j u d g e m e n t has n o t been fully satisfied, will n o t b e paid by t h e defendant Pong.
I ask the court to take into consideration the above request t h a t the defendant Pong will not be subjected to pay t h e interest as described above, a n d a copy of this request has been sent to the defendant Pong.
572-509 O - 7 5
Appendix 2
Yap Islands Congress, Resolution No. 10—65
T R U S T T E R R I T O R Y O F T H E P A C I F I C I S L A N D S Y A P I S L A N D S C O N G R E S S
F A L L S E S S I O N 1965
R E S O L U T I O N N O . 1 0 - 6 5 : L E V Y I N G A T A X O N T H E T R A N S F E R O F T R A D I T I O N A L Y A P E S E M O N I E S A N D O T H E R V A L U A B L E S A N D C O N T R O L L I N G T H E E X - P O R T T H E R E O F , A N D F O R O T H E R P U R P O S E S . B E I T E N A C T E D BY THE Y A P ISLANDS C O N G R E S S T H A T :
Section 1. In order for a n y citizens of the T r u s t T e r r i t o r y resident in Y a p Islands Proper to sell or give to a n y business establishment or a n y person w h o is not a citizen of the T r u s t T e r r i t o r y resident in Y a p Islands Proper a n y traditional Yapese money o r other valuables, it shall be necessary for t h e seller or the d o n o r to first o b t a i n a transfer of ownership d o c u - m e n t . Such d o c u m e n t shall state the n a m e or title of the m o n e y or the v a l u a b l e , if any, a n d the selling price, or in the case of a gift, the estimated value of the money or other valuables.
Such transfer of ownership d o c u m e n t shall be cosigned by the Magistrate of his Municipality and the Paramount Chief of his village, and also by the District Administrator. T h e transfer of ownership of the money or other v a l u a b l e shall become effective when the seller or d o n o r thereof certifies on the d o c u m e n t t h a t he has received the stated selling price or has m a d e the stated gift, as the case m a y b e . T h e District A d m i n i s t r a t o r shall notify the District T r e a s u r e r of any such d o c u m e n t which h e signs.
Section 2. T h e District T r e a s u r e r is authorized to prescribe the form of the transfer of ownership d o c u m e n t .
Section 3. T h e r e is hereby levied u p o n the sale, as prescribe in Section 1 above, of traditional Yapese money a n d o t h e r valuables a tax of fifty per cent ( 5 0 % ) of the selling price. Such tax shall be paid by the seller of any Yapese money or other valuables within seven (7) days after such sale is transacted.
T h e tax shall be paid to the District T r e a s u r e r .
Section 4. T h e r e is hereby levied u p o n the giving, as described in Section 1 above, of t r a d i t i o n a l Yapese money a n d other
valuables a tax of twenty-five per cent ( 2 5 % ) of the estimated value thereof. Such estimated value shall be d e t e r m i n e d by e n a c t m e n t of Y a p Islands Congress.
T h e tax levied h e r e u n d e r shall be p a i d by the d o n o r of any Yapese money or other valuables within seven (7) days after the gift thereof is m a d e . T h e t a x shall be paid to the District T r e a s u r e r .
Section 5. In order to remove from the Y a p Islands a n y traditional Yapese money or o t h e r valuables, the b e a r e r or shipper thereof must have in his possession a d o c u m e n t , p r e - scribed by Section 1 above, certifying the ownership thereof.
T h e District A d m i n i s t r a t o r m a y p r e v e n t a n y person from shipping, carrying or otherwise r e m o v i n g a n y t r a d i t i o n a l Yapese money or other valuables for which such person does n o t have a properly signed d o c u m e n t of ownership.
Section 6. T h e provisions of this Resolution shall n o t a p p l y to Yapese cultural objects presently being m a n u f a c t u r e d for sale or o t h e r disposition.
Section 7. P E N A L T Y . Any person w h o violates a n y p r o v i - sions of this Resolution shall, u p o n conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of n o t m o r e t h a n five h u n d r e d dollars ($500.00) or by i m p r i s o n m e n t n o t to exceed six (6) m o n t h s , or b o t h .
Section 8. T h i s law shall take effect u p o n a p p r o v a l of the H i g h Commissioner of the T r u s t T e r r i t o r y of the Pacific Islands.
Passed by the Y a p Islands Congress this 19th d a y of N o v e m b e r , 1965.
/ s / J o a c h i m F a l m o g President, Y a p Islands Congress
/s/ M a n g a r f i r , Jesus / s / M a y n a r d Neas
District A d m i n i s t r a t o r , Y a p
Secretary, Y a p Islands Congress
J a n u a r y 12, 1966 D a t e A P P R O V E D T H I S 11th D A Y O F M a r c h , 1966.
/ s / M . W . G o d i n g H i g h Commissioner, T r u s t T e r r i t o r y of the Pacific Islands
26
Appendix 3
Yap District Code, Part B, Traditional Property
Y A P D I S T R I C T C O D E
P A R T B. T R A D I T I O N A L P R O P E R T Y : (Sections 7100-7199)
Section 7100. R E G U L A T I O N O F T R A N S F E R O F O W N E R S H I P . In order for a n y citizen of the T r u s t Territory resident in t h e Y a p District t o sell or give t o a n y business establishment or any person w h o is n o t a citizen of t h e T r u s t Territory a n y traditional Yapese money or valuables, it shall be necessary for the seller or the d o n o r to first obtain a transfer of ownership document. Such d o c u m e n t shall state the n a m e or title of t h e money or t h e valuable, if any, a n d t h e selling price, or in t h e case of a gift, t h e estimated value of t h e money or t h e other valuable. Such transfer of ownership shall be signed by t h e Magistrate of his municipality or t h e P a r a m o u n t Chief of his village, or his island, a n d co-signed b y t h e District Adminis- trator. T h e transfer of ownership of t h e money or t h e other valuable shall become effective when t h e stller or t h e donor
thereof certifies on t h e d o c u m e n t t h a t h e has stated t h e selling price or has m a d e t h e stated gift, as t h e case m a y b e . T h e District Administrator shall notify t h e District T r e a s u r e r of any such d o c u m e n t which he signs. T h e District T r e a s u r e r is authorized to prescribe t h e form of t h e transfer of ownership d o c u m e n t .
Section 7101. R E M O V A L FROM Y A P D I S T R I C T . I n o r d e r to remove from t h e Y a p District a n y traditional Yapese money or valuable, t h e bearer or shipper thereof must have in his possession a d o c u m e n t , prescribed by Section 7100, certifying the ownership thereof. T h e District Administrator m a y prevent any person from shipping, carrying or otherwise removing a n y traditional Yapese money or other valuable for which such person does n o t have a properly signed d o c u m e n t of ownership.
Section 7102. EXCEPTIONS. T h e provisions of Section 7100 a n d 7102 shall n o t a p p l y t o Yapese cultural objects presentiy being manufactured for sale or other disposition.
27
Notes
See " References" for complete citations
1 A comparison of a primitive m e d i u m of exchange with a n economic tool of o u r m o d e r n world w a s m a d e in reference t o Africa: " T h i s manilla h a d n o a c t u a l value in itself b u t w a s used t o represent w e a l t h — o n t h e lines of a m o d e r n c h e q u e . ' ' JOHANSSON, Nigerian Currencies, p . 10.
2 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 131 ( H R A F p . 228).
3 T h e J a p a n e s e restricted e n t r y to t h e a r e a a n d , after W o r l d W a r I I , t h e U n i t e d States N a v y imposed tight restrictions until 1 J u l y 1963. D a t e given b y the D e p a r t m e n t of the Interior, Office of Territories, F e b r u a r y 1974. EINZIG, Primitive Money, p. 4 0 .
4 P R I C E , "Big M o n e y of Y a p , ' ' p . 457.
5 M U L L E R , lap, p . 1 ( H R A F , p . 1). M u l l e r ' s version w a s r e p e a t e d in 1944 b y t h e U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 2 1 ; used in 1947-1948 b y H A R V A R D UNIVERSITY, PEABODY M U S E U M , " T h e Micronesians of Y a p a n d T h e i r D e p o p u l a t i o n , " p . 3 ; published in 1949 b y H U N T , et al., The Micronesians of Yap and Their Depopulation, p . 3 ; a n d q u o t e d in 1962 b y LESSA, " E v a l u a t i o n of Early Descriptions," p . 314 ff.
Villalobes' c o m i n g in 1543 a n d Lezcano's in 1686 h a d been m e n t i o n e d previously in 1907 b y SALESIUS, Die Karolinen- Insel Jap, p p . 1-3 ( H R A F , p p . 1-3). F a t h e r Salesius of t h e C a p u c h i n O r d e r did field work on Y a p a r o u n d 1900.
6 LESSA, " E v a l u a t i o n of Early Descriptions," p . 315.
7 Ibid. Also S H A R P , Discovery of the Pacific Islands, p . 2 3 . S h a r p , however, does n o t mention Y a p as o n e of t h e islands possibly sighted b y Alvaro d e S a a v e d r a .
8 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 1 ( H R A F , p . 1). Previously r e p o r t e d by T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , " D i e C a r o l i n e n i n s e l Y a p , " p . 126 ( H R A F , p . 58). Buenos dias, matelotas m a y be translated " G o o d m o r n i n g , seafarers!" Matalotes is found in both Spanish a n d Portuguese, t h o u g h now obsolete. According to t h e L a n g u a g e Services Division of t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t of State, F e b r u a r y 1974, t h e w o r d c a m e into b o t h languages from t h e F r e n c h matelot, m e a n i n g "seafarer." T h e U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF T H E I N T E R I O R , O F F I C E O F G E O G R A P H Y , NIS Gazetteer West Pacific Islands, p . 7 1 , lists four different spellings of this word as previous n a m e s for N g u l u Atoll, Caroline Islands.
9 I n t h e seventeenth c e n t u r y there a r e accounts of Yapese lost a t sea w h o h a d drifted t o the Philippines w h e r e they h e a r d the Spanish l a n g u a g e . See K R A M E R , Palau, p . 3 1 .
10 S H A R P , Discovery of the Pacific Islands, p p . 7 9 - 8 0 .
11 CANTOVA, " L e t t r e d u P . J e a n C a n t o v a , " a n d C L A I N ,
" L e t t r e d e Pere P a u l C l a i n . "
12 CANTOVA, " L e t t r e d u P. J e a n C a n t o v a , " p . 216.
13 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 182.
14 Ibid., p . 183.
15 CHAMISSO, Reise urn die Welt, p . 377 (extract t r a n s l a t e d b y Carl Jaeschke, Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ) .
16 Welcome to Yap, p . 5. T h e t a b o o is also m e n t i o n e d in relation to t h e stone m o n e y by MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e
E t h n o g r a p h y of M i c r o n e s i a , " p . 164: " T h e Yapese d o n o t like to h a v e t h e m t o u c h e d b y foreigners."
17 D U M O N T D ' U R V I L L E , Voyage au Pole Sud et dans L'Oceanie, p. 208 (extract translated b y a u t h o r ) .
18 C a p t a i n Cheyne's vessel b r o u g h t t o Y a p t h e t h e n deadly sickness, influenza. Finally, in t h e 1860s after " d e f r a u d i n g t h e natives of K o r o r a n d defaulting on his i n d e b t e d n e s s , " as well as supplying a r m s a n d a m m u n i t i o n t o their enemies, t h e P a l a u a n s retaliated a n d brutally killed C h e y n e . U N I T E D S T A T E S N A V Y , Civil Affiairs Handbook, p . 2 8 .
19 SHINEBERG, Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, p . 14. C h e y n e did speak of the earlier t h o u g h infrequent traffic t h a t h a d been established with Y a p b y other E u r o p e a n vessels w h i c h h a d been there. M a n y h a d been a t t a c k e d a n d t h e crews massacred.
C a p t a i n C h e y n e took on b o a r d ship Lorio, a y o u n g m a n from M a n i l a , w h o was himself from a crew of a n a t t a c k e d Spanish ship. See also C H E Y N E , Description of Islands, p . 154.
Muller stated t h a t early E u r o p e a n settlements m u s t h a v e been formed by t h e beginning of t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . " T h e natives h a v e a d i m recollection of i t . " T h e r e were "vestiges of the stay on Y a p in t h e few e a r t h e n plates w h i c h t h e natives hold in high e s t e e m . " M U L L E R , Tap, p . 4 ( H R A F , p . 4 ) .
20 C H E Y N E , Description of Islands, p . 148.
21 SHINEBERG, Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, p . 248.
22 Ibid., Beche-de-mer (spelled " b i c h e d e m e r " b y C h e y n e ) is trepang or sea c u c u m b e r .
23 Ibid., p . 249.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid., p . 2 6 1 .
26 Ibid., p p . 14, 2 6 4 - 2 6 5 , 281-284.
27 M u l l e r reported o n t h e location of rai. " T h e smaller ones are stored in houses, t h e larger ones s t a n d leaning against t h e foundation o r flanking the village roads a n d the large platforms in front of the clubhouses." M U L L E R , Yap, p . 130 ( H R A F p . 224).
28 SHINEBERG, Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, p . 264.
29 Ibid., p . 264, footnote 3 7 .
30 SHINEBERG, Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, p . 22-
31 T E T E N S , Among the Savages of the South Seas, p . xxx.
32 SHINEBERG, Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, p . 2 5 0 . Editor Shineberg states t h a t the " v i l l a g e " R u l l was actually " a district a n d leader of a powerful a l l i a n c e . "
33 T E T E N S , Among the Savages of the South Seas, p . 12.
34 Ibid., p p . 6 2 - 6 3 .
35 LESSA, " E v a l u a t i o n of Early Descriptions," p . 335.
36 Ibid., p . 3 5 1 . T h i s is d o c u m e n t e d b y Lessa as Francisco Carrasco, " C a r o l i n e s : D e s c u b b r i m i e n t e y descripcion d e las islas G a r b a n z o s , " Boletin de la Sociedad geografica de Madrid, vol. 10, n o . 2(1881 ):264.
37 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 19.
38 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 102 ( H R A F , p . 111).
28
NUMBER 23
29
39 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e Beitrage, p . 58 ( H R A F p . 24).
40 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 205.
4 1 T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , "Die Carolineninsel Yap," p . 126 ( H R A F , p . 58).
42 LESSA, " E v a l u a t i o n of Early Descriptions," p . 362.
43 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 193.
44 Ibid., p . 183.
45 Ibid., p p . 193-194.
46 S P O E H R , White Falcon, p . 72.
47 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 27 ( H R A F , p . 47). M u l l e r was q u o t i n g K u b a r y .
48 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e Beitrage," p . 57 ( H R A F , p . 21).
4 9 T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , " D i e Carolineninsel Y a p , " p . 127 ( H R A F , p . 5 9 ) , mention t h e schooner Dash from Boston, which visited Y a p in 1834, a n d the full-rigged ship Ebba Brahe, which was s t r a n d e d there in 1864. C H E Y N E , Description of Islands, p . 154, tells of the two M a n i l a ships t h a t were attacked by the Yapese in 1836.
50 T E T E N S , Among the Savages of the South Seas, p p . 6 - 8 , a n d SEMPER, Die Palau-Inseln im stillen Ocean, p p . 42, 255.
51 K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p . 4 .
52 U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 28.
53 BUTRON Y DE LA SERNA, Memoria sobre las Islas Carolinas, p. 24.
54 S P O E H R , White Falcon, p . 4 7 ; U N I T E D S T A T E S N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 28.
" L E H U N T E , " R e p o r t of H M S Espiegle to Sir G. W . Des Voeux, Acting H i g h Commissioner for t h e Western Pacific,"
p . 28. L o a n e d t o t h e a u t h o r b y D r . Saul Riesenberg, S m i t h - sonian Institution, w h o copied t h e manuscript from Professor H a r r y M a u d e , retired, D e p a r t m e n t of Pacific History, Aus- tralian N a t i o n a l University.
56 U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 28.
57 " D i e Entwickelung d e r Deutschen Interessen in d e r Siidsee," p p . 367—374.
58 U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 2 8 .
59 BUTRON Y DE LA SSSRNA, Memoria sobre las Islas Carolinas, p. 3 , a n d M A R E N C O , La ficcion y la Verdad de lo ocurrido en Tap, p. 120.
60 L E H U N T E , " R e p o r t of H M S Espiegle, p . 2 5 .
61 Ibid., p . 30.
62 Ibid., p p . 2 7 - 2 8 .
63 MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of Micronesia," p . 164. T h e second American mentioned m a y have been a M r . H o l c o m b , proprietor of the Bartola, w h o was mentioned b y BUTRON Y DE LA S £ R N A , Memoria sobre las Isles Carolinas, p . 25.
64 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 5 1 . 65 " W a l t e r C h a r l t o n H a r t r i d g e . "
68 O ' K E E F E , " L a s t Will a n d T e s t a m e n t . "
6 7 U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F C O M M E R C E , B U R E A U O F THE CENSUS, Historical Statistics of the United States, p . 9 1 .
68 SUTLIVE, " S a v a n n a h M a n was K i n g , " p . 5, a n d Deeken, Die Karolinen, p . 55.
69 H O B B S , Cruises Along By-Ways of the Pacific, p . 86. T h i s expedition h a d a g r a n t from t h e H o n o r a b l e Chase S. O s b o r n , one time Governor of M i c h i g a n a n d regent of t h e University of M i c h i g a n . I t was supported b y t h e N a v y D e p a r t m e n t s of the U n i t e d States a n d of J a p a n , a n d sailed u n d e r t h e auspices of the University of M i c h i g a n .
70 EINZIG, Primitive Money, p . 393.
71 U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 24, a n d H A R V A R D U N I V E R S I T Y , P E A B O D Y M U S E U M , " T h e M i c r o n e s i a n s of Y a p , " p . 219.
72 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 222).
73 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 153.
74 R o b e r t Halvorsen, District Administrator, Y a p , t o Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 10 D e c e m b e r 1959, Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #228,912, catalog #400,073. D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p . " p . 153, says t h a t Yapese believe it is " d e r i v e d from t h e U l i t h i a n word for sexual intercourse." Defngin, " T h e R a i of Y a p , " p . 17, says that/i?« orffey is Ulithian in origin a n d refers t o the r e p r o - ductive functions. H e adds, " W h e n the first discus-shaped piece of stone was quarried, the U l i t h i a n in the g r o u p stated t h a t t h e word fee m e a n t full moon, t h e obvious shape of t h e piece of s t o n e . "
7 5 T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , " D i e C a r o l i n e n i n s e l Y a p , " p . 93 ( H R A F , p . 222).
76 ROBERTSON, " C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s , " p . 48.
77 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e Beitrage," p . 83 ( H R A F , p . 29).
T h e definition of a span as t h e stretch of the index finger a n d t h u m b was given b y FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 96.
78 K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p . 5.
79 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 249 ( H R A F , p . 418).
80 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e Beitrage," p . 50 ( H R A F , p . 4 ) .
81 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 224).
82 R o b e r t Halvorsen, District Administrator, Y a p , t o S a u l Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 21 J a n u a r y 1960, S m i t h - sonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #228,912, catalog
#400,073.
8 3 T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , " D i e Carolineninsel Y a p , " p . 93 ( H R A F , p . 18).
84 L E H U N T E , " R e p o r t of H M S Espiegle;' p . 25.
8 5S W A N S T O N , " J o u r n a l s 1857-1866, 1874-1885," p . 8 . L o a n e d t o the a u t h o r by D r . Saul Riesenberg.
8 6 ESCUDE Y B A R T O L I , Las Carolinas, p . 7 9 .
87 BUTRON V DE LA SERNA, Memoria sobre las Islas Carolines, p. 42.
88 M I K L U O H O - M A C L A Y , " D i e Insel W u a p , " p p . 4 0 - 4 5 .
89 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 236.
90 FINSCH, Carolinen und Marianen p . 4 9 .
91 V O L K E N S , " U b e r die Karolinen-Insel Y a p , " p . 74 ( H R A F , p. 14).
92 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 95 ( H R A F , p . 103).
93 L U T J E , Beitrag zu einer Landeskunde des Karolinen-Archipels, p. 103.
94 See T a b l e , rai n u m b e r s 128-142, H a n s S c h u l m a n pieces offered for auction.
9= MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of Micronesia," p . 162.
oo SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 96 ( H R A F , p p . 103-104).
97 FINSCH, Carolinen und Marianen, p . 4 9 .
98 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 131 ( H R A F , p . 227).
99 Ibid.
100 ROBERTSON, " C a r o l i n e Islands," p . 4 9 . ioi M U L L E R , Tap, p . 131 ( H R A F , p . 227).
102 Francis Defngin, Office of t h e District Administrator, Yap, " H i s t o r y of S t o n e , " Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #228,912, catalog #400,073.
103 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 153.
30
SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY104 HERNSHEIM, Siidsee-Erinnerungen, p . 20.
105 EINZIG, Primitive Money, p . 36.
1 0 6 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 224), a n d D E B E A U C L A I R ,
" S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 153.
1 0 7 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 130 ( H R A F , p . 224), a n d D E B E A U C L A I R ,
" S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 154.
108 Smithsonian Institution, D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, accession #227,555, catalog #297,772.
109 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 154.
110 Ibid.
111 Ibid., p . 156.
112 Smithsonian Institution, D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, catalog #176,089 (no. 2 ) .
113 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 224).
114 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 97.
115 T h i s m a y also b e found in n u m i s m a t i c accounts, for e x a m p l e : OBOJSKI, " S t o n e M o n e y from Y a p , " p . 6 9 .
116 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 156.
117 Smithsonian Institution, D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, accession #228,912, catalog #400,073.
118 Francis Defngin to a u t h o r , 7 April 1972.
119 U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p . 181.
120 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p p . 154—155.
121 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 9 5 .
122 Ibid., p . 4 5 .
123 MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of Micronesia," p . 165.
124 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 258 ( H R A F , p . 431).
125 Ibid., p . 263 ( H R A F , p . 441).
126 Ibid., p . 258 ( H R A F , p . 431), a n d p . 262 ( H R A F , p . 437).
127 ROBERTSON, " C a r o l i n e I s l a n d s , " p . 4 8 .
128 " D e u t s c h e Niederlassungen in d e r Siidsee," p . 97.
129 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 88 ( H R A F , p . 153).
130 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 4 5 .
131 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 2 9 1 .
132 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 133 ( H R A F , p . 231).
133 M A H O N E Y , "Projective Psychological Findings in Palau Personality," p . 22.
134 Ibid., p . 14. Also FURNAS, Anatomy of Paradise, p . 382.
135 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e Beitrage," p . 83 ( H R A F , p. 29).
136 HERNSHEIM, Siidsee-Erinnerungen, p . 20.
137 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discvoery, p . 210.
138 M U L L E R , lap, p . 223 ( H R A F , p . 378).
139 Ibid, p . 268 ( H R A F , p . 450).
140 Ibid., p . 254 ( H R A F , p . 424).
141 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e B e i t r a g e , " p . 60 ( H R A F , p. 28).
142 Francis Defngin to a u t h o r , 7 April 1972.
143 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 133 ( H R A F , p . 231).
144 K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p p . 9-10.
145 T E T E N S , Among the Savages of the South Seas, p . 6 3 .
14B K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p . 4 .
147 Ibid., p . 5.
148 Ibid., p . 10.
149 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 210.
150 Danish N a t i o n a l M u s e u m , C o p e n h a g e n , D e n m a r k , E t h n o g r a p h i c a l D e p a r t m e n t , to a u t h o r , 10 M a r c h 1972. F o r relative comparison, only, t h e exchange rate of various foreign
currencies c o m p a r e d t o t h e t h e n c u r r e n t U n i t e d States dollar was as follows:
1875 D e n m a r k 1 crown U . S. $ . 2675
1 8 8 1 , 1 9 0 5 , 1 9 1 0 G e r m a n E m p i r e 1 m a r k . 2 3 8 1895, 1896 N e t h e r l a n d s 1 florin . 402
1915, 1916 J a p a n 1 yen 4985 U N I T E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E T R E A S U R Y , B U R E A U
OF T H E M I N T , Annual Report, 1875, p . 4 3 ; 1881, p . 4 2 ; 1895, p. 5 4 ; 1896, p . 6 7 ; 1905, p . 4 8 ; 1910, p . 6 4 ; 1915, p . 6 6 ; 1916, p. 217.
151 M I K L U C H O - M A C L A Y , " D i e Insel W u a p , " p . 4 4 .
152 M u s e u m fur V o l k e r k u n d e , Frankfurt, G e r m a n y , to a u t h o r , 3 J u n e 1972.
153 M E I N I C K E , Polynesien und Mikronesien, p . 9 8 .
154 BUTRON V DE LA SERNA, Memoria sobre las Islas Carolines, p. 42.
155 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 2 9 1 .
156 " D e u t s c h e Niederlassungen in d e r Siidsee," p . 97.
157 M u s e u m fur V o l k e r k u n d e , Berlin, G e r m a n y , to a u t h o r , 19 N o v e m b e r 1971. T h i s piece was sold in 1931 t o T h e C h a s e M a n h a t t a n Bank in N e w York City, N e w York.
158 Rijksmuseum voor V o l k e n k u n d e , Leiden, T h e N e t h e r - lands, to a u t h o r , 19 N o v e m b e r 1971.
159 S E N F F T , " E t h n o g r a p h i s c h e B e i t r a g e , " p . 60 ( H R A F , p. 28).
160 H a m b u r g i s c h e s M u s e u m fur V o l k e r k u n d e , H a m b u r g , G e r m a n y , accession #823:05.
161 Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #48,520, catalog #248,987. These items were originally cataloged to total 26, t h o u g h D r . H o u g h , then c h a i r m a n of the D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology, c h a n g e d this to 27 before a u t h o r i z i n g p a y - m e n t . T h e last item indicated on t h e bill t h a t was presented b y M r . Costenoble of G u a m lists " 1 shell money Y a p — $ 5 . 0 0 . "
I t is not clear if this is the same i t e m as t h a t listed b y D r . H o u g h as " 1 o r n a m e n t " or t h e o n e indicated as " o n e stone d i s c . "
Perhaps the five dollars asked b y M r . Costenoble referred t o the
"stone disc" or stone money r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e shell m o n e y . It is impossible t o say a t this time. T h e c u r r e n t policy of t h e Smithsonian Institution is t h a t G o v e r n m e n t funds are n o t avail- able for t h e purchase of items for t h e collections.
162 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 101.
163 EINZIG, Primitive Money, p . 4 0 , a n d Q U I G G I N , Survey of Primitive Money, p . 145.
161 BRYAN, " M o n e y of the Pacific I s l a n d e r s , " p . 432.
165 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 101.
166 I b i d .
167 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 100 ( H R A F , p . 108).
T o d a y a ton of c o p r a sells for $182.50 to $162.50, d e p e n d i n g o n quality ( D e p a r t m e n t of t h e Interior, Office of T e r r i t o r i e s , 19 F e b r u a r y 1974). See also Highlights, 1 D e c e m b e r 1973, p . 1.
168 M u s e u m fur V o l k e r k u n d e , Frankfurt, G e r m a n y , t o a u t h o r , 3 J u n e 1972.
169 H a m b u r g i s c h e s M u s e u m fur V o l k e r k u n d e , H a m b u r g , G e r m a n y , accession 8 2 3 : 0 5 .
170 M U L L E R , Tap, p . 131 ( H R A F , p . 227).
171 D E E K E N , Die Karolinen, p . 5 5 .
172 MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of Micronesia," p . 164.
173 T h e University of T o k y o , L i b r a r y , T o k y o , J a p a n , t o a u t h o r , 27 D e c e m b e r 1971.
NUMBER 23
31
174 MATSUMURA, " C o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e E t h n o g r a p h y of Micronesia," p . 164.
175 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 101.
176 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 148 ( H R A F , p . 166).
R e p e a t e d in U N I T E D STATES N A V Y , Civil Affairs Handbook, p. 44.
177 Ibid., p . 4 4 .
178 M u s e u m fur Volkerkunde, Berlin, G e r m a n y , to author, 24 N o v e m b e r 1971.
179 T h e Chase M a n h a t t a n Bank M o n e y M u s e u m , N e w York City, N e w York, t o a u t h o r , 30 N o v e m b e r 1971.
180 P R I C E , Japan's Islands of Mystery, p . 80.
181 T h e Chase M a n h a t t a n M o n e y M u s e u m d i d n o t wish to have q u o t e d the prices paid for the rai.
182 T h e address of t h e Pittsburgh N u m i s m a t i c M u s e u m as indicated on correspondence concerning this rai is t h e same as t h a t of M r . G i b b ' s residence as given in t h e Pittsburgh tele- phone book of 1933.
183 T . M i u r a , First Secretary, J a p a n e s e Embassy, Washington, to Senator D a v i d A. R e e d , 21 D e c e m b e r 1933.
184 Senator D . A. R e e d to H . D . Gibbs, 16 F e b r u a r y 1934.
185 E n d o & K o t a c h i , I n c . , N e w York, bill concerning charges for stone money shipped on M . S . Nankai Maru, to Consulate of J a p a n , New York City, New York, 1 M a r c h 1934.
1 8 6 SCHULMAN C O I N AND M I N T , I N C . A u c t i o n c a t a l o g , 18-20
J u n e 1971, p . 102. D u r i n g t h e same sale a piece a b o u t 16 c m (6% in) larger sold for $1,100 (prices realized).
187 National Bank of Detroit, M o n e y M u s e u m , Detroit, Michigan, t o a u t h o r , 26 N o v e m b e r 1971.
1 8 8 U N I T E D S T A T E S T R U S T T E R R I T O R Y O F T H E PACIFIC
ISLANDS, T R I A L DIVISION O F T H E H I G H C O U R T , Civil Action 25, Pretrial O r d e r , 18 April 1961.
189 Ibid., J u d g m e n t O r d e r ( E . P . F u r b e r , Chief J u s t i c e ) , 26 October 1961.
190 National Bank of Detroit, M o n e y M u s e u m , Detroit, Michigan, to a u t h o r , 26 N o v e m b e r 1971.
191 I n Micronesia, lineage is not a casual affair. T h e facts a r e memorized a n d known b y m a n y .
192 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 98 ( H R A F , p . 106).
193 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 106.
194 According to SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 100 ( H R A F , p . 108), w h o reckoned a ton of copra a t 120-260 marks.
195 Equivalents according to CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 270: 2 sticks of tobacco = 1 large fowl, 1 stick of tobacco = 1 small fowl. Equivalents according to S E N F F T , " E t h n o - graphische Beitrage," p . 83 ( H R A F , p . 2 9 ) : 1 stick of tobacco = 10 coconuts, 10 sticks of tobacco = 1 fathom of cloth. Equiva- lents according t o FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 106: 1 large pilot b i s c u i t = 3 coconuts, 1 stick of " n i g g e r - h e a d " tobacco a n d J a p a n e s e safety matches = 6 coconuts.
198 SALESIUS, Die Karolinen-Insel Jap, p . 168 ( H R A F , p . 188).
197 Ibid., p . 92 ( H R A F , p . 100).
198 Ibid., p . 97 ( H R A F , p . 105).
199 R o b e r t Halvorsen, District Administrator, Y a p , to D r . Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 10 M a r c h 1960, Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #228,912.
200 See A p p e n d i x 3.
201 F r a n c i s Defngin, Office of t h e District Administrator, t o D r . Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 7 N o v e m b e r 1961, a n d R o b e r t Halvorsen, District Administrator, Y a p , to
Dr. Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 5 N o v e m b e r 1959, Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession
#228,912.
202 Francis Defngin, Office of the District Administrator, t o H o w a r d V a n Z a n d t , Vice President, I n t e r n a t i o n a l T e l e p h o n e and T e l e g r a p h Corp., T o k y o , J a p a n , 21 April 1965. Stone money file, Office of the District Administrator, Y a p .
203 J a m e s Flannery, District Administrator, Y a p to David Boyer, National Geographic Society, 6 M a r c h 1968, stone money file, Office of t h e District Administrator, Y a p .
204 See T a b l e . Stones purchased by Daniels (nos. 113-115), 1968; by Robinson (no. 126), 1971; a n d b y Sedore (no. 143), 1971, were cited as $3.50 per inch (per 2.5 c m ) . Stone money file, Office of the District Administrator, Y a p .
205 See T a b l e , rai n u m b e r s 128-142, S c h u l m a n pieces.
206 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 319, a n d M U L L E R , Tap, p. 129 ( H R A F , p . 222).
207 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 319.
208 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 203.
209 CHRISTIAN, Caroline Islands, p . 319, mentions as a v a r i a n t the shape of a fish. T h e shape of a turtle was a d d e d to this in CHRISTIAN, " O n Micronesian W e a p o n s , " p . 300, b u t M U L L E R , Yap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 222), mentions only the shape of a n e w moon.
D E F N G I N , " T h e R a i of Y a p , " p . 16, states t h a t the first s h a p e was t h a t of a whale. His version of the first piece of stone money varies from t h e others in t h a t t h e fishermen from R u l village were driven b y a storm to Palau. After finding t h e stone a n d returning home to Y a p , they w e n t t o t h e king a n d gave h i m the stone. " T h e y told t h e king t h a t they h a d almost lost their lives while catching fish for him, a n d therefore t h e stone fish should b e acceptable to the king, a n d considered as even m o r e valuable t h a n other Yapese treasures."
210 K O T Z E B U E , Voyage of Discovery, p . 206. K o t z e b u e was told by K a d u a b o u t Enopei, a n artist in conjuration, w h o a t night in the full moon p r e p a r e d a cake of t a r o d o u g h . As h e a t e t h e cake, t h e shape of t h e moon was altered accordingly. H e re-rolled the cake into a circle a n d again the m o o n b e c a m e full.
Simultaneously, the shape of the moon a n d of the cake increased a n d decreased as the conjurer decreed.
D E BEAUCLAIR, " S o m e Ancient Beads of Y a p a n d P a l a u , "
p. 1, told the story of Giluai w h o w e n t to t h e sky-world where he obtained beads, t h e largest of which was "crescentic in s h a p e . "
211 D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 151, ftn. 1.
212 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 131 ( H R A F , p . 228).
213 W A L L E S E R , "Religiose A n s c h a u u n g e n , " p . 6 1 6 . T E T E N S a n d K U B A R Y , "Carolineninsel Y a p , " p . 109 ( H R A F , p . 3 7 ) , includes a vocabulary of Y a p by J . T . Blohm a n d Alfred T e t e n s . H e r e kann is translated as " g h o s t " a n d also as " g o d . "
214 K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p . 25.
215 Ibid.
218 M I C K L U C H O - M A C L A Y , " D i e Insel W u a p , " p . 44.
217 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 130 ( H R A F , p . 225).
218 Ibid.
2 , 9 P E T R I , " T y p e n a n a l y s e d e r Geldformen O z e a n i e n s , " p . 316. T h e " y o u n g e r " type was also mentioned by M U L L E R , Tap,
32
SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY p . 132 ( H R A F , p p . 2 2 8 - 2 2 9 ) , w h o said " a c c o r d i n g to traditionthe mbul or m a t money was invented to c o m p e t e with the fa.
W h e n people of R u l a n d T a m i l were able to p r o c u r e the latter the west coast villages b e c a m e jealous a n d m a d e m a t m o n e y w h i c h accordingly would be m o r e r e c e n t . "
220 G I F F O R D a n d G I F F O R D , "Archaeological Excavations in Y a p , " p p . 198-199.
221 Ibid., p . 193. Gifford states t h a t according to Professor Francis J . T u r n e r of the D e p a r t m e n t of Geology, University of California, the stone m a y be p h o s p h a t e .
222 Ibid.
223 Ibid., p . 194.
224 Ibid., p . 193.
225 I b i d . , p . 205.
226 R o b e r t Halvorsen, District A d m i n i s t r a t o r , Y a p , to D r . Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 21 J a n u a r y 1960.
Smithsonian Institution Registrar's file, accession #228,912.
227 D . M . Schneider, D e p a r t m e n t of A n t h r o p o l o g y , University of California, Berkeley, to D r . Saul Riesenberg, Smithsonian Institution, 25 J a n u a r y 1960, Smithsonian Institution Regis- t r a r ' s file, accession #228,912.
228 K U B A R Y , " U b e r das einheimische G e l d , " p . 27. D E BEAUCLAIR, " S t o n e M o n e y of Y a p , " p . 151, points to the similarity of the Chinese j a d e disc pi.
229 M U L L E R , Yap, p . 129 ( H R A F , p . 222), pi. 36, n o . 5.
230 FURNESS, Island of Stone Money, p . 6 1 , a n d MATSUMURA,
" C o n t r i b u t i o n s to the E t h n o g r a p h y of M i c r o n e s i a , " p . 107.
231 H U N T , et al., Micronesians of Yap, p . 36, table 1.
References
A P P L E , R u s s , a n d P E G A P P L E . " N a t i v e M o n e y . " Pacific Saver, v o l u m e 5 ( O c t o b e r 1970), [no p a g i n a t i o n ] .
B A R N E T T , H . G . Being u Palauan. N e w Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t a n d Winston, 1960.
BASSETT, M A R N I E MASSON. Realms and Islands: The World Voyage of Rose de Freycinet in the Corvette U r a n i e 1817-1820;
from the Journal and Letters and the Reports of Louis de Saulces de Freycinet, Capitaine de Corvette. L o n d o n : Oxford University Press, 1962.
D E BEAUCLAIR, I N E Z . " S o m e Ancient Beads of Y a p a n d P a l a u . "
Journal of the Polynesian Society, volume 72, n u m b e r 1 (1963), pages 1—10.
. " T h e Stone M o n e y of Y a p . " The Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, volume 16 (1963), pages 147-160.
-. " T h e Stone M o n e y of Y a p . " Micronesian Reporter, volume 12, n u m b e r 6 (15 A u g u s t - 1 O c t o b e r 1964), pages 10-15.
BRAGG, LILLIAN C . " T h e K i n g from S a v a n n a h . " Savannah Morning News, 28 F e b r u a r y 1960.
BRIGHAM, W I L L I A M T U F T S . " R e p o r t of a J o u r n e y a r o u n d t h e World to S t u d y M a t t e r s R e l a t i n g to M u s e u m s . " (Volume 5, n u m b e r 5, of Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History.) H o n o l u l u : Bernice P . Bishop M u s e u m , 1913.
B R I T I S H M U S E U M , D E P A R T M E N T O F B R I T I S H AND M E D I E V A L ANTIQUITIES AND E T H N O G R A P H Y . Handbook to the Ethno- graphical Collections. O x f o r d : British M u s e u m , 1910.
B R O W N , J O H N MACMILLAN. Peoples and Problems of the Pacific.
L o n d o n : T . F . U n w i n , Ltd., 1927.
BRYAN, E D W I N H . " M o n e y of t h e Pacific Islanders." The Numismatist, v o l u m e 70, n u m b e r 4 (April 1957), pages 4 3 0 - 432.
BUTRON Y DE LA S £ R N A , D O N EMILIO. Memoria sobre las Islas
Carolinasy Palaospresentada Al Excmo. Sr. Comandante General del Apostadoro de Filipinos par El Comandante del Crucero 'Velasco' Capitan de Fragata Don Emilio Butron y de la Serna. M a d r i d : F o r t a n e t , 1885.
CANTOVA, J U A N A N T O N I O . " L e t t r e d u P . J e a n C a n t o v a , mis- sionaire d e C . de J . a u R . P. G u i l l a u m e D a u b e n t o n , A g a d n a , M a r c h 2 0 , 1722." Pages 188-247 in v o l u m e 18 of Lettres edifiantes et curieuses, ecrites des missions etrangeres, par quelques missionaires de la Compagnie de Jesus. P a r i s : Chez N . LeClerc,
1728.
CASEY, J O H N . " T h e Weighty P r o b l e m of Being a Rich Yapese.' Coins, Medals & Currency, 14 J u l y 1967, page 2.
CHAMISSO, A D E L B E R T VON. Reise um die Welt mit der Roman- zqffischen Entdeckungs-Expedition in den Jahren 1815-1818 auf der Brigg Rurik, Kapitan Otto von Kotzebue. ( T a g e b u c h in p a r t 1 of v o l u m e 2 oiChamissos Werke.) H i l d b u r g h a u s e n : V e r l a g des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1869.
" T h e C h a n g i n g F a c e of P a l a u a n C u s t o m . " Micronesian Reporter, volume 11, n u m b e r 1 ( J a n u a r y - A p r i l 1963), pages 2 8 - 3 2 . CHAPMAN, P E T E R S. " J a p a n e s e Contributions to Micronesian Archaeology a n d M a t e r i a l C u l t u r e . " I n Prehistoric Culture in Oceania: A Symposium, edited b y I . Y a w a t a a n d Y . H . Sinoto. H o n o l u l u : Bernice P . Bishop M u s e u m Press, 1968.
C H E Y N E , A N D R E W . A Description of Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean North and South of the Equator: with Sailing Directions together with their Productions, Manners and Customs of the Natives and Vocabularies of their Various Languages. L o n d o n : J . D . Potter, 1852.
CHORIS, LUDOVIK. Voyage pittoresque autour du Monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d'Ameiique, d'Asie, d'Afrique, et des lies du Grand Ocean; des paysages des vues maritimes, et plusieurs objets d'hisloire naturelle; accompagne de descriptions par M. Ie baron Cuvier, et M. de Chamisso, et d'observations sur les canes humains, par M. Ie docteur Gall. Paris: Didot, 1822.
CHRISTIAN, FREDERICK WILLIAM. The Caroline Islands. Travel in the Sea of the Little Lands. New Y o r k : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1899.
. " O n Micronesian W e a p o n s , Dress, I m p l e m e n t s , etc." The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, new series 1 (1899), pages 288-306, plates 19-24.
CLAIN, P A U L . " F r a g m e n t d ' u n e lettre d u Pere P a u l Clain, 1697." Pages 19-26 in volume 2 of Morceaux choisis des lettres edifiantes et curieuses, ec-ites des missions etrangeres, sur la Religion, les Moeurs et les usages des Peuples visiles par les Mis- sionnaires; suivis de fragments de Nouvelles Lettres Edifiantes, d'un coup d'oeil general sur les Missions, etc. 2nd edition. P a r i s : Antoine Caillot, 1813.
. " L e t t r e d e Pere Paul Clain, de la C o m p a g n i e d e Jesus, a u R e v e r e n d Pere General d e la m e m e C o m p a g n i e , sur la nouvelle decouverte q u ' o n a faite d e trente-deux lies a u S u d des lies M a r i a n e s . " Pages 112-136 of v o l u m e 1 of Letties edifiantes et curieuses, ecrites des missions etrangeres, par quelques missionaires de la Compagnie de Jesus. P a r i s : Chez N . LeClerc, 1703.
C L Y D E , P A U L H I B B E R T . Japan's Pacific Mandate, 1935. [Reissued, Port Washington, N e w Y o r k : K e n n i k a t Press, I n c . , 1968].
C O E L L O Y Q U E S A D A , D . F R A N C I S C O . " L a Q u e s t i o n des C a r o - lines." T r a n s l a t e d from Spanish by Artirur Williamson Taylor. ( N u m b e r 20 in volume 3 of 2nd series, Bulletin de la Societe Academique Indo-Chinoise.) P a r i s : Societ6 A c a d e m i q u e Indo-Chinoise d e F r a n c e , 1887.
COULTER, J O H N W E S L E Y . The Pacific Dependencies of the United States. N e w Y o r k : M a c m i l l a n Co., 1957.
" C u r r e n c y in the Island of Y a p . " The Numismatist, v o l u m e 39, n u m b e r 1 ( J a n u a r y 1926), pages 24—25.
D A E U F E R , ALICE S. Pathways to Micronesia: An Annotated Bibliog- raphy of Selected Works. Saipan, M a r i a n a Islands: D e p a r t m e n t of Education, T r u s t Territory of the Pacific Islands, 1969.
33
572-509 O - 75 - a