BIBLIOGRAPHY

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^[bull.42.

Graham, J. B. Scrofula among the Sioux Indians; its origin and nature. Amer.

Pract.andNews,Louisville, Ky., 1890,ix, 1-5.

Atthetimeofthe writingscrofulawasprevalentinthetribe.

Pages3-4: '

'AccordingtoAlex.Rencountre andothers,thefirstcaseofscrofula (par- ticularly)noticed among the Brule Sioux occurred in1869." ... "I donotthink the casereferred to asoccurring_in 1869wasthefirstcaseofscrofulaamongthem, but

itcertainlydid notexist toan alarmingextent before that time."

"TheolderIndiansandtheirtraditionssay thatscrofula,syphilis,and consumption werelittleoralmostunknownamong themuntilwithin thelast50years."

Seeminglysomeconnection betweenscrofulaandintroductionofcattle (rations)in 1868.

GuiLBERT, Ch. a. Delaphthisispulmonaire danssesrapportsavecI'altitude etavee

lesracesau PerouetenBolivie. These, Par., 1862.

Pages 19-20: The full-blood Indians are almost exempt from consumption. The population ofPeru isattacked by tuberculosis inthe following order of frequency:

Negro, pure descendants of the old Spanish, mixed-bloods, Europeans, full-blood Indians.

Page44: InBolivia,phthisis"isnotencounteredamongthe natives."

Page59: "TheIndianracehas hithertoescapedtuberculisation."

Page70; "TheAraucanian tribeswhooccupy thecountrybetween theCordilleras and the sea, below, the 36th degree of southern latitude, are completely exempt of tuberculisation. ThediseaseisequallyunknowninPatagonia."

Heger,a. Sanitary report, Fort Simcoe, AVash. Ter., U. S. A. Reports 1855-59, Washington, 1860, 263.

Speaking of the Yakima in 1857, the writer says: "Their prominent diseasesare phthisis, catarrhal and rheumatic affections, fevers, scrofula, variola, and venereal diseases."

"Scrofulaisoffrequent occurrence; phthisisisveryprevalentamongthemandal-

waysfatal."

HiLDRETH,S. P. On the climateanddiseases ofWashington county, Ohio. Amer.

Jour.Med. Sci., Feb., 1830.

Treatsofthe periodofthesettlementofthe regionbywhites, from1788to1807.

Page326:"The^{aboriginesweresubject}tofewdiseases,andthoseofan inflammatory nature." . . . "Phthisispulmonalis,at this earlyperiod,was adiseasenearlyor whollyunknown."

The above has ^reference more particularlytothe whites. Appearance of a few cases in 1808, and slow increase thereafterare noted; also that scrofula too was increasing(1829).

Holder, A. B. Papers ondiseasesamongthe Indians. Med. Rec, N. Y., 1892.

Page178: MaintainsthattheIndianswere neverfreefromtuberculosisor scrofula;

blames "transition" periodforthe spreadofthediseases.

Refers to specimen 17,223,Peabody Museum, Cambridge (pictured in Bradford andLovett'sOrthopedicSurgery,_p.2),asshowing evidenceofprehistorictuberculosis.

Givesabstractof reports ofagencyphysiciansfrom twelvereservations, in nearly all of which the disease is shown to be prevalent.

Among

the Hupa, however,

"consumption veryrare

—

^{onlytwoorthree percentofdeaths duetoit. Scrofula is}

rare."

Hrdlicka, Ales. Physiological and medical observations among the Indians of southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Bull. 34, B. A. E., Wash-

higtun, 1908,i-viii, 1-425.

Includes the writer's former observations on tuberculosis among the Indians; a detailed account ofthe 1904 report of the physicians in the Indian Service on the morbidityoftuberculosisamong the varioustribes,andbibliography.

HRDLicKA]

TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CERTAIN

INDIAN TRIBES

39

HuBER, J. B. Races and peoples with regard to tuberculosis. Med. News, N. Y.,

Nov. 12, 1904.

Page917: "It seems that the Indian was free from tuberculosis before his con- tactwiththewhites,'livingashedidin theopenairand withoutalcohol."

Thearticlecontainsnooriginalmaterial.

Hunter,J.D. Memoirsof a captivityamongthe Indians. Thirded.,Lond.,1824.

Pages 432-3: "AmongtheOsagesIhaveknowntwocasesofwhatInowsupposeto have been whiteswellings,neither subjectwas more thanfifteenyearsofage. One wasoftheknee,andthe otherontheanklejoint."^.

Page435: "Consumption.

—

^{Thisdiseasebutrarely}occurs."

"I haveknownonlyafewinstancesofthiscomplaint amongstthe Indians,brought on by exposure. Intemperance is the principal cause of its prevalence amongst them."

Pagoe444-5: "Ihave knownpulmonary consumption tooccuramongthe Indians.

It israrely seen, however, except inthose addicted to intemperance; and even in theseit isby^nomeanssocommonasamongthe whites. It isworthyof notice that femalesarenotsosubjecttothedisease asmalesare. Ihave neverknownittoaffect a person before puberty, and very seldom under twentyyearsofage. Itappears in farthegreaternumberbetween the agesoftwenty andfortyyears."

Remarks on several diseases prevalent among the western Indians, etc.

Amer. Med. Recorder,Phila., 1822, v, 408-17.

Page 416: "I have known pulmonary consumption to occur among the Indians.

Itis rarely seen, however, except in thosewhoare addicted to intemperance, and even intheseit isbyno meanssocommon as amongthe whites." "I have never knownitto affectaperson beforepuberty,and very seldom under20 yearsofage."

Femaleslesssubjectthanmales.

Thepapercontainsnodataonscrofula.

Observations on the diseases incident to"certain of the North American Indiantribes. N. Y. Med.andPhys. Jour., N. Y., 1822, i, 174-9.

Consumption exists among the Indians

—

^{in thosewho} drink (exposure, etc.), but also inthosewhodonot.

Thearticlecontainsnodataonscrofula.

James's account of S. II. Long's expedition, 1819-20, in Early Western Travels, Thwaite'sed., xvi.

Referring to theplainsof thePlatte, the upper Arkansas, and the Red Riverof Louisiana, the writer says, page132: "It is truethat few, if any, instancesofpul- monaryconsumption occur among the Indiansof thisregion. The sameremark is

probablyastrueof theoriginal nativepoi^ulation of

New

Yorkand

New

England."

Jesuit relations, Thwaite'sed.:

VI, 263: leJeune'srelation, 1633-34.

Montagnais:

"We

had three personsin onecabin afflicted with scrofula

—

the son ofthe manwhose earwas verydisgusting andhorridfromthis disease; hisnephew, who had itin hisneck; andadaughter, whohaditunder onearm. Idonotknow whetherthisisthe realscrofula; whatever itis, thissore isfull of pus, and covered with a horrible-looking crust. They are nearly all attacked by this disease when

young, bothon account oftheir filthyhabitsand because they eatand drink indis- criminatelywith'thesick."

No reference ismade to scars lollowing thesores. Possiblythe author includes casesofpemphigocontagiosa.

XLi, 195: FatherleMercier'srelation, 1653-54,

New

FranceAlgonquians.

At Tadoussac a child "was afflicted in a frightful manner with scrofula on his neck, andhis entire throatwasbeing eatenaway by it; while thelittle girlsuffered fromahemorrhage which wasreducing hertoa skeleton."^«

almperfecttranslation. Original reads: "Avoitunfluxdesangquiladesechoit insquesauxos."

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Jesuit relations

—

Continued.

XLiv, 267: Relationof1657-58.

Referringtoafull-blood Hurongirl, whowastobecomeanuninthe convent, the writer says:

"He

(the Lord) visited her with a malady which is common enough amongthe Savages, being akindofweakness, togetherwithaslowfever; andthisso exhaustedher that she wastedawaybeforeour eyeswithaninflammation, accompa- nied by a severe cough, whichaffected herwhole chestto suchan extent thather lungsweregraduallydestroyed."

Lvii, 165: Relationof1672-73.

'

'

A

poorwoman . . . whohad been consumptivefortwoyears.

"

Lxv,47: Relationof1696-1702.

Montagnais: Referring to the missionary among the people

—

"sometimes he is

made ^ill by thestenchofthosewhohavescrofula,with

whom

he evendrinks outof thesamekettle."

Lxviii, 61: Saguenayrelation, 1720-30.

Montagnais: "All, withtheexceptionofayoungchildattackedby scrofula,were inwonderfulhealth."

Thereare only two other references to consumption in the Indians inthe Jesuit Relations,andbothoftheseareveryindefinite. Theyoccur in vol. xii, 7, and^vol.

Lv, 205.

JossELYN, J. New-Engiandsrarities. Lond., 1672; rejarint,Boston, 1865.

Page90: "OakofCappadocia

—

^excellentforstuffingofthelungsuponcolds, short- nessofwind,andtheptisick; maladies that the nativesareoftentroubled with."

An

accountoftwo voyagesto

New

England. Boston,1865; original,Lond., 1675.

Page102: "In

New

EnglandtheIndians areafflictedwithpestilentFevers,Plague, Black-pox, Consumption of the Lungs, Falling-sickness, Kings-evil, and a Disease calledbytheSpaniardsthePlagueintheback,withanEmpyema."

Kneeland, J. On somecausestendingtopromotethe extinction of the aborigines ofAmerica. Trans.Amer.Med.^Ass.,Phila., 1865, xv, 253-60.

ReportsontheOnondagas (nearSyracuse,N.Y.). Scrofulapresentinmanyadults and inmostchildren. Consumptionprevalent

—

^{a large percentageof the deathsin}

thetribedueto thisdisease.

Lafitau, J. F. Moeursdessauvagesameriquains,etc. Par.,2vols.,1724.

Deals mainly withthe Indians of

New

France.

Vol. 2, pp. 360-61: Thesavagessufferedwith"maladiesscrophuleuses,causeespar laerudite des eaux, parleseaux deneige, qu'ilssontobligesdefairefondredansles paisdechasse,pourboire,

&

^pourfairecuire leur sagamite. C'estpeut-etredu

meme

principe,

&

decequ'ils ont toUjours I'estomach

&

la poitrinedecouverte,qu'ilscon- tractentuneespecedephtisie, quilesminantpeuapeu, en conduitlaplusgrande partieauTombeau,

&

a laquelleilsn'ontpuencore trouverde remede."

". . . ces sortes d' infirmites . . . lesprennentd'ordinairealafleurdeI'age."

LaHontan.

New

voyagestoAmerica. Twovols., Lond., 1703.

Contains observationsonthe ('anadian Indians, period 1683-94.

II,47: "it throwsall of'em intothat Languishing Disorder,whichwe^callaCon- sumption:Theylookpale, lividandghastlylikeskeletons."

Nonotesonscrofulaaregiven.

Lewis and Clark. Travels to the source of the Missouri river, etc., 1804-1806.

Lond., 1814.

Page 341, Chopunuish or Nez Perce: "They aregenerally healthy

—

^{the only dis-}

orders which wehave had occasion to remark being of a scrofulous kind, and for these, aswell as for theamusementof those who are in good health, hotand ^cold bathingisverycommonlyused."

HRDLiCKA]

TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CERTAIN

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Page 549:

We

"had anumber of patientsafflicted with scrofula, rheumatism, and soreeyes." "Thescrofulous disorderswe mayreadily conjecturetooriginate inthe longconfinementtovegetablediet."

LucKLEY, Geo. Trans. Amer. Med.Ass., 1857,xi.

Page 215: "Throughout the countryphthisis pulmonalis appears to be the most commonnonspecificdiseasewith the aborigines."

"On

the coastandin thesettled districts,although hardshipsandscarcityof food donotexist inany proportionto what isencoimtered inthe interior, yet the same

diseaseiseven morecommon."

Page 216: "Strumous diseases areverycommonand arerapidly increasing. The mostcommon oftheseare caries of thesjnne,morbuscoxarius, andglandularulcera- tions."

Matthews, Washington. Consumption among the Indians. Trans.Amer. Clim.

Ass., Phila., 1886.

Notes finding consumption everywhere, except in Owen'svalley, California, but eventherethesymptomsofscrofulawerenot entirely wanting.

Accordingtohisobservations,tuberculosiswasless common inthetribeshe knew, duringhis earlierobservations.

Givesstatisticsofthediseases at several ofthenorthernagencies.

Furthercontributiontothestudyofconsumptionamongthe Indians. Trans.

Amer. Clim.Ass., Phila.,

Page 142:

"We

have evidence that the wildest Indians in the earliest historic times weresubject toconsumption; yettheywerenot subjectto^itin ahigh degree, andit isprobable thattheysufferedthen froma differentformofthemaladytothat which troubles the modern Indian. But we have evidence that scrofulabegins to prevailamong themwhentheyceasetolivebychase, andthatit isacondition pre- disposingtoconsumptionamongthem."

Givesinformationfromthephysiciansat easternandnorthernagencies,allrelating to latterhalfofnineteenth century. Nohistorical documentsareincluded.

Maximilian's travels in the interiorof North America, in Early WesternTravels, Thwaite'sed., xxii.

Treatsofperiod 1832-34.

Page236: Saukie Indians from lower Missouri

—

_{"One of theirmost}distinguished warriors ^. . . sufferedseverelyfromconsumption."

Morse,J.

A

report-tothe SecretaryofWar^oftheU.S.on IndianAffairs,etc.

New

Haven, 1822.

Page 347, appendix: Referring to the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains and northofMissouri,theauthorstatesthatthey "are, in general,subjecttofewdiseases.

The venerealcomplaint iscommontoallthetribes oftheNorth; manydieofacon- sumption."

Morton, S. G. Illustrationsofpulmonary consumption, etc. Phila., 1837.

Includes aletteronconsumptionamongthe Indians, byDr. Z. Pitcher.

Speakingofthe Chippewa, Ottawa, Menominee, Osage, Pawnee, Omaha, Kansas, Creeks, Cherokee, (Jhoctaw, Seneca, Shawnee, andDelawares, the Doctorsays:

Page 312: "Consumption is a disease familiar toall those with

whom

I have had anypersonal acquaintance; and Ithink alsothat I maygo further,and state,with- out ^fear ofcontradiction, that itis prevalent amongall the natives of the northern sectionofour continent."

The author learned ofthe disease among MandaninMissouri,and fromofficers of the Hudson Bay Company regardingall tribe?! under their jurisdiction. It is his opinionthat

—

71530—Bull. 42—09 4

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Page 313: "Consumption isof more frequent occurrence than scrofulaamong the Indians;" " ^{. . .} scrofulaperseis oftenest tobe seeninthose tribeswho stand, asitwere,midwaybetweenthesavageandcivilized state; buteven thennotsooften asconsumption."

Page315 (Pitcher): "Sofaras I

am

caj^ableof formingan estimateofcomparative frequency ofbothscrofulaand consumptioninthetworaces," I should saythatthe resultisdecidedly in favorofthe red man."

Moses, I. On the medical topography of Astoria, Oregon territory. Amer. Jour.

Med. Sci.,Jan., 1855, 32-46.

Reportsscrofula and phthisis prevalentamong the Indians oftheregion. Gives nostatisticsorhistory.

Orton,G. T. Scrofulaamongstthe Indians. TheManitobaandWest CanadaLan-

cet, Winnipeg,Jan., 1898, v, 214-5.

Scrofula and consumption notedas generally])revalent among the Indiansabout Lake WinnipegandalongNelsonriver. Thearticle contains no materialofspecial value.

RoMANOWSKY. Observations dans les colonies russes de I'Amerique. Jour. Med.

deRussie, 1848, no. 20.

Reportsphthisis tobe very prevalentamongthe natives of the Aleutianislands, principallyamongthemixed-bloodswholeaddebilitatinglives.

Ross, A. Adventuresof thefirstsettlerson theOregonor Columbia river. Lond., 1849.

Page308: TribeOakinackens,andothers

—

_{"Thediseasesmostfrequentamongthese}

peopleare indigestion, fluxes,asthmas, andconsumption."

Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbiariver. Lond., 1849; alsoinEarlyWesternTravels,Thwaite'sed., vii.

Page 111: Chinooks (period 1810-13)

—

"Consumption and the venereal disease are the complaintsmostcommonamongstthem."

Rush, B. Free thoughts upon the cause and cure of the pulmonary consumption.

MedicalInquiriesandObservations,2ded., Phila., 1794, ^i.

Page196: "It[pvdmonary consumption] isunknown among the Indians in North America."

Stratton, Thomas. Contributiontoan account ofthediseasesof theNorth Ameri- canIndians. EdinburghMed.andSur. Jour., 1849, lxxi, 269-83.

The paper contains Dr. A. Digby'sand P. Darling'sreports on consumption and

scrofulaamongtheOttawaandChippewaoftheManitoulinislandandthe Six Nations along theGrandriver (period, 1840-48).

Accordingto P.Darling therewereamongthe 800Ottawa and Chippewawhocame under his observation

—

^{(«) from Oct. 10, 1840, to Aug. 16, 1841:} treated, scrofula2,

"enlarged glands" 13,consumptionnotmentioned; (b)from Aug. 16,1841, toDec.31, 1842: phthisis 12; no mention ofscrofulousglands;(c) fromJan. 1, 1844, to Dec.31, 1&44: phthisis4;no mentionofscrofula; (d)Jan.1,1847toDec.31,1847:phthisis3;no mentionofglands.

AccordingtoDoctorDigbytherewereamongthetwenty-twohundred Indiansbe- longing to the Six Nations, l)etween March 1, 1847,and March1, 1848, a totalof54 deaths, with4deathsfromphthisis.

TscHUDi, J. J. ijber die geographische Verbreitung, dei Krankheiten in Peru.

Oester. med.Wochenschr., Wien.,1846, 472-3.

Reportsscrofula asbeing prevalentinPeru, especiallyalong thecoast; "butonly amongthewhitepopulationandalong thecoast alsoamongthe Negroes. TheIndians appear tobe completely immuneagainst thisdisease. And the same^is trueabout tuberculosis."

aThatis,the whitesandthe Indians.

hrdliCka]

tuberculosis

AMO:^Ct

certain

INDIAN TRIBES

43

Walker, J. R. Tuberculosisamong the Oglala Sioux Indians. Amer. Jour. Med.

Sci., Phila.and N.Y., Oct., 1906, n.s.,cxxxii, 600-605.

Reports on ten years' observations on tuberculosis among the Oglala; gives but limitedstatistics.

Wilkes, Chas. Narrative of the U. S. exploring expedition, 1838-1842. Phila., 1845, IV.

Page512: Among the Sachet, Oreg., "pulmonary complaints are very common, and occasion great suffering. The diseasesmost often metwith are bronchitis,and tubercularconsumption."

Williamson, Thomas. The diseases of the DakotaIndians. Northwestern Med.

and Sur. Jour.,St. Paul,Minn., 1874,iv,410-19.

ReferstotheSioux ofMinnesota abouttheLac qui Parle between ¹⁸³⁵and1846.

Thearticlecontains observationson about1,000 individuals.

Page412: "Ofthose overten yearsoldwhodied ofdisease,I think fullyhalfdied of consumption." "I donotthink itwas much more prevalentamongthe Indians thanamongourwhitepopulation; whilefromthefactthattheywerealltaintedwith scrofula, theirmode of life, etc., it might be expected that itwould be very much moreso."

"Thegreat proportionofphthisiswaschieflyowingto sofewdyingofotherdiseases."

Page415: Scrofula certainly lessprevalentamong the Indians of the Plains sub- sistingonbuffalomeatthan amongthoseunderhisobservation; thoseofthe Plains

"generallyappearedrealhealthy,withthe exceptionofsoreeyes."

Winder,

Wm.

On Indian diseases and remedies. Brit.-Amer. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., Montreal, Jan., 1846, ^i, 255-7.

Includes a reportbyDr. P. Darling; otherwise thearticle^iswithoutvalue.

Woodruff, Charles E. Diseases of northern California Indians. Med. Rec, N. Y., Jan. 24, 1891, xxxix, 104-6.

Hupa: Some among themsaytheyhadnotconsumptionbeforetheadventofwhites.

"Atpresenttimethediseaseisextremelyprevalentandfatal."

Thearticlecontain?noexactdata.