•
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.1
Multivariate regression coefficients and standard errors
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors
Intercept
School characteristics School average
of the highest international
socio- economic
index of occupational status (HISEI) between both
parents School size
School climate Classroom climate
Attitudes towards
school
Sense of belonging
at school
Student- teacher relations
Discipli- nary climate
School average disciplinary
climate
Teacher support Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia 509.3 (1.02) 16.3 (2.24) 4.9 (1.17) 2.8 (0.96) -8.6 (0.97) 6.3 (0.89) 6.4 (0.86) 5.4 (1.01) -2.8 (1.01) Austria 497.3 (1.84) 26.6 (1.79) 11.2 (2.88) -0.6 (1.02) -3.0 (0.89) -0.4 (1.22) 5.0 (1.17) 9.4 (1.46) -3.1 (1.25) Belgium 528.2 (1.06) 27.3 (1.83) 12.7 (2.39) -5.1 (1.10) -3.5 (1.31) -0.3 (0.99) 7.4 (0.91) 22.0 (1.25) -4.9 (1.08) Canada 515.5 (1.09) 10.5 (0.73) 7.0 (0.94) -0.3 (0.70) -7.2 (0.81) 2.2 (0.85) 6.9 (0.84) 4.7 (0.83) -5.1 (0.85) Czech Republic 510.4 (2.47) 30.9 (3.07) 3.3 (3.97) -0.4 (1.18) 0.2 (1.46) -1.5 (1.25) 4.5 (1.00) 8.9 (1.72) -5.2 (1.26) Denmark 513.3 (2.84) 8.1 (1.93) 12.0 (4.09) 1.5 (1.66) -6.5 (1.50) 4.5 (1.60) 2.3 (1.49) 5.3 (1.41) -3.3 (1.54) Finland 537.7 (2.82) -2.8 (1.10) 11.9 (3.22) 6.0 (1.27) -9.1 (1.09) 0.3 (1.37) 3.8 (1.30) -0.2 (1.02) -7.4 (1.44)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 495.2 (1.94) 31.3 (2.05) 0.6 (2.46) -2.2 (1.08) -5.9 (1.39) 0.7 (1.10) 4.2 (1.00) 12.6 (1.53) -3.6 (0.93) Greece 453.6 (6.89) 24.8 (1.56)-19.6 (7.27)-4.0 (1.62) -1.6 (1.41) -4.4 (1.77) 1.4 (1.30) 6.6 (2.46) 1.0 (1.77) Hungary 477.7 (3.07) 32.9 (1.69) 7.5 (4.66) -5.7 (1.35) -1.4 (1.21) -1.9 (1.42) 2.9 (1.16) 8.0 (1.25) -2.2 (1.17) Iceland 510.1 (3.77) 0.8 (1.66) -5.5 (4.36) 7.2 (1.51) -7.7 (1.20) 1.9 (1.45) 4.4 (1.74) 1.2 (1.83) -0.9 (1.84) Ireland 512.2 (1.74) 12.2 (1.90) 6.6 (3.15) 0.9 (1.26) -8.0 (1.13) 2.7 (1.31) 8.6 (1.35) -0.2 (1.15) -7.7 (1.47) Italy 499.0 (2.00) 33.9 (1.11) 4.2 (3.52) 0.3 (1.36) -3.9 (1.15) -2.9 (1.27) 3.3 (1.06) 7.1 (0.63) -5.5 (1.13) Japan 531.2 (2.45) 37.1 (1.63) 5.8 (1.06) -2.4 (1.38) -4.8 (1.50) 1.9 (1.59) 4.2 (1.43) 21.6 (0.97) -3.4 (1.75) Korea 556.8 (2.76) 25.6 (1.35) 10.3 (1.40) -1.5 (1.10) -6.1 (1.25) 1.2 (1.35) 0.9 (1.10) 19.3 (3.57) 0.2 (1.50) Luxembourg 500.7 (2.73) 28.1 (1.82) 1.0 (0.78) -1.1 (1.23) -0.2 (1.15) 1.8 (1.33) 5.4 (1.07) 13.7 (2.98)-4.8 (1.03) Mexico 429.4 (7.45) 17.1 (0.76) 3.7 (1.33) 7.7 (1.02) 0.4 (0.97) -5.6 (1.33) 5.1 (1.27) 12.5 (0.78) -2.0 (1.11) Netherlands 526.5 (2.06) 36.6 (2.53) 11.3 (3.08) -2.8 (1.34) -5.1 (1.53) 1.1 (1.53) 2.6 (1.47) 14.8 (4.21) -1.3 (1.35) New Zealand 519.7 (1.75) 13.3 (1.64) 3.5 (1.01) 6.0 (1.48) -8.4 (1.32) 6.5 (1.57) 6.6 (1.24) 3.2 (1.48) -5.8 (1.30) Norway 487.6 (6.54) 3.5 (1.55) -4.8 (7.55) 4.4 (1.76) -8.1 (1.21) 6.0 (1.50) 3.0 (1.71) 4.7 (1.38)-6.0 (1.80) Poland 497.5 (1.39) 9.7 (1.63) -1.5 (2.65) -1.1 (1.42) -2.0 (1.11) -5.3 (1.70) 6.1 (1.24) 1.6 (1.36) -5.1 (1.33) Portugal 488.0 (1.53) 10.7 (1.27) 10.2 (0.81) 1.4 (1.13) 1.2 (1.50) -2.5 (1.43) 8.8 (1.43) 18.0 (1.39) -4.9 (1.29) Slovak Republic 493.5 (1.99) 25.2 (0.93) 0.4 (2.67) -3.8 (1.20) -2.8 (1.15) -5.9 (1.31) 3.4 (1.09) 7.9 (0.86)-6.3 (1.18) Spain 507.2 (1.09) 10.4 (1.09) 4.0 (2.29) -0.3 (1.22) -4.6 (1.13) -2.5 (1.24) 8.7 (1.06) 5.0 (0.83) -5.3 (1.32) Sweden 493.7 (2.36) 5.4 (1.66) 7.0 (2.89) 4.3 (1.44) -9.1 (1.26) 5.6 (1.38) 3.5 (1.18) 4.3 (1.59) -7.5 (1.67) Switzerland 509.5 (3.17) 18.6 (1.49) 6.1 (4.51) 1.6 (1.29) -2.6 (0.92) -1.6 (1.31) 8.9 (2.10) 9.9 (1.17) -4.4 (1.50) Turkey 481.5 (3.80) 27.6 (1.63) 3.6 (2.93) -2.3 (1.13) 4.2 (1.46) -6.4 (1.43) 8.4 (1.55) 24.9 (2.14) 0.6 (1.17) United States 464.5 (2.13) 15.0 (1.37) -0.2 (1.26) -0.7 (1.26) m m 1.3 (1.27) 9.6 (1.28) 6.7 (0.98) -3.1 (1.13)
Partners
Brazil 451.5 (3.88) 23.6 (1.34) 1.6 (0.98) 2.0 (1.41) 0.4 (1.31) -2.6 (1.49) 4.5 (1.76) 14.8 (2.63) -4.6 (1.63) Hong Kong-China 526.2 (3.80) 20.2 (1.79) 62.3 (4.50) -1.5 (1.74) -6.3 (1.71) 2.7 (1.32) 4.1 (1.33) 34.9 (1.62) -1.0 (1.41)
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 480.2 (1.72) 11.3 (1.57) 15.5 (2.12) 6.4 (1.31) -3.1 (1.75) -4.4 (1.75) 8.8 (1.74) 3.9 (1.24) -6.4 (1.80)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 532.8 (6.35) 15.4 (3.95) 3.6 (1.87) -0.3 (4.13) -1.1 (4.27) 2.5 (3.51) 11.4 (3.44) 14.5 (5.45)-8.5 (4.06) Russian Fed. 465.4 (2.09) 11.4 (1.63) 4.8 (3.25) -0.3 (1.60) 0.1 (0.96) -5.1 (1.39) 8.6 (1.48) 9.4 (1.57) -1.9 (1.31) Serbia 450.6 (1.99) 21.2 (1.02) 4.1 (0.97) 0.7 (1.16) -1.8 (0.90) -9.2 (1.44) 6.0 (1.61) 17.3 (1.05) -3.9 (1.44) Thailand 469.8 (3.58) 20.1 (1.25) 4.1 (0.43) 3.1 (1.26) 0.0 (1.56) -9.1 (1.35) 13.0 (1.54) 0.3 (1.21) 4.4 (1.32) Tunisia 409.6 (3.07) 20.3 (0.91) 6.8 (2.06) 3.5 (0.85) 1.9 (0.96)-6.9 (0.94) 5.6 (1.27) 12.7 (0.81) -1.9 (1.52) Uruguay 458.5 (1.80) 23.0 (1.14) 16.2 (1.26) 0.8 (1.61) 0.2 (1.32) -6.0 (1.48) 3.7 (1.60) 14.3 (1.23) -5.2 (1.42) United Kingdom1508.8 (1.30) 13.0 (1.22) 7.4 (1.87) 2.6 (1.24) -6.8 (1.30) 6.5 (1.41) 9.2 (1.03) 5.2 (1.15) -4.2 (1.36) 1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.1
Multivariate regression coefficients and standard errors (continued)
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors Student characteristics
Home background Self-related cognitions in mathematics The highest
international socio-economic
index of occu- pational status (HISEI) between
both parents
The highest level of education
between both parents
(HISCED)
Number of books in the home
Anxiety in mathematics
Instrumental motivation
in mathematics
Interest in and enjoyment of mathematics
Self-concept in mathematics
Self-efficacy in mathematics Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia 9.2 (1.19) -0.8 (1.25) 9.8 (0.86) -4.3 (1.40) 1.7 (1.41) -7.8 (1.57) 24.4 (1.31) 30.5 (1.35) Austria 2.0 (1.35) -5.0 (1.50) 12.0 (1.20) -4.5 (1.49) -1.7 (1.37) -5.3 (1.48) 15.0 (1.68) 20.4 (1.22) Belgium 10.5 (1.26) -0.7 (1.15) 8.8 (1.04) -5.1 (1.34) 4.6 (1.26) -0.5 (1.46) 13.0 (1.35) 24.7 (1.29) Canada 8.1 (0.96) 1.0 (1.48) 11.1 (0.70) -5.7 (1.11) 5.2 (0.94) -7.1 (1.29) 18.4 (1.56) 27.4 (0.93) Czech Republic 5.2 (1.63) 2.6 (2.16) 11.7 (1.63) -5.9 (1.65) 3.0 (1.20) -3.8 (1.81) 17.0 (1.75) 23.8 (1.27) Denmark 8.9 (1.60) 6.4 (1.76) 11.3 (1.46) -12.4 (1.81) -0.2 (1.87) -7.1 (2.23) 24.5 (2.56) 23.4 (1.93) Finland 8.1 (1.07) 1.8 (1.30) 12.9 (1.22) -6.3 (1.88) 3.6 (1.46) -4.6 (1.79) 29.8 (1.94) 21.3 (1.69)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 4.3 (1.39) 2.1 (1.36) 9.2 (1.15) -5.1 (1.37) 1.8 (1.23) -2.6 (1.31) 8.8 (1.50) 23.0 (1.62) Greece 2.3 (1.73) 0.4 (1.34) 7.5 (1.47) -9.3 (1.60) 3.3 (1.86) -1.7 (2.14) 19.2 (2.41) 19.9 (2.07) Hungary 4.0 (1.57) 0.7 (1.35) 8.7 (1.18) -8.4 (1.72) 2.3 (1.30) -1.5 (1.80) 9.7 (1.66) 22.8 (1.25) Iceland 2.0 (1.46) 6.2 (1.86) 11.5 (1.47) 1.0 (1.54) 2.4 (1.68) -4.2 (1.68) 24.4 (1.88) 23.8 (1.63) Ireland 8.2 (1.42) 3.4 (1.43) 11.3 (1.14) -7.0 (2.24) 0.9 (1.32) -3.8 (1.72) 11.2 (2.64) 32.4 (1.82) Italy 4.6 (1.02) -2.9 (1.10) 4.0 (1.07) -8.2 (1.45) 3.9 (1.67) -3.8 (1.74) 13.5 (1.77) 25.7 (1.33) Japan 0.0 (1.28) -0.6 (1.38) 6.4 (1.33) -1.4 (1.83) 0.8 (1.57) 4.7 (1.70) 5.3 (2.17) 25.8 (1.76) Korea 1.4 (1.25) -0.2 (1.06) 14.2 (1.65) 3.9 (1.87) 2.8 (1.43) 2.5 (1.71) 17.7 (2.55) 22.7 (1.56) Luxembourg 6.6 (1.69) -0.5 (1.34) 9.8 (1.21) -6.4 (1.65) 0.2 (1.56) 1.9 (1.77) 4.6 (1.66) 26.6 (1.31) Mexico 2.2 (0.88) 0.0 (0.97) 1.4 (1.49) -12.7 (1.15) 0.9 (1.82) -8.2 (2.03) 16.3 (1.21) 16.6 (1.46) Netherlands 5.3 (1.24) -1.4 (1.13) 8.9 (1.28) -1.9 (1.65) 0.8 (1.20) -0.2 (1.71) 10.6 (1.72) 19.1 (1.56) New Zealand 7.7 (1.27) 2.5 (1.71) 12.7 (1.32) -11.1 (1.92) 4.0 (1.44) -9.1 (2.07) 22.1 (2.41) 31.1 (1.71) Norway 9.1 (1.51) -2.4 (2.36) 14.1 (1.45) -7.8 (1.65) 6.2 (1.55) 1.3 (2.01) 21.9 (2.13) 22.9 (1.74) Poland 10.3 (1.77) 3.5 (1.96) 11.8 (1.18) -15.1 (1.65) 10.8 (1.65) -11.2 (1.85) 20.3 (2.17) 28.6 (2.03) Portugal 8.5 (1.57) -1.4 (0.95) 9.9 (1.80) -4.2 (1.82) 4.8 (1.74) -8.4 (2.35) 18.4 (1.72) 27.2 (1.97) Slovak Republic 3.2 (1.24) 2.5 (1.50) 14.8 (1.54) -9.8 (1.37) 4.5 (1.66) -5.4 (1.90) 22.5 (2.22) 24.7 (1.71) Spain 3.4 (1.14) 0.7 (0.98) 16.0 (1.26) -3.4 (1.73) 6.1 (1.60) -3.3 (1.93) 16.6 (1.95) 22.1 (1.26) Sweden 8.8 (1.47) -1.0 (1.54) 17.5 (1.18) -7.9 (1.61) 4.3 (1.51) -4.7 (1.76) 19.0 (1.81) 30.6 (1.66) Switzerland 8.3 (1.38) 1.2 (1.10) 14.3 (1.08) -5.5 (1.36) -0.2 (1.28) 0.0 (1.87) 9.9 (1.77) 30.4 (2.41) Turkey 2.1 (1.52) 0.6 (1.23) 9.3 (1.48) -7.1 (1.63) 1.1 (1.75) -3.2 (2.10) 11.1 (1.83) 19.0 (1.45) United States 8.5 (1.15) 0.0 (1.60) 14.0 (1.16) -5.1 (1.46) 5.5 (1.28) -7.5 (1.33) 15.1 (1.92) 29.6 (1.37)
Partners
Brazil 8.3 (2.07) -2.8 (1.11) 6.1 (2.20) -13.2 (2.72) 0.5 (1.95) -9.1 (2.54) 13.8 (2.22) 16.4 (2.00) Hong Kong-China 4.2 (1.69) -3.9 (2.01) 8.3 (1.36) -0.1 (2.24) 1.3 (1.67) 5.1 (1.83) 12.8 (2.58) 27.5 (1.82)
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 7.6 (1.45) 0.1 (2.25) 9.2 (1.51) -12.5 (1.95) 10.0 (1.58) -14.7 (2.52) 21.5 (2.12) 29.3 (2.21)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 6.7 (3.91) -0.6 (2.85) 1.7 (3.16) -2.9 (4.23) -8.4 (4.25) 1.2 (4.53) 15.2 (4.07) 27.7 (4.04) Russian Fed. 3.8 (1.49) 1.5 (2.20) 6.9 (1.35) -14.3 (2.25) 5.1 (1.54) -6.8 (2.36) 14.2 (2.40) 27.4 (2.25) Serbia 3.7 (1.14) -2.0 (1.47) 6.0 (1.51) -9.1 (1.74) 4.1 (1.58) -9.5 (1.86) 19.1 (1.90) 17.8 (1.75) Thailand 5.7 (1.67) -0.3 (1.36) 1.8 (1.43) -4.1 (1.75) 3.9 (2.19) -7.2 (2.52) 11.9 (2.09) 19.5 (1.69) Tunisia 6.6 (1.52) -3.3 (1.26) 5.8 (1.21) -1.9 (1.34) 3.5 (1.48) -5.5 (1.76) 10.8 (1.41) 13.3 (1.36) Uruguay 6.3 (1.59) -0.5 (1.54) 5.7 (1.46) -6.7 (1.99) 2.2 (1.41) -0.7 (2.42) 14.7 (2.35) 19.2 (1.51) United Kingdom1 9.5 (1.27) 1.0 (1.57) 11.0 (1.19) -3.7 (1.84) 2.9 (1.54) -9.4 (1.73) 17.2 (2.26) 32.3 (1.49)
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.1
Multivariate regression coefficients and standard errors (continued)
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors Time students invest in learning Learning strategies and preferences in mathematics
Out-of-school learning time Learning strategies
Students’ preference for learning situations Attending
out-of- school classes
Hours per week of homework
in total
Hours per week of mathematics
homework
Working with a tutor
Control strategies
Elaboration strategies
Memo- risation/
rehearsal strategies
Competitive learning situations
Co-operative learning situations Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia -7.4 (1.57) 6.5 (1.53) -1.9 (1.28) -2.5 (0.91) 4.3 (1.17)-15.9 (1.20) -5.1 (1.32) 1.1 (1.60) -3.9 (1.13) Austria-10.2 (3.13) 1.7 (3.01) -5.3 (2.57) -4.5 (1.12) -0.2 (1.16) -0.6 (1.06) -8.3 (1.05) 1.2 (1.05) 0.2 (0.84) Belgium -4.8 (1.57) 7.4 (1.59) -4.4 (1.50) -4.6 (1.53) -2.2 (1.05) -7.7 (1.37) -1.9 (1.17) -3.0 (1.15) 1.0 (1.11) Canada -3.2 (1.26) 6.6 (1.04) -3.9 (0.90) -4.2 (0.81) 4.3 (1.14) -8.1 (1.00) -4.1 (1.08) -2.0 (0.86) -1.0 (0.89) Czech Republic -2.0 (1.62) 3.8 (1.83) -7.3 (1.74) -5.0 (1.23) -2.8 (1.41) -0.7 (1.40) -6.7 (1.27) 1.4 (1.24) -0.4 (1.05) Denmark -5.8 (2.09) 0.3 (2.89) -6.4 (2.08) -7.5 (3.23) -5.5 (1.83) -7.1 (2.19) -4.7 (1.63) 4.8 (1.92) -3.3 (1.56) Finland-12.8 (4.09) 5.9 (2.91)-18.5 (2.43)-12.0 (3.33) -0.5 (1.50) -6.2 (1.39) -4.8 (1.27) -0.1 (1.32) 3.1 (1.36)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany -9.4 (1.88) 2.0 (2.01) -6.3 (1.77) -3.5 (0.91) -1.1 (1.40) -0.3 (1.02) -6.9 (1.12) -0.3 (1.13) 1.1 (1.09) Greece -2.4 (0.63) 5.8 (1.08) -0.3 (1.21) -5.6 (0.94) 0.0 (1.67) -5.8 (1.67) -7.3 (1.93) 2.4 (1.78) -0.6 (1.31) Hungary -3.1 (1.00) 4.5 (1.11) -4.5 (1.20) -4.1 (1.26) -3.1 (1.57) -2.1 (1.14) -5.3 (1.20) -0.9 (1.28) 3.6 (1.54) Iceland -4.9 (1.62) 9.9 (2.98)-10.8 (2.32) -6.8 (1.29) -1.4 (1.50)-10.3 (1.83) -5.0 (1.64) -0.3 (1.57) -3.6 (1.34) Ireland -2.1 (1.50) 9.5 (1.32) -5.3 (1.61) -7.5 (1.27) -1.6 (1.49) -9.6 (1.46) -2.8 (1.74) -0.3 (1.40) 0.0 (1.54) Italy -5.9 (1.61) 0.5 (0.92) -3.1 (1.13) -5.8 (0.82) 0.9 (1.33) -3.7 (1.29) -6.1 (1.35) -1.1 (1.26) -0.6 (1.02) Japan -3.0 (1.07) 8.5 (2.68) -2.1 (1.79) -8.8 (1.44) -2.3 (1.28) -2.6 (1.34) -1.8 (1.38) -0.6 (1.17) 4.0 (1.11) Korea -0.5 (0.66) 11.8 (2.75) -3.7 (2.79) -3.1 (0.89) 4.4 (1.84) -3.9 (1.47) -9.5 (1.63) 2.0 (1.57) 0.3 (1.52) Luxembourg -6.1 (1.94) 6.7 (2.18) -9.1 (1.75) -2.2 (1.24) -1.3 (1.40) -8.6 (1.34) -2.5 (1.27) 0.0 (1.29) -0.9 (0.97) Mexico -1.5 (3.85) 7.8 (1.57) -0.2 (1.26) -3.1 (4.59) -0.2 (1.16) -1.7 (1.43) -4.8 (1.06) 2.0 (1.68) -3.0 (1.04) Netherlands m m 7.1 (1.49) -6.6 (1.78) -5.4 (1.23) -5.7 (1.29) -2.8 (1.46) 2.0 (1.25) -2.6 (1.62) 1.9 (1.25) New Zealand-10.6 (1.65) 12.1 (2.16) -8.6 (1.97) -6.5 (1.79) 5.3 (1.60)-16.6 (1.89) -4.0 (1.56) -5.1 (1.60) -3.6 (1.42) Norway -5.0 (2.36) 9.4 (2.43)-17.6 (2.70)-13.7 (2.43) 0.3 (1.71)-12.0 (1.70) 0.5 (1.75) -2.5 (1.47) 1.5 (1.20) Poland -4.3 (1.09) 10.4 (1.33) -8.3 (0.96) -4.1 (0.90) -1.6 (1.58) -6.5 (1.75) -4.8 (1.58) 1.1 (1.50) -1.7 (1.31) Portugal -3.0 (1.11) 5.8 (2.18) -5.8 (2.09) -3.3 (0.84) 4.8 (1.65) -6.4 (1.85) -6.0 (1.69) -2.0 (1.41) 0.3 (1.60) Slovak Republic -3.0 (1.10) 0.5 (1.34) -1.6 (1.05) -1.1 (1.12) -3.4 (1.39) -3.4 (1.80) -5.8 (1.33) 2.1 (1.22) -1.3 (1.24) Spain -2.5 (0.86) 10.7 (1.92) -5.9 (1.83) -3.5 (0.86) 3.7 (1.49) -4.3 (1.28) -2.4 (1.27) 0.5 (1.18) 0.2 (1.35) Sweden -5.3 (3.16) 4.9 (2.45)-18.4 (2.44) -12.5 (1.84) -8.4 (1.41) -6.0 (1.67) 0.7 (1.47) 1.2 (1.55) 1.4 (1.29) Switzerland -6.2 (2.27) 6.1 (2.97)-14.6 (2.48) -5.0 (1.62) 0.1 (1.18) -6.9 (1.53) -7.0 (1.02) -4.0 (1.89) 2.2 (1.09) Turkey -2.5 (1.23) 5.4 (2.05) -3.7 (1.87) -4.5 (1.78) 3.9 (1.91) -8.0 (1.52) -1.2 (1.75) 1.9 (1.72) -0.7 (1.52) United States -7.9 (2.10) 9.2 (2.03) -3.3 (1.21) -6.1 (1.20) -0.7 (1.52) -9.0 (1.60) -5.1 (1.46) 0.9 (1.44) -2.4 (1.11)
Partners
Brazil -4.2 (1.34) 8.8 (2.09) -5.5 (1.89) -9.5 (1.49) 3.4 (1.97) -3.1 (2.00) -4.2 (2.29) -1.5 (1.74) 0.5 (2.15) Hong Kong-China -1.6 (0.90) 9.9 (1.91) -2.8 (1.69) -4.0 (0.89) 5.6 (1.29) -2.9 (1.97) -8.6 (1.56) -6.9 (1.62) 1.4 (1.60)
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia -2.5 (1.41) 3.6 (1.34) -4.0 (1.67) -3.8 (0.95) -7.8 (2.32) -1.5 (2.85) -3.6 (2.28) 0.4 (2.46) -1.5 (1.99)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China -3.0 (2.10) 6.1 (4.29) 3.1 (3.28)-11.0 (2.47) 4.1 (3.80) -2.1 (3.75)-10.4 (3.81) 0.4 (4.41) -2.9 (3.56) Russian Fed. -1.6 (0.97) 2.7 (0.87) -1.3 (0.72) -5.2 (1.05)-6.4 (1.74) -6.7 (2.05) -4.5 (1.64) 3.8 (1.97) 0.0 (1.53) Serbia -6.2 (1.78) 1.0 (1.65) 0.7 (1.56) -2.5 (0.97) -0.5 (1.28) -2.1 (1.72) -8.1 (1.62) -0.7 (1.64) -0.1 (1.27) Thailand -0.3 (0.82) 11.0 (1.62) 0.5 (1.18) -3.9 (0.94) 3.6 (2.03) -1.3 (1.99) -9.9 (2.57) -0.3 (2.18) -1.6 (2.13) Tunisia -2.8 (0.52) 0.6 (1.99) 1.5 (1.59) m m 1.2 (1.32) 0.1 (1.46) 0.2 (1.18) 1.7 (1.63) -3.7 (1.11) Uruguay -5.3 (1.51) 2.6 (1.88) -1.1 (1.59) -5.6 (1.48) -4.2 (1.85) -1.7 (2.31) -0.6 (1.55) -2.9 (1.62) -0.7 (1.34) United Kingdom1 -1.0 (1.30) 14.0 (1.70)-10.3 (1.54) -5.9 (1.23) 0.3 (1.96)-15.1 (1.62) -1.0 (1.56) -3.0 (1.57) -1.4 (1.14) 1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.2
Bivariate regression coefficients and standard errors
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors School characteristics
School average of the highest international
socio- economic index of occupational status (HISEI) between both
parents School size
School climate Classroom climate
Attitudes towards school
Sense of belonging at
school
Student- teacher relations
Disciplinary climate
School aver- age discipli- nary climate
Teacher support Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia 39.8 (3.37) 24.9 (1.34) 10.2 (1.10) 0.9 (1.19) 13.4 (1.02) 16.0 (0.89) 29.5 (0.59) 7.4 (1.24) Austria 47.1 (1.28) 15.7 (5.19) -2.2 (1.00) 0.1 (0.95) 0.3 (1.29) 6.9 (1.31) 24.2 (1.97) -0.9 (1.46) Belgium 53.0 (2.46) 29.3 (6.08) -3.4 (1.10) -0.8 (1.31) -1.1 (1.11) 10.8 (0.90) 38.9 (3.48) -2.2 (0.92) Canada 25.8 (0.78) 11.4 (1.43) 6.6 (0.87) -1.4 (0.89) 9.3 (1.05) 14.3 (0.93) 14.8 (0.97) 6.3 (1.02) Czech Republic 53.9 (4.60) 8.6 (9.01) 1.3 (1.33) 7.8 (1.72) -1.4 (1.27) 6.2 (1.05) 18.6 (2.26) -1.6 (1.44) Denmark 29.5 (1.85) 33.0 (6.47) 5.2 (1.64) 1.7 (1.69) 8.0 (1.65) 6.8 (1.97) 15.9 (1.60) 6.6 (2.00) Finland 9.7 (0.99) 22.4 (2.84) 12.1 (1.46) -1.9 (1.23) 8.9 (1.37) 10.3 (1.42) 3.4 (1.29) 4.9 (1.78)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 50.6 (3.37) 8.2 (4.25) -3.8 (1.25) -3.4 (1.36) 0.4 (1.06) 7.5 (1.16) 25.7 (2.40) 0.5 (1.13) Greece 40.2 (1.07) -2.3 (16.24) -5.6 (1.53) 2.2 (1.44) -2.7 (1.69) 5.3 (1.56) 24.6 (2.60) 0.5 (1.70) Hungary 56.2 (1.28) 22.4 (11.44) -7.3 (1.36) 2.0 (1.19) -3.8 (1.19) 3.1 (1.11) 18.0 (1.60) 0.0 (1.21) Iceland 8.0 (1.87) 5.1 (4.93) 15.0 (1.46) 0.1 (1.45) 11.7 (1.43) 13.1 (1.76) 6.7 (1.80) 9.7 (1.87) Ireland 34.6 (1.69) 17.3 (5.15) 6.1 (1.46) -4.7 (1.42) 4.5 (1.70) 15.8 (1.52) 5.7 (0.92) -1.7 (1.67) Italy 49.1 (0.68) 11.5 (5.59) 0.6 (1.08) -0.5 (1.15) -5.1 (1.06) 4.6 (1.12) 22.3 (0.49) -2.6 (1.07) Japan 77.8 (0.83) 25.3 (1.03) -0.8 (1.43) -1.0 (1.50) 3.0 (1.52) 5.3 (1.84) 42.1 (0.89) 1.7 (1.77) Korea 58.3 (1.08) 28.0 (4.64) 1.2 (1.16) 1.0 (1.31) 6.2 (1.22) 1.7 (1.38) 37.1 (3.69) 3.8 (1.42) Luxembourg 53.5 (1.16) 4.5 (1.12) -2.5 (1.33) 4.4 (1.33) 0.3 (1.33) 7.4 (1.23) 60.3 (2.32) -2.8 (1.13) Mexico 25.9 (0.32) 5.3 (1.87) 10.5 (1.11) 3.7 (0.94) -3.1 (1.29) 10.5 (1.32) 23.8 (0.98) 0.1 (1.02) Netherlands 52.1 (3.46) 18.5 (2.84) -1.1 (1.43) -2.8 (1.47) 3.0 (1.83) 4.3 (1.68) 19.3 (7.38) 1.0 (1.33) New Zealand 36.0 (1.76) 15.2 (0.94) 13.4 (1.53) 2.5 (1.38) 15.4 (1.72) 14.7 (1.61) 20.7 (1.38) 4.4 (1.40) Norway 19.2 (1.71) 8.8 (7.99) 15.8 (1.86) -0.2 (1.53) 16.1 (1.61) 11.4 (1.84) 13.1 (1.62) 13.7 (1.90) Poland 29.7 (1.36) 18.3 (2.70) -0.8 (1.72) 7.5 (1.35) -7.4 (1.80) 15.0 (1.38) 3.1 (1.55) -0.8 (1.58) Portugal 35.5 (0.98) 28.2 (3.85) 6.6 (1.31) 10.1 (1.50) -0.5 (1.42) 15.2 (1.64) 36.5 (1.03) -0.9 (1.75) Slovak Republic 46.7 (0.63) 14.1 (7.64) -6.4 (1.35) 0.2 (1.30) -9.6 (1.42) 5.1 (1.34) 19.5 (0.75) -6.8 (1.13) Spain 26.4 (0.59) 9.6 (4.11) 5.1 (1.28) 0.4 (1.37) 1.1 (1.30) 13.1 (1.34) 15.0 (0.80) -0.8 (1.46) Sweden 25.0 (1.62) 16.6 (3.30) 13.0 (1.46) -0.4 (1.53) 14.8 (1.37) 13.2 (1.81) 15.3 (2.00) 3.1 (1.84) Switzerland 39.5 (0.90) 10.1 (5.15) 1.4 (1.90) 3.0 (1.29) 0.0 (1.81) 11.0 (2.13) 19.8 (1.00) -1.6 (1.88) Turkey 50.0 (0.94) 3.1 (3.16) -1.0 (1.32) 9.6 (1.69) -2.3 (1.46) 13.5 (1.71) 45.3 (1.50) 2.0 (1.40) United States 41.1 (0.91) 1.1 (2.27) 6.6 (1.23) m m 10.0 (1.41) 20.6 (1.23) 27.9 (0.95) 6.7 (1.31)
Partners
Brazil 40.2 (1.74) 2.7 (2.19) 1.7 (1.40) 3.1 (1.12) -4.6 (1.34) 10.4 (1.90) 35.1 (3.97) -5.8 (1.42) Hong Kong-China 48.7 (1.24) 116.4 (7.65) 6.3 (1.90) 5.5 (1.62) 6.7 (1.41) 10.7 (1.33) 77.2 (1.28) 8.1 (1.63)
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 26.6 (1.37) 30.3 (2.65) 8.7 (1.94) 9.4 (2.10) 0.8 (2.05) 15.2 (2.48) 7.0 (0.92) 0.3 (2.11)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 23.8 (3.52) 4.5 (2.82) 1.2 (5.68) 4.3 (5.21) 4.0 (3.81) 15.4 (4.12) 45.0 (3.93) -3.6 (4.41) Russian Fed. 30.4 (1.18) 14.8 (4.91) 3.6 (1.38) 7.7 (1.00) -4.7 (1.35) 14.7 (1.56) 17.5 (1.12) 3.5 (1.46) Serbia 41.2 (0.66) 8.8 (1.52) -0.8 (1.32) 0.2 (1.02) -11.8 (1.35) 10.3 (1.52) 33.7 (0.68) -8.2 (1.22) Thailand 36.4 (0.82) 13.9 (0.29) 7.6 (1.31) 6.9 (1.42) -4.8 (1.34) 19.2 (1.50) 16.1 (1.06) 5.3 (1.28) Tunisia 31.9 (0.32) 12.6 (4.48) 4.8 (0.87) 3.6 (0.93) -4.3 (0.85) 7.1 (1.23) 20.3 (0.66) -0.1 (1.17) Uruguay 44.4 (0.76) 40.0 (1.61) 2.1 (1.61) 2.3 (1.26) -6.7 (1.27) 7.4 (1.82) 33.9 (1.07) -4.8 (1.55) United Kingdom1 37.3 (2.87) 11.0 (4.71) 9.8 (1.23) 0.2 (1.21) 14.2 (1.46) 20.0 (1.10) 22.6 (1.76) 7.4 (1.31) 1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.2
Bivariate regression coefficients and standard errors (continued)
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors Student characteristics
Home background Self-related cognitions in mathematics The highest
international socio-economic
index of occu- pational status (HISEI) between
both parents
The highest level of education
between both parents
(HISCED)
Number of books in the home
Anxiety in mathematics
Instrumental motivation
in mathematics
Interest in and enjoyment of mathematics
Self-concept in mathematics
Self-efficacy in mathematics Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia 19.8 (1.30) 12.4 (1.49) 21.4 (0.95) -34.2 (1.25) 15.6 (0.94) 17.2 (1.07) 39.4 (1.10) 43.4 (0.88) Austria 7.0 (1.21) 1.9 (1.68) 17.1 (1.28) -20.9 (1.03) 3.1 (1.15) 10.2 (1.22) 23.5 (1.12) 27.8 (1.18) Belgium 17.9 (1.13) 11.0 (1.25) 16.8 (1.12) -23.0 (1.09) 11.6 (1.20) 15.1 (1.18) 24.7 (1.19) 33.0 (1.50) Canada 18.1 (1.06) 18.5 (1.49) 20.6 (0.98) -30.6 (0.79) 19.0 (0.86) 19.9 (0.94) 34.1 (0.66) 39.7 (0.83) Czech Republic 15.3 (1.59) 17.8 (2.09) 19.8 (1.63) -32.0 (1.35) 14.1 (1.38) 18.4 (1.52) 32.8 (1.27) 38.3 (1.19) Denmark 25.4 (1.75) 25.8 (2.02) 27.6 (1.77) -42.8 (1.40) 21.0 (1.48) 28.1 (1.56) 45.4 (1.28) 48.7 (1.78) Finland 21.7 (1.28) 19.4 (1.52) 28.6 (1.47) -41.7 (1.51) 26.6 (1.71) 30.2 (1.61) 44.9 (1.19) 45.5 (1.40)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 13.0 (1.52) 11.4 (1.34) 17.8 (1.17) -22.2 (0.87) 9.7 (1.29) 14.3 (1.09) 23.1 (0.97) 32.6 (1.23) Greece 12.2 (1.66) 10.8 (1.45) 17.0 (1.31) -28.6 (1.42) 13.2 (1.33) 19.8 (1.30) 34.1 (1.56) 33.1 (1.93) Hungary 10.1 (1.62) 13.1 (1.66) 15.2 (1.24) -23.6 (1.23) 8.1 (1.34) 10.8 (1.52) 23.7 (1.25) 29.9 (1.21) Iceland 12.9 (1.50) 20.1 (1.79) 24.9 (1.73) -33.1 (1.34) 18.0 (1.68) 24.7 (1.45) 39.6 (1.14) 40.1 (1.27) Ireland 22.2 (1.73) 18.9 (1.59) 24.1 (1.48) -30.0 (1.53) 8.3 (1.40) 17.1 (1.52) 32.4 (1.55) 44.0 (1.35) Italy 7.3 (1.11) 3.1 (1.11) 10.7 (1.18) -25.5 (1.29) 9.9 (1.29) 14.1 (1.15) 23.6 (1.06) 34.4 (1.38) Japan 2.0 (1.47) 3.5 (1.64) 10.8 (1.26) -14.4 (1.18) 11.5 (1.15) 15.9 (1.11) 18.2 (1.10) 30.4 (1.34) Korea 7.5 (1.52) 6.3 (1.20) 24.0 (1.55) -18.3 (1.38) 19.0 (1.15) 23.3 (1.03) 32.1 (1.26) 35.6 (1.36) Luxembourg 15.3 (1.42) 8.5 (1.08) 16.5 (1.30) -20.8 (1.17) 4.7 (1.19) 9.8 (1.18) 19.1 (1.14) 31.8 (1.18) Mexico 4.8 (0.96) 2.0 (0.99) 5.2 (1.57) -26.0 (1.19) 5.7 (1.32) 7.9 (1.52) 22.9 (0.99) 20.1 (1.27) Netherlands 9.5 (1.35) 4.3 (1.21) 12.9 (1.34) -20.4 (1.43) 10.5 (1.29) 15.1 (1.47) 22.4 (1.44) 27.3 (1.25) New Zealand 23.1 (1.44) 20.9 (1.93) 29.0 (1.59) -44.4 (1.35) 16.3 (1.72) 15.9 (1.62) 44.2 (1.32) 48.8 (1.36) Norway 28.4 (1.75) 23.8 (2.30) 29.7 (1.66) -41.3 (1.33) 27.9 (1.55) 34.0 (1.36) 45.7 (1.23) 46.4 (1.52) Poland 32.2 (1.74) 35.9 (2.36) 31.2 (1.49) -44.8 (1.34) 18.8 (1.63) 17.7 (1.37) 44.8 (1.39) 50.7 (1.93) Portugal 22.6 (1.40) 10.4 (1.10) 24.9 (1.53) -27.7 (1.40) 15.0 (1.59) 15.6 (1.75) 30.9 (1.18) 43.2 (1.88) Slovak Republic 14.5 (1.25) 18.2 (2.16) 26.4 (1.89) -37.0 (1.03) 11.8 (1.36) 15.4 (1.67) 39.9 (1.44) 39.4 (1.49) Spain 15.8 (1.25) 10.2 (0.86) 28.8 (1.36) -22.6 (1.74) 19.2 (1.04) 20.6 (1.24) 30.5 (1.13) 36.5 (1.38) Sweden 27.3 (1.79) 15.9 (1.75) 34.4 (1.51) -41.2 (1.56) 22.9 (1.83) 27.2 (1.63) 46.2 (1.56) 51.8 (1.61) Switzerland 18.6 (1.54) 13.6 (1.34) 25.3 (1.21) -26.1 (1.04) 8.4 (1.54) 14.5 (1.36) 25.3 (1.15) 40.0 (1.47) Turkey 6.4 (1.60) 6.1 (1.39) 15.3 (1.70) -19.3 (1.52) 9.3 (1.47) 12.9 (1.64) 22.2 (1.56) 24.8 (1.59) United States 22.2 (1.26) 20.0 (1.90) 28.4 (1.18) -30.1 (1.17) 16.8 (1.23) 12.9 (1.18) 32.2 (1.19) 41.4 (1.17)
Partners
Brazil 13.1 (2.26) 0.1 (1.20) 12.0 (2.27) -27.4 (2.24) 0.5 (1.72) 5.3 (2.07) 22.3 (1.57) 19.8 (1.84) Hong Kong-China 5.7 (1.76) -0.7 (2.01) 12.9 (1.42) -20.3 (1.72) 15.7 (1.50) 22.0 (1.25) 27.1 (1.56) 34.8 (1.61)
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 15.6 (1.82) 18.9 (3.95) 21.3 (2.16) -42.1 (1.99) 19.2 (1.61) 16.5 (2.43) 41.8 (1.93) 47.0 (2.61)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 6.1 (4.10) 2.4 (3.23) 7.0 (3.70) -26.4 (3.71) 4.5 (3.79) 19.2 (4.18) 30.6 (3.69) 38.2 (3.90) Russian Fed. 12.8 (1.51) 15.8 (1.92) 18.6 (1.40) -37.3 (1.68) 10.1 (1.54) 11.5 (1.70) 34.1 (1.63) 38.0 (1.97) Serbia 11.1 (1.43) 7.4 (1.50) 15.3 (1.76) -23.6 (1.23) 2.1 (1.32) 1.7 (1.57) 23.3 (1.48) 22.0 (1.83) Thailand 9.7 (1.39) 5.4 (1.21) 8.3 (1.66) -14.9 (1.58) 9.0 (1.69) 6.4 (1.79) 16.9 (1.71) 23.6 (1.73) Tunisia 10.5 (1.39) 4.2 (1.06) 11.7 (1.44) -10.0 (1.33) 9.9 (1.18) 8.4 (1.17) 13.9 (0.96) 18.2 (1.32) Uruguay 13.0 (1.36) 7.3 (1.47) 12.9 (1.86) -28.2 (1.71) 10.0 (1.31) 15.9 (1.62) 27.5 (1.40) 28.5 (1.60) United Kingdom1 21.8 (1.38) 18.5 (1.77) 26.0 (1.37) -29.9 (1.20) 11.6 (1.45) 13.8 (1.30) 34.5 (1.43) 44.4 (1.29)
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.2
Bivariate regression coefficients and standard errors (continued)
Score point difference associated with the various factors shown below, before accounting for the other factors Time students invest in learning Learning strategies and preferences in mathematics
Out-of-school learning time Learning strategies
Students’ preference for learning situations
Attending out-of- school classes
Hours per week of homework
in total
Hours per week of mathematics
homework
Working with a tutor
Control strategies
Elaboration strategies
Memo- risation/
rehearsal strategies
Competitive learning situations
Co-operative learning situations Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E. Coeff. S.E.
OECD
Australia -9.2 (1.89) 14.7 (1.38) 8.3 (1.42) -6.5 (1.03) 12.4 (1.27) 0.0 (0.99) 7.9 (1.17) 12.5 (1.26) -2.5 (1.30) Austria-13.4 (3.24) -6.9 (2.23)-15.8 (2.35)-13.8 (1.28) -3.6 (1.06) 3.1 (1.08)-11.3 (0.97) 0.5 (1.03) -2.2 (1.09) Belgium-10.6 (1.63) 5.5 (1.48) -2.3 (1.42)-11.0 (1.63) -2.4 (1.19) 1.2 (1.36) -6.7 (1.35) -0.3 (1.18) -4.3 (1.27) Canada -7.3 (1.68) 9.4 (1.20) 1.2 (1.00)-11.5(0.87) 11.5 (1.05) 7.5 (1.01) 6.5 (0.97) 12.1 (0.93) -5.0 (1.01) Czech Republic -5.5 (1.97) -2.3 (1.80)-11.9 (1.72) -9.3 (1.22) -0.9 (1.67)12.6 (1.37) -5.7 (1.52) 12.5 (1.34) -5.6 (1.23) Denmark-12.7 (2.45) -2.9 (2.83)-10.3 (1.89)-18.7 (3.62) 4.4 (2.17) 10.7 (2.00) 9.5 (1.80) 22.3 (1.65)-4.0 (1.72) Finland-13.8 (5.35) -4.2 (2.44)-18.5 (2.37)-22.0 (3.84) 11.4 (1.36)16.8 (1.34) 6.6 (1.48) 19.7 (1.34) 3.0 (1.66)
France w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
Germany-13.5 (2.67) -4.5 (1.76)-12.1 (1.49)-12.2(0.85) -5.9 (1.23) 4.6 (1.26) -9.1 (1.16) 5.9 (1.22) 0.7 (1.09) Greece -0.3 (0.71) 9.0 (1.29) 5.3 (1.24) -6.0 (1.04) 3.0 (1.41) 8.4 (1.32) -1.7 (1.91) 11.8 (1.41) 0.5 (1.23) Hungary -6.7 (0.73) 0.4 (0.94) -6.1 (1.15) -9.2(0.97) -4.7 (1.33) 3.1 (1.16) -6.2 (0.94) 6.7 (1.30) 0.6 (1.43) Iceland-10.1 (2.26) 8.5 (2.81) -8.4 (2.28)-16.4 (1.55) 4.4 (1.62) 0.4 (1.58) -0.5 (1.47) 14.0 (1.69) -1.4 (1.43) Ireland -1.0 (1.92) 14.9 (1.38) 3.0 (1.64)-10.4 (1.42) 3.7 (1.48) -0.5 (1.73) 4.7 (1.65) 5.6 (1.79) -2.9 (1.73) Italy -9.3 (1.90) 0.5 (0.77) -2.7 (1.22)-10.5 (1.02) 2.0 (1.30) 5.7 (1.21) -5.5 (1.23) 5.7 (1.39) -3.7 (1.01) Japan -2.2 (1.17) 10.0 (2.06) 4.9 (1.45) -9.4 (1.53) 7.4 (1.13) 9.1 (1.07) 7.2 (1.29) 9.7 (0.94) 7.8 (1.19) Korea 3.7 (0.66) 15.4 (2.38) 8.0 (2.05) -2.8 (0.88)20.0 (1.16) 17.7 (1.12) 7.1 (1.24) 22.1 (1.10) 21.3 (1.28) Luxembourg -9.0 (1.88) -1.0 (2.03)-12.5 (1.71) -9.4 (1.15) -4.6 (1.30) -2.5 (1.14) -7.6 (1.24) 1.0 (1.24) -5.2 (1.08) Mexico -5.1 (0.97) 13.0 (1.07) 7.3 (0.74) -4.2 (2.47) 2.7 (0.99) 2.4 (1.02) 1.4 (0.96) 6.0 (1.28) -1.1 (1.03) Netherlands m m 2.4 (1.43) -8.4 (1.62)-10.0 (1.55) -3.6 (1.95) 5.9 (1.43) 5.2 (1.61) 2.8 (1.75) 1.1 (1.82) New Zealand-17.3 (1.66) 18.5 (2.65) 1.2 (2.32)-14.5 (1.76) 11.0 (1.46) -2.9 (1.88) 5.7 (1.48) 6.9 (1.82) -5.4 (1.62) Norway-10.4 (2.81) 8.0 (2.26) -9.8 (1.91)-25.8 (2.49) 14.5 (1.58) 8.0 (1.47) 21.8 (1.55) 18.5 (1.44) 1.0 (1.56) Poland -5.9 (1.32) 8.4 (1.18) -6.4 (0.92)-10.0 (1.22) 4.3 (1.88) 7.4 (1.84) -3.7 (1.87) 12.3 (1.91) -5.0 (1.65) Portugal -3.4 (1.27) 7.7 (2.02) 1.3 (1.77) -3.6 (0.85)12.3 (1.53) 10.6 (1.61) -2.3 (1.71) 5.4 (1.29) 2.3 (1.87) Slovak Republic -3.7 (1.58) -1.9 (1.52) -5.5 (1.15) -2.0 (1.26) -5.2 (1.49) 4.5 (1.58) -6.7 (1.47) 9.1 (1.36)-11.3 (1.49) Spain -3.9 (0.95) 15.0 (1.87) 3.0 (1.65) -7.2 (0.88) 11.5 (1.13) 11.4 (1.06) 6.8 (1.23) 11.5 (1.08) 6.9 (1.18) Sweden-12.4 (4.22) 4.6 (2.71)-25.8 (2.94)-22.2 (2.56) 0.2 (1.86) 9.9 (2.03) 14.4 (1.82) 16.5 (1.89) 4.3 (2.00) Switzerland -8.3 (3.37) -6.3 (2.49)-19.9 (2.38)-12.9 (1.71) -3.0 (1.50) -0.1 (1.44)-11.1 (1.38) -3.1 (1.84) -4.0 (1.16) Turkey 3.0 (0.98) 5.1 (1.46) 2.1 (1.35) -6.4 (1.68) 8.9 (1.43) 4.3 (1.17) 3.2 (1.47) 10.9 (1.27) 2.4 (1.04) United States-13.3 (2.49) 18.1 (1.89) 4.6 (1.19)-14.6 (1.16) 5.5 (1.32) -1.0 (1.25) 3.1 (1.31) 8.4 (1.33) -3.8 (1.17)
Partners
Brazil -3.9 (0.98) 7.8 (1.58) 0.2 (1.52)-15.7 (1.25) 0.6 (1.59) -1.0 (1.38) -7.3 (1.91) -3.5 (1.87) -3.3 (1.65) Hong Kong-China -0.6 (0.88) 11.7 (1.17) 7.2 (1.19) -6.4 (1.04) 14.9 (1.45) 14.8 (1.45) 3.7 (1.51) 13.1 (1.47)12.9 (1.55)
Indonesia m m m m m m N/A m m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia -2.9 (1.84) 1.4 (1.30) -6.0 (1.58) -9.9 (1.19) -6.1 (2.74) 6.3 (3.34) -1.3 (3.09) 13.2 (2.23) -5.3 (2.44)
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China -7.8 (2.23) 13.0 (3.27) 5.3 (2.07)-15.3 (2.83) 4.5 (4.07)14.6 (3.92)-12.1 (4.12) 9.0 (4.32) 5.3 (3.93) Russian Fed. -0.6 (1.07) 3.5 (1.00) -1.8 (0.86) -9.2 (1.23) -2.0 (1.37) 4.1 (1.65) -0.6 (1.27) 13.3 (1.45) 4.7 (1.46) Serbia -9.3 (2.02) 3.1 (1.49) 0.5 (1.23) -6.3 (1.04) -4.1 (1.02) -2.5 (1.49)-12.4 (1.53) -2.4 (1.38) -5.1 (1.28) Thailand -0.6 (0.96) 16.9 (1.31) 10.0 (0.93) -4.9 (1.01) 6.1 (1.34) 5.1 (1.55) -0.3 (1.66) 2.7 (1.79) 4.8 (1.69) Tunisia 0.7 (0.58) 6.8 (1.68) 5.2 (1.33) N/A m 7.0 (1.02) 7.8 (0.91) 5.9 (0.92) 8.9 (1.18) 3.6 (1.00) Uruguay -7.4 (1.50) 5.4 (1.50) 0.7 (1.42)-14.2 (1.57) -0.7 (1.50) 3.7 (1.45) -1.6 (1.49) -1.0 (1.73) -7.9 (1.34) United Kingdom1 0.7 (1.44) 19.6 (1.72) -3.1 (1.54) -8.3 (1.43) 9.2 (1.74) -1.7 (1.75) 10.3 (1.64) 5.7 (1.90) -1.4 (1.50) 1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.3
Variance explained by the multivariate multilevel model on teaching and learning strategies
Variance explained
Between schools Within schools
OECD
Australia 0.81 0.38
Austria 0.78 0.31
Belgium 0.77 0.29
Canada 0.70 0.41
Czech Republic 0.79 0.34
Denmark 0.75 0.44
Finland 0.50 0.47
France w w
Germany 0.84 0.35
Greece 0.73 0.27
Hungary 0.82 0.27
Iceland 0.56 0.42
Ireland 0.87 0.40
Italy 0.64 0.26
Japan 0.83 0.22
Korea 0.80 0.29
Luxembourg 0.92 0.30
Mexico 0.64 0.22
Netherlands 0.80 0.27
New Zealand 0.85 0.44
Norway 0.64 0.48
Poland 0.83 0.47
Portugal 0.85 0.36
Slovak Republic 0.80 0.39
Spain 0.66 0.32
Sweden 0.72 0.49
Switzerland 0.75 0.37
Turkey 0.68 0.22
United States 0.84 0.42
Partners
Brazil 0.77 0.24
Hong Kong-China 0.77 0.27
Indonesia m m
Latvia 0.68 0.37
Liechtenstein c c
Macao-China 0.71 0.31
Russian Federation 0.56 0.30
Serbia 0.81 0.26
Thailand 0.64 0.19
Tunisia 0.74 0.17
Uruguay 0.83 0.25
United Kingdom1 0.82 0.44
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.4
Variance explained by model changes
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Variance in mathematics performance
Parents’ highest occupational status, parents’ highest level of education, number of books in the home
Students’ attitudes towards school and students’ sense of belonging at school
Students’ interest in and enjoyment of mathematics and students’ instrumental
motivation in learning mathematics
Students’
anxiety in mathematics Between
schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools OECD
Australia 1927 7127 0.39 0.07 0.41 0.08 0.41 0.11 0.46 0.19
Austria 5250 4265 0.22 0.04 0.22 0.05 0.22 0.07 0.26 0.17
Belgium 7240 5691 0.22 0.06 0.22 0.07 0.22 0.11 0.23 0.15
Canada 1270 6210 0.30 0.08 0.31 0.08 0.30 0.15 0.35 0.24
Czech Republic 4942 4662 0.27 0.06 0.27 0.06 0.28 0.11 0.35 0.20
Denmark 1147 7260 0.52 0.11 0.53 0.11 0.51 0.20 0.57 0.33
Finland 343 6659 0.19 0.13 0.23 0.14 0.25 0.23 0.29 0.33
France w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 6101 4473 0.27 0.06 0.27 0.06 0.25 0.12 0.31 0.20
Greece 3357 5869 0.25 0.04 0.26 0.04 0.25 0.10 0.28 0.15
Hungary 5710 4068 0.28 0.03 0.28 0.04 0.25 0.08 0.30 0.14
Iceland 319 7842 0.36 0.08 0.40 0.11 0.36 0.16 0.40 0.24
Ireland 1218 6124 0.56 0.09 0.57 0.10 0.56 0.14 0.62 0.21
Italy 4915 4463 0.13 0.02 0.13 0.02 0.12 0.06 0.17 0.12
Japan 5400 4757 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.08
Korea 3607 5006 0.27 0.07 0.27 0.07 0.41 0.15 0.40 0.16
Luxembourg 2673 5841 0.35 0.06 0.36 0.06 0.34 0.08 0.40 0.14
Mexico 2496 3872 0.09 0.00 0.16 0.03 0.12 0.04 0.20 0.11
Netherlands 5508 3345 0.18 0.05 0.18 0.05 0.16 0.11 0.18 0.16
New Zealand 1781 7956 0.46 0.11 0.47 0.13 0.41 0.15 0.58 0.27
Norway 578 7898 0.39 0.13 0.43 0.15 0.52 0.26 0.57 0.35
Poland 1035 7139 0.62 0.13 0.62 0.14 0.61 0.18 0.66 0.33
Portugal 2620 5167 0.36 0.11 0.39 0.12 0.38 0.15 0.41 0.20
Slovak Republic 3794 5003 0.36 0.08 0.37 0.09 0.34 0.13 0.38 0.25
Spain 1489 6050 0.41 0.10 0.41 0.10 0.41 0.16 0.44 0.19
Sweden 970 8026 0.48 0.14 0.50 0.16 0.47 0.22 0.57 0.32
Switzerland 3165 6114 0.28 0.10 0.29 0.10 0.27 0.14 0.32 0.21
Turkey 5915 4864 0.18 0.03 0.19 0.04 0.19 0.07 0.24 0.11
United States 2345 6754 0.46 0.12 0.46 0.12 0.40 0.16 0.52 0.25
OECD average 3069 5822 0.32 0.08 0.34 0.08 0.33 0.13 0.38 0.21
Partners
Brazil 4159 5180 0.18 0.02 0.18 0.02 0.16 0.03 0.28 0.10
Hong Kong-China 4573 5226 0.09 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.17 0.10 0.20 0.12
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 1761 6059 0.29 0.07 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.11 0.41 0.23
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 1455 6404 0.08 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.16 0.12
Russian Fed. 2558 5951 0.22 0.05 0.22 0.06 0.22 0.07 0.29 0.17
Serbia 2566 4681 0.25 0.03 0.25 0.03 0.23 0.04 0.37 0.13
Thailand 2602 4394 0.21 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.22 0.03 0.22 0.04
Tunisia 2807 3882 0.21 0.03 0.23 0.04 0.23 0.06 0.24 0.07
Uruguay 4618 5899 0.25 0.03 0.25 0.03 0.23 0.07 0.31 0.12
United Kingdom1 1892 6322 0.47 0.11 0.47 0.12 0.46 0.14 0.51 0.22
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.4
Variance explained by model changes (continued)
Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Students’ self-efficacy in mathematics and students’ self-concept
in mathematics
Hours per week of total homework,
hours per week of mathematics homework, tutoring
in mathematics, out-of-school classes
Memorisation/
rehearsal strategies, elaboration strategies,
control strategies
Preference for competitive learning situtations, preference
for co-operative learning situtations
Teacher support, student-teacher
relations Between
schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools OECD
Australia 0.57 0.32 0.61 0.34 0.65 0.37 0.65 0.37 0.67 0.38
Austria 0.40 0.26 0.44 0.29 0.47 0.31 0.47 0.31 0.49 0.31
Belgium 0.31 0.24 0.39 0.26 0.43 0.28 0.43 0.28 0.46 0.29
Canada 0.50 0.37 0.52 0.39 0.56 0.40 0.56 0.40 0.57 0.41
Czech Republic 0.49 0.30 0.53 0.32 0.55 0.33 0.55 0.33 0.57 0.34
Denmark 0.62 0.40 0.65 0.42 0.67 0.44 0.66 0.44 0.68 0.44
Finland 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.48 0.47
France w w w w w w w w w w
Germany 0.42 0.29 0.48 0.33 0.51 0.34 0.51 0.34 0.53 0.35
Greece 0.40 0.21 0.46 0.25 0.48 0.27 0.48 0.27 0.49 0.27
Hungary 0.45 0.23 0.50 0.26 0.51 0.27 0.52 0.27 0.53 0.27
Iceland 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.39 0.52 0.42 0.53 0.42 0.54 0.42
Ireland 0.76 0.33 0.77 0.36 0.79 0.38 0.79 0.38 0.79 0.40
Italy 0.30 0.22 0.32 0.25 0.35 0.26 0.35 0.26 0.39 0.26
Japan 0.37 0.17 0.45 0.21 0.46 0.22 0.46 0.22 0.50 0.22
Korea 0.56 0.24 0.59 0.28 0.60 0.29 0.60 0.29 0.61 0.29
Luxembourg 0.51 0.24 0.54 0.27 0.57 0.29 0.57 0.29 0.60 0.30
Mexico 0.29 0.17 0.36 0.19 0.36 0.20 0.36 0.20 0.39 0.22
Netherlands 0.27 0.24 0.36 0.26 0.37 0.26 0.37 0.26 0.38 0.27
New Zealand 0.61 0.37 0.68 0.41 0.73 0.43 0.73 0.44 0.75 0.44
Norway 0.59 0.43 0.61 0.46 0.61 0.47 0.61 0.47 0.62 0.48
Poland 0.74 0.42 0.75 0.44 0.76 0.46 0.76 0.46 0.78 0.46
Portugal 0.55 0.30 0.59 0.33 0.61 0.35 0.62 0.35 0.66 0.36
Slovak Republic 0.55 0.36 0.57 0.37 0.59 0.38 0.58 0.38 0.61 0.39
Spain 0.49 0.27 0.52 0.31 0.54 0.31 0.54 0.31 0.57 0.32
Sweden 0.60 0.43 0.66 0.47 0.67 0.48 0.67 0.48 0.66 0.49
Switzerland 0.52 0.30 0.55 0.33 0.59 0.35 0.60 0.35 0.63 0.36
Turkey 0.37 0.17 0.40 0.19 0.41 0.20 0.41 0.20 0.44 0.22
United States 0.60 0.35 0.71 0.39 0.74 0.41 0.74 0.41 0.76 0.42
OECD average 0.49 0.30 0.54 0.33 0.56 0.35 0.56 0.35 0.58 0.35
Partners
Brazil 0.39 0.15 0.55 0.23 0.57 0.23 0.57 0.24 0.58 0.24
Hong Kong-China 0.39 0.22 0.46 0.26 0.48 0.27 0.48 0.27 0.49 0.27
Indonesia m m m m m m m m m m
Latvia 0.49 0.33 0.51 0.35 0.52 0.36 0.52 0.36 0.55 0.37
Liechtenstein c c c c c c c c c c
Macao-China 0.39 0.21 0.54 0.27 0.55 0.29 0.55 0.29 0.57 0.30
Russian Fed. 0.35 0.24 0.37 0.27 0.39 0.28 0.39 0.28 0.43 0.30
Serbia 0.47 0.20 0.48 0.22 0.51 0.24 0.51 0.24 0.58 0.26
Thailand 0.28 0.09 0.33 0.14 0.34 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.37 0.19
Tunisia 0.35 0.12 0.41 0.15 0.41 0.15 0.42 0.15 0.47 0.17
Uruguay 0.40 0.18 0.48 0.23 0.50 0.24 0.51 0.24 0.55 0.25
United Kingdom1 0.64 0.35 0.68 0.40 0.71 0.42 0.71 0.42 0.73 0.44
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.4
Variance explained by model changes (continued)
Model 10 Model 11 Model 12
School average of the highest international socio-economic index of occupational status (HISEI) between both
parents School size
Disciplinary climate and school average disciplinary climate Between
schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools
Between schools
Within schools OECD
Australia 0.81 0.38 0.81 0.38 0.81 0.38
Austria 0.72 0.31 0.75 0.31 0.78 0.31
Belgium 0.70 0.29 0.70 0.29 0.77 0.29
Canada 0.67 0.41 0.69 0.41 0.70 0.41
Czech Republic 0.77 0.33 0.77 0.33 0.79 0.34
Denmark 0.72 0.44 0.73 0.44 0.75 0.44
Finland 0.48 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.50 0.47
France w w w w w w
Germany 0.80 0.35 0.80 0.35 0.84 0.35
Greece 0.71 0.27 0.72 0.27 0.73 0.27
Hungary 0.79 0.27 0.80 0.27 0.82 0.27
Iceland 0.54 0.42 0.56 0.42 0.56 0.42
Ireland 0.86 0.40 0.87 0.40 0.87 0.40
Italy 0.63 0.26 0.63 0.26 0.64 0.26
Japan 0.73 0.22 0.73 0.22 0.83 0.22
Korea 0.75 0.29 0.76 0.29 0.80 0.29
Luxembourg 0.91 0.30 0.91 0.30 0.92 0.30
Mexico 0.59 0.22 0.61 0.22 0.64 0.22
Netherlands 0.75 0.26 0.78 0.27 0.80 0.27
New Zealand 0.84 0.44 0.85 0.44 0.85 0.44
Norway 0.63 0.48 0.63 0.48 0.64 0.48
Poland 0.82 0.47 0.82 0.47 0.83 0.47
Portugal 0.75 0.36 0.78 0.36 0.85 0.36
Slovak Republic 0.78 0.39 0.78 0.39 0.80 0.39
Spain 0.65 0.32 0.65 0.32 0.66 0.32
Sweden 0.69 0.49 0.71 0.49 0.72 0.49
Switzerland 0.72 0.37 0.72 0.37 0.75 0.37
Turkey 0.61 0.22 0.61 0.22 0.68 0.22
United States 0.82 0.42 0.82 0.42 0.84 0.42
OECD average 0.73 0.35 0.73 0.35 0.76 0.36
Partners
Brazil 0.75 0.24 0.75 0.24 0.77 0.24
Hong Kong-China 0.60 0.27 0.72 0.27 0.77 0.27
Indonesia m m m m m m
Latvia 0.62 0.37 0.67 0.37 0.68 0.37
Liechtenstein c c c c c c
Macao-China 0.63 0.30 0.69 0.30 0.71 0.31
Russian Fed. 0.52 0.30 0.52 0.30 0.56 0.30
Serbia 0.76 0.26 0.76 0.26 0.81 0.26
Thailand 0.62 0.19 0.64 0.19 0.64 0.19
Tunisia 0.70 0.17 0.71 0.17 0.74 0.17
Uruguay 0.78 0.25 0.79 0.25 0.83 0.25
United Kingdom1 0.80 0.44 0.81 0.44 0.82 0.44
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
Annex C. Bivariate and Multilevel models Table C.5
Effect of mathematics achievement of learning strategies controlling for self-efficacy
Dependent Variable: Student mathematics achievement
(Constant)
Memorisation strategies (WLE)
Elaboration strategies (WLE)
Control strategies (WLE)
Mathematics self- efficacy (WLE)
B S.E. B S.E. B S.E. B S.E. S.E. B
OECD
Australia 519.61 0.18 -0.82 0.26 -19.92 0.24 5.47 0.26 48.41 0.19
Austria 498.06 0.33 -14.68 0.30 -9.17 0.27 1.95 0.29 43.17 0.29
Belgium 532.99 0.29 -4.07 0.38 -16.08 0.34 -2.93 0.38 44.10 0.31
Canada 523.79 0.15 -3.72 0.19 -9.11 0.18 4.05 0.19 41.76 0.15
Czech Republic 511.60 0.24 -14.83 0.32 -2.00 0.36 -0.57 0.35 50.96 0.27
Denmark 515.31 0.40 -3.78 0.52 -6.42 0.56 -8.72 0.57 53.28 0.43
Finland 545.53 0.39 -2.90 0.44 -2.16 0.49 -2.99 0.55 44.19 0.38
France 510.29 0.10 -6.40 0.12 -12.62 0.11 3.23 0.12 46.30 0.11
Germany 501.39 0.11 -14.89 0.09 -8.09 0.09 0.22 0.10 47.27 0.09
Greece 465.65 0.32 -12.05 0.37 -2.34 0.37 2.89 0.37 41.90 0.34
Hungary 472.99 0.28 -6.34 0.35 -11.50 0.34 -5.08 0.37 50.03 0.27
Iceland 511.59 1.31 -4.39 1.66 -11.20 1.68 -2.70 1.77 42.23 1.25
Ireland 503.07 0.34 -2.65 0.45 -12.58 0.43 -3.36 0.46 47.31 0.37
Italy 475.50 0.13 -11.59 0.17 -14.79 0.16 2.33 0.17 51.93 0.16
Japan 553.74 0.10 -2.74 0.10 -5.51 0.09 1.92 0.10 51.60 0.08
Korea 560.34 0.12 -7.11 0.15 -3.00 0.16 14.82 0.17 44.63 0.14
Luxembourg 488.02 1.35 -3.47 1.45 -13.33 1.29 -3.75 1.49 41.58 1.27
Mexico 423.19 0.13 -2.25 0.12 -16.27 0.13 7.05 0.12 32.25 0.11
Netherlands 538.96 0.20 12.24 0.29 -18.82 0.27 -7.71 0.28 43.57 0.22
New Zealand 526.38 0.39 -4.15 0.55 -25.87 0.53 6.79 0.54 52.03 0.42
Norway 497.53 0.37 9.15 0.49 -12.43 0.48 -3.02 0.52 42.94 0.38
Poland 492.28 0.12 -7.77 0.16 -5.44 0.17 -2.30 0.17 49.56 0.12
Portugal 471.55 0.27 -11.78 0.33 -10.39 0.36 10.75 0.37 49.55 0.34
Slovak Republic 483.53 0.33 -7.65 0.40 -7.09 0.43 -7.27 0.43 52.88 0.29
Spain 490.53 0.14 -3.15 0.20 -3.67 0.19 3.00 0.20 40.06 0.17
Sweden 501.07 0.29 2.38 0.34 -3.22 0.37 -16.39 0.38 50.86 0.27
Switzerland 507.04 0.31 -13.25 0.31 -10.55 0.32 0.21 0.33 50.35 0.29
Turkey 451.73 0.15 -9.71 0.17 -12.96 0.17 8.43 0.17 47.06 0.14
United States 478.85 0.05 -4.16 0.07 -17.85 0.06 1.23 0.07 48.16 0.05
OECD average 501.80 0.31 -5.40 0.37 -10.50 0.37 0.26 0.39 46.55 0.31
Partners
Brazil 411.48 0.10 -18.84 0.09 -13.57 0.09 6.62 0.09 38.06 0.08
Hong Kong-China 538.72 0.33 -12.83 0.43 -3.96 0.44 12.54 0.47 49.81 0.35
Indonesia 391.51 0.09 -24.45 0.08 5.02 0.11 9.01 0.09 18.51 0.11
Latvia 486.71 0.51 -4.74 0.73 -3.28 0.74 -12.25 0.72 51.02 0.58
Liechtenstein 499.15 4.91 -23.04 4.37 -8.59 4.76 -3.63 4.49 46.62 4.39
Macao-China 520.95 1.07 -14.45 1.28 -0.29 1.43 5.00 1.49 34.94 1.35
Russian Fed. 476.41 0.06 -5.53 0.10 -7.69 0.10 -6.97 0.09 48.55 0.08
Serbia 451.32 0.39 -14.29 0.41 -3.41 0.41 -0.36 0.36 31.97 0.37
Thailand 450.02 0.19 -16.02 0.20 0.76 0.22 6.22 0.20 32.16 0.14
Tunisia 385.99 0.33 -2.33 0.24 -0.32 0.29 1.33 0.26 25.90 0.25
Uruguay 441.48 0.54 -6.00 0.60 -9.64 0.65 -3.97 0.67 41.73 0.58
United Kingdom1 514.63 0.10 2.93 0.14 -23.29 0.14 -1.30 0.15 51.87 0.11
1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability.
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(98 2010 01 1 P) ISBN 978-92-64-03951-3 – No. 57369 2010