COLUMBIA MULE EAR, KNIFE

(PI. 56, lottomrow) Outline: Triangular.

Crosssection:Ijens.

Edges:Straight,concave,convex.

Base: Concave, tendingtoanoblique angle.

Length: Approximately4.0cm.-7.0cm.

Width: Approximately4.0cm.-5.0cm.

Thickness:0.5cm.-0.8cm.

L-W

indices:60-100.

Weight: 10 gm.-18 gm.

Technique: Pressure flaking for the final shaping, percussion for the roughing out ofthe piece; thisis evidentinasmuchas twospecimens (of three) are semi-unifaced.

Material: Jaspersandchalcedonies.

Function:Presumably aknife,allspecimens found with adhering haftremnants were knives.

Geographical range:

A

specimenfromPot Holes (WSM-9319) ;2from 45-BN-55;

11 noted in Dalles-Deschutes report, inwhich 2 are illustrated, called

NBb

(Strong, Schenck, and Steward, 1930, pi. 12, j-k). None evident in Upper Columbia.

Temporal range: Protohistoric or Early historic at Pot Holes, Prehistoric (late?) at BN-55.

Remarks: This

may

be a type related to the Pentagonal forms. Relationship, if any, to the long, leaf-shaped concave-basedpoints, as at Pot Holes, not yet determined.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ^{BULLETIN 179 PLATE 47}

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Plate 48 Burial7,to the south.

Burial7,stratuna IV, artifacts:

33. Boneneedle,point missing, perforationbiconical.

35. Opalprojectilepoint orknife,19.6gm.

36. Beaverincisor(graver)fragment.

37. Bipointed boneobject(gamingpieceor fishspearprong) 7.2cm.

38. Jasp-opal blade or scraper, unfinished.

39. Antlerwedgefragment,oneend ground.

40. Tipofboneor antler object.

41. U-shaped boneor antler object.

42. Jasper fragmentaryprojectilepoint.

43. Chalcedonyblade or scraper, unfinished.

44. Chalcedonyflakecutting or scraping edge.

(il. Chalcedonylamellar blade, retouchedon one side,large.

73. Antlerwedgefragment,tip.

136. Jasperprojectilepoint, 3.4gm.

137. Chertprojectilepoint,2.9 gm.

138. Stemendof2-piecesteatite pipe.

139. Boneprojectilepoint or barb, 2 ended.

140. Tipof abone awlorprojectilepoint.

141. Antlerwedgefragment,bitmissing,eroded.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOUOGY BULLETIN 179 PLATE 48

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a. Burial7,to the south, b,Burial 7,stratumIV, artifacts.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 179 PLATE 49

a.Burial4, lu tlit-c-asL. b.Burial8,tothe south.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN ¹⁷⁹ PLATE 50

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a, Burial17,to the north, b,Selectedartifacts,burial 17,stratum IV.

(For explanation,seefollowing page.)

Plate 50

a, Burial 17, tothe north. Noteunusual position,either variant burialcustomor casual disposal.

b, Selectedartifacts,burial17, stratumIV (No. 83 is7.5 cm.long):

74. Chalcedonypointembeddedinlumbarvertebra.

75. Jasperprojectilepoint,0.9gm.

76. Opalprojectilepointbase broken,1.3 gm.

77. Obsidian projectilepointbroken. (No. 71on the plateshouldbeNo. 77.) 78. Blackjasper, 1.5gm.

80. Opalprojectilepoint,0.8gm.

81. Jasper, 1.1gm.

82. Jasperprojectilepoint,broken.

83. Pointed bone object, use unknown, tip broken; in appearance similar to a large herring rakebarboftheNorthwest Coast.

Plate 51 a. Burial 10,tothe north,infant.

b. Mortar,pestles,andmalletpestle handle:

5a. Quartzite mortar, surface;flatpeckedareaon bottom.

5b. Granitepestle,surface; l^ipounds.

18. Granitehand maulor malletpestle,top,3tips (seepi.54)stratum1(?),Yiapounds, small.

47. Basaltpestle, burial 10, stratum_{IV, 4'}l6} pounds,38.5 cm.long.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 179 PLATE51

47

18

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a,Burial 10,tothe north,infant. ^,mortar,pestles, andmalletpestlehandle.

Plate 52

fl, Projectilepointsandblades, burial associations. (Weightsofunbrokenpieces are given ingrams. No.21 is10.6cm.long.)

6. Chalcedony ColumbiaMule Earknifeor point, burial 1,stratumIV,12.2gm.

7. Projectilepoint altered tochalkystate, burial 1,stratumIV.

11. Basaltprojectilepoint,burial 1,stratumIV,5.5 gm.

12. Jasp-opal projectilepoint,unusual form. Burial 1, Stratum IV,3.5 gm.

21. Basalt blade, burial4,stratumIV, 48.9gm.

22. Basaltprojectilepoint,fragmentofbaseandtip missing, burial 4,stratumIV.

23. Basaltprojectilepoint or blade, burial 4,stratumIV.

27. Projectilepoint altered tochalkystate, fragmentary,burial6, stratumIV.

32. ColumbiaMule Ear knife orpoint,agate, burial8,stratumIV.

b. Boneobjectsfrom theburials:

10. Awl tip, burial 1,stratum IV.

26. Bonegamblingpiece,burial4,stratumIV,e\'e (}) design.

33. Boneneedle,point missing, burial 7,stratum IV.

37. Bipointed bone object, game counter, fish spear piece (.0, burial 7, stratum IV, broken.

41. Boneobject ofunknownuse,burial 7,stratumIV,badh- eroded (seepi.48,b).

83. Boneobject(seepi. 50,b) (?),burial 17,stratumIV.

139. Bone point,central piece ofcompoundharpoonpoint, burial 7,stratumIV.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY ^{BULLETIN 179 PLATE52}

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37

26

10

83

33

139

41

a, Projectilepointsandblades, burial associations, b,Boneobjectsfrom theburials.

Plate53

a.Choppers,hammerstones,diggingtoolsfromthe generalsitefill. No.25is18.1cm.long:

25. Basalt diggingtoolorchopper, l^lepounds.

45a. Basaltpebble chopper,

%

^pound.

48. Quartzite diggingtoolorchopper, 2)16pounds.

56. Quartzite chopper, l}ipounds.

63. Basalthammerstone,

%

^pound.

69. Andesitechopper, 1%pounds.

70. Basalthammerstone,

%

^pound.

b.Net sinkers andlarge flakes, and a chopper. Allare surface finds exceptthechopper, No.20. All arepercussionworked. No.5gis7.0cm.long,weightsaregiveninpounds.

5d. Micaceousquartzitescraper or cutting edge,

%

^pound.

5f. Felsitescraper or chopper, surface,

%

^pound.

5g. Basalt2-notchednetsinker, }ipound.

5h. Quartzite scraper or cuttingflake,fragmentary.

20. Basalthammerstone-chopper. stratumII,

%

^{pound (seepi.54).}

132. Granophyre4-notchednetsinker, surface,beach, Jlepound.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 179 PLATE 53

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a'^^^^^^4Sci 70

a, Choppers, hammerstones, digging tools from the general site fill, b. Net sinkers and largeflakes,anda chopper.

Plate54 a,Miscellaneous stoneartifactsandshellpiece. Noscale.

X. Foodpreparingstone, possibly hopper-mortarbase,south beach, SheepIsland, vertical

measurement lOJ-^inches, basalt.

2. Basaltprojectilepoint, generalmidden,4.9cm., 5.4gm.

8. Diorite,warclub head(?),burial 1,stratumIV,9.5cm.long,

^

^pound.

9. Porphyritic trachytewarclub head(.?), burial 1,stratumIV,9.1cm. long,_%(,pound.

18. Granite hand maul top fragment, tripointcd, heat cracked, general midden, 8.0 cm.

long (seepi. 51,V).

20. Basalthammerstonechopper, generalmidden(see pi. 53^).

29. Micaceousquartzitechiselor scraper, general midden, 7.5 cm.long.

68. Haliotis pendant,burial 11,stratumIV,4holes, 1.9cm.long.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 179 PLATE54

Miscellaneousstoneartifacts andshellpiece.

Plate55

a.Chipped and ground stone from the cremation pits, all showing fire action, No. 109 is 3.0cm. long, weightsingm.

16b. Opaliteprojectilepoint (?),pit2,broken.

16c. Flintyprojectilepoint {!),pit2,broken.

16d. Petrifiedwoodpointorbladefragment,pit2.

19a. Jasper blade or scraperfragment,pit1.

19b. Black chalcedonyblade or pointfragment,pit 1.

84. Basalt point,WallulaRectangularStemmed,serrated,pit 1,layer B,0.5 gni.

105. Basalt point, probably same,pit 1,layerA, 0.8gm.

107. Opalite scraperfragment,pit1,layer A.

108a. Basalt point,Wallula RectangularStemmed,pit 1,layerB,ca.0.6gr.

108b. Basalt point,same,pit1,layerB, 0.8gm.

108c. Basalt point,pit1,layerB,fragmentary.

108d. Basalt point, broken,pit 1,layerB.

109. Obsidianpoint,pit 1,layerB,fragmentary,tipcurved (melted.?).

112. Incised shalependant,pit1,layerB.

126. Opalite point,pit 1,layerB,fragmentary.

127. Opalite point,pit 1,layerB,fragmentary.

128. Opalite point,pit1,layerB,fragmentary.

129. Jasperpoint,pit 1,layer B,fragmentary.

130. Opalite point,pit1,layerB, fragmentary.

131. Jasperpoint, serrated,pit1,layerB,fragmentary.

146. Opalite scraper(?),pit1,fragmentary.

b.Cremationpit1,boneandantlerpieces,allcalcined. No.97is4.6cm.long.

85. Tipfragmentantlerwedge(layer B).

86. Antlertool (wedge.'') fragment(layer B).

88. Headof needle orskewer (layerB).

91. Incisedbone fragment(comb.?) (surface).

93. Tipof valve of 3-piece toggleharpoon (.?) (layerA).

97. Boneawl fragment (layerA).

98. Beador shorttubeofbirdbone (layerA).

100a. Black(calcined)bonebead (layerA).

100b. Black(calcined)bone bead(layerA).

102. Fragmentbone pendant(layerA).

103a. Fragmentbonependant(layerA).

103b. Broken bone pendant^(layerA).

110. Fragment (tip) bone awl (layerA).

111. Tipantlerwedge(layerA).

113. Incisedbone (chevrons)fragment (layerB).

114. Incisedbone fragment(layerB).

119a. Bonebead,circling incision (layerB).

119b. Bonebead, circling incision(layerB).

119c. Bone bead,circling incision(layerB).

119d. Bone bead,circlingincisions(layerB).

119e. Bone bead,circlingincisions(layerB).

122a. Bone bead(bird) (layerB).

122b. Bone bead(bird) (layer B).

122c. Bonebead^{(bird) (layer B).}

124a. juniper seed beads]„ , • , /. r>\

T ^• Au A fCarbonized(layerB).

124b. Juniperseedbeadsj

125a. Bonependant fragment,drilled(layerB).

125b. Bonependant fragment,^{drilled(layer}B).

125c. Bonependant fragment,drilled(layerB).

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY _{BULLETIN 179 PLATE55}

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a.Chippedand groundstonefromthecremationpits,allshowingfireaction, h.Cremation Pit 1,boneandantlerpieces,allcalcined.