by S.K. Gupta, W.O. Pruitt, J. Lonczak and K.K . Tanji
Water Science and Engin.eering Section, University of California, Davis, USA-1/
Introduction
The computer progranune is based on the methods to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) as presented in Part 1.1. The progranune can be used to calculate on a routine basis the daily, weekly or monthly ETo data for several locations in development projects. Also, it can be used to process climatological data of a given country and to provide in tabular form or on maps the evapo- transpiration data needed for general project planning. Particularly for areas with considerable annual or monthly variation in climate, frequency analysis of ETo using each year Of climatic record would provide improved estimations of water requirement data for planning purposes. Since large amounts of computations are involved, the progranune will provide an efficient means to perform these calculations at a reasonable cost. It would replace the graphical and computational techniques as presented in Part 1.1.
Capabilities of the Computer Programme
The progranune determines the values of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo); conversion to evapotranspiration for different crops must be done manually using techniques described in Part 1.2.
Estimates of ETo can be computed using daily, weekly, 10-day or monthly average values of climato- logical data. If more frequent data are provided for each month, the average monthly value of ETo is also printed. The programme is designed to handle the input climatological data regardless of units used, with the programme handling the necessary conversions.
Hardware and Software Requirements
The programme was developed and tested on a Burroughs B6700. Provisions for use on other computers with a minimum of difficulty have been made. Local computer consultants may be contacted for minor syntax error to suit a given system. The hardware requirements are:
FORTRAN IV COMPILER
One disk or tape unit Burroughs
Memory (words) 4474
Printer (positions) 122 Compilation (CPU) 0. 15 min Description of the Programme
The nrograrrune consists of one main progranune, five subroutines, and a function. subprograrnme.
The subroutines are: BLANEY, RAD1AT, PENMAN, CORPEN, ETPAN. CORPEN is the subroutine for Part 1.1.3 whereas PENMAN relates to use of the basic-equation only (or with C = 1.0). All climatological data are read in the main programme and if no error in input data from a given station occurs, estimation of ETo by use of various, subroutines is done. -A macro-flow chart of progranune functions is shown in Figure 1 of this Appendix. The main features
are:
Print option . Through variable "NPR1NT" user has choice of getting different levels .of outputs as given below.
NPR1NT 0 prints only station name and ETo estimates.
1 prints above + converted data. (See example for Davis, California at end of this Appendix.)
= 2 prints above + input data \without conversion. (See example for Brawley.) Each card is printed as read. For first run this option is reconunended.
This will assist in iden.tifying the specific card with formaterror, if any.
If neither measured sunshine (or cloudiness), solar radiation, nor net radiation data are available calculation by RADIAT is omitted.
Similarly, if neither measured relative hiunidity, sunshine data nor solar radiation data are available, calculation by PENMAN. and CORPEN is omitted.
Estimation by Pan methods needs specification on length of fetch and case as described in Part 1.1.4. These specifications do not change daily or even monthly in many cases and therefore have been omitted from each data set of daily, weekly or monthly average values.
There is an option to change these specifications by specifying "NREAD" as 1. For first data card of daily or average value "NREAD" should be made as 1 and on next ca.rd (not a data card). Fetch and case are to be read if EPAN estimation is desired.
Major portions of programe development were done under NSF-RANN Project on Nitrate in Effluents from Irrigated Lands (GI 34733X, GI 43664 and AEN 74-11136 A01) University of California.
If mean average pressure (PMB) for the year is not d.efined for the station, the progranune automatically uses the following relationship developed by W.O. Pruitt using data from a wid.e range of altitudes in Africa (Griffith, 1971, Climate of Africa, Vol. 10. , World Survey of Climatology): PMB = 1013 - .1152 * ALTITUDE + 5.44 * 10-b * (ALTITUDE)2
Of the three elements of wind data (24 hour wind, d.aytime wind and day/night ratio), two have to be read in and the programme calculates the third missing parameter. If only 24-hr wind or daytime wind is given and no day/night ratio (URATIO) is read in, the programme assumes URATIO = 2.0.
If from the three humidity terms(Td.ewpoint,vapour pressure and relative humidity) only one parameter is given, the progranune approximates the others from knov.rn physical and mathe-
matical relationships.
The equation used in the programme to estimate RS is: RS = (0.25 + 0.50 n/N) RA where RS = solar radiation; RA = extra-terrestrial radiation; n/N .7 ratio of actual to maximum possible bright sunshine hours. If a local reliable relationship based on a wide range of n/N and RS is available, the card given at sequence 2340 may be modified.
Card Preparation
Preparation of data deck as listed below is specific for the given progranune. The data for each station are grouped into two parts:(i) data which remain constant for the station (Al, A2 and A3) and (ii) daily, weekly or monthly (or any number of days) average values. It is advised that data available on punched cards for any location, be converted into the following form through a separate, inde- pend.ent programme.
Al 1st Card for each station:
Col 1-30 (5A6) STA (30 character alphanumeric station code) Col 31-35 (F5.0) ALT (altitude of station in metres)
Col 36-40 (F5.0) LAT (latitude of station in decimal) Col 41 (Al) HEMIS (hemisphere "N" or "S")
Col 42-50 Blank
Col 51-55 (F5.0) UHT (height (metres) of wind measurements)
Col 56-60 (F5.0) PMB (mean annual pressure in millibars if available)
Programme will use a computed value if not given here.
A2 2nd Card for each station: factors for conversion, identification of status of data and selection of print option. For most of the factors see the comment cards in the programme.
Col 1-5 (F5-0) FU24 (factor for converting 24-hr wind data to km/day) Col 6-10 (F5.0) FUDAY (Factor for converting daytime wind data to m/sec) Col 11-15 (F5.0) FACTED (factor for converting vapour pressure (ED) values to
millibars)
Col 16-20 (F5.0) FACTRS (factor for converting solar radiation (RS) to equivalent mm/day) (see comment cards in the programme)
Col 21-25 (F5.0) FACTEP (factor for converting EPAN data to mm/day) (Monthly total evaporation in mm or inches must be converted to daily mean evaporation since programme will not handle this data.)
Col 26 (Al) UN1TT (flag for temperature data "C" or "F") Col 27-36 Blank
Col 37 (11) UNIT N (flag for identifying the sunshine/cloudinesS data)
= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (see comments in programme for details, sequence nos. 925-990)
Col 38 Blank
Col 39 (11) RHFLAG (flag for identification of RH data)
= 1 if RH data are based on measurements (if actual dewpoint temp- eratt-re data or vapour pressure are used, then RHFLAG = 1
since programme will automatically calculate RHmax, RIlmean and RHmin.)
= 2 if RH data are estimated
Col 40 Blank
Col 41 (Ti) UFLAG (flag for wind. data)
= 1 if 1J24 or UDAY are measured data
= 2 if U24 or UDAY are estimated data
Col 42 Blank
Col 43 (11) NFLAG (flag for sunshine or NRATIO (n/N) data)
= 1 if measured or RS is measured
= 2 if estimated
Col 44 Blank
Col 45 (11) NPRINT (option for printing input data)
= 0, only results are printed
= 1, prints above + converted data
2, prints above + unconverted input data as read - - suggested for first run.
(NOTE: RHFLAG, UFLAG and NFLAG are provided to compute at least the Blaney method if no measured data on relative humidity, vrind and sunshine are available for a particular station, but reason.able estimates can be made. In this case the use of Radiation or Penman is generally not desirable. However, for some regions there may be enough first-order weather stations to allow climate maps to be prepared with reasonably accurate isolines of n/N, Tdewpoint or vapour pressure wind, etc. The necessary data for stations having only temperature data can be obtained by interpolation and calculations based on Radiation and Penman methods can thus be made. A "1" should be used in Col. 39,. 41 and 43 as if data were measured.)
A3 3rd Card of each station specifying the options for various methods. Selection of one up to all of the methods can be specified depending on the status of climatological data.
Blank
NBLANY (-1, estimates ET by Blaney and - 0, omits it) Blank
NRADIA (-1, estimates ET by Radiation method provided sunshine, n/N , or solar radiation are the measured data, or obtained as indicated a few comments back.
A zero (0) in Col 10 indicates calculations based on Radiation method should not be made.)
Col 1-4
Col 5 (11)
Col 6-9
Col 10 (11)
Col 11-14 Blank
Col 15 (11) NPENMN (-1, estimates ET by Penman-FAO equation (with C - 1.0), provided relative humidity, wind, and
sunshine data are measured data, or as indicated above, and - 0, omits it)
Col 16-19 Blank
Col 20 (11) NCORPN (=1, estimates ET by corrected Penman method if the data of relative humidity, wind and sunshine are measured data or as indicated above, and - 0, omits it)
Col 21-24 Col 25 (I1) A4 4th Card of each station.
SID
Col 11-15 (F5.0) Col 16-20 (F5.0) Col 21-25 (F5.0)
Col 26-30 (F5.0) Col 31-35 (F5.0) Col 36-40(F5.0)
- 122 -
Blank
NETPAN (-1, estimates ETo by EPAN provided actual pan evaporation, FETCH and CASE are specified, and - 0, omits it)
(station identification in alphanumeric code in 3 characters on each card. These may be left blank if desired since these are not used in the programme.)
MONTH
'DAY (should be inputted - 0 if only average monthly data are used, or - day of first date for weekly or 10-day periods, e.g. 1, 11, 21 for 10-day periods)
YEAR (last two digits of year, or 00 if mean data for multi- year records are used)
NREAD (flag for changing the FETCH and CASE values of ETPAN. 1, needs next card "A5" and - 0, or blank
for no change)
TMAX (daily or average daily maximum temperature. If no no decimal is used Col 15 must serve as location for unit digit)
TMIN (daily or average daily minimum temperature)
TDEW (dewpoint temperature -- see sequence nos- 830-840) Note: If no vapour pressure or RH data are available a
reliable estimate of TDEW is by assuming TDEW TMIN, that the air is saturated at TMIN). This is reasonable for sub-humid climates but not for drier climates, especially when windy at time of TM IN.
RHMAX (maximum relative humidity -- see sequence nos 702- 785). Note: If no dewpoint or vapour pressure data are available, RHMAX must be estimated if a Radiation method estimate-of ETo is desired.
RHM1N (minimum relative humidity -- see sequence nos 790- 815). Note: If no dew-point or vapour pressure data are available, RHMIN must be estimated to obtain even a Blaney-Criddle estimate of ETo.
ED (vapour pressure -- sequence nos 440-450) Col 1-3 (A3)
Col 4-5 (12)
Col 6-7 (12)
Col 8-9 (12) Col 10 (11)
Col 41-45 (F5.0) UDAY (mean d.aytime 9700-1900 hrs') wind -- see sequence nos 875-900). Note: If 24-hr wind data is not available, UDAY (or U24) must be estimated to obtain ETo
estimates.
Col 46-50 (F5.0) U24 (24 hour wind total)
Col 51-55 (F5.0) NACT (hours of bright sunshine or cloudiness in oktas or tenths)
Col 56-60 (F5.0) NRATIO.(ratio of actual to possible sunshine hours).Note: If no sunshine, cloudiness or RS data are available, NRATIO must be estimated to obtain even a Blaney- Criddle estimate of ETo.
Col 61-65 (F5.0) RS (solar radiation)
Col 66-70 (F5.0) RN (net radiation -- included in programme for research institutes where Rn may be measured)
Col 71-75 (F5.0) EPAN (24-hour evaporation from USA Class A pan -- see sequence nos 460-470)
Col 76-80 (F5.0) URATIO (ratio of daytime wind (0700-1900) to nighttime wind (1900-0700). Programme uses 2.0 if no basis for estimating)
Card. A4 is repeated for all data sets for a given station.. Blank card at the end of the data sets, reads the data for new station from Card Al. Whenever Col 10 is non-zero, the Card A5 has to be provided as next card.
A5 Card for reading new value of FETCH and CASE.
Col 1-10 (F10.0). FETCH in metres (if no decimal is used Col 10 must serve as location for unit digit)
Co1.11 (Al) CASE ("A" or "B" -- see Part 1.1 for details) (Present programme does not include methodology involving data from other than Class A pans.)
Test Data and Examples of Output
Examples from two locations in California are provided to illustrate the programme. The input data, column by column and Card by card are provided not only for illustrative reasons but also as samples of test data to check newly punched progranunes for a given computer.
The examples provide first an illustration to compute ETo from mean climatological data. for a multi-year record. For the pan data for Brewley, the reason for changing Case and FETCH relates to the particular situation found. The Class A pan is in a 10 m x 10 m weather station planted to Bermuda grass with the surrounding 4 ha field assumed to be non-cropped continuously. The chan.ge in Case (B to A and back to B) relates to the generally dormant condition of the Bermuda grass within the weather station during the November-February period (CASE B) as compared to its green-growing characteristic from March-October (CASE A). Assuming the 4 ha upwind field is dry all year, this results in a 5 m fetch of green grass for the Case A period of the year, but With the grass dormant, a fetch for the Case B situation of 5 m plus the 4 ha field or say around 200 m in the direction from which the prevailing winds come.
The Davis data are presented for a particular month (October 1960) to illustrate: (i) daily ETo calculation from daily weather data; (ii) 10-day mean ETo calculated from mean weather data for 10- day-periods ; and (iii) monthly mean ETo from mean weather data for the.month (not mean of several years as for Brewley). The use of a "1" in Col 45 of Card A2 illustrates the case where only con- verted weather data are presented, as compared to the use of a "2" for Brawley with both original.
and converted data printed out. The use of a "0" would result in a printing of only the calculated ETo data.
As to the results the following observations can be made:
For Brewley a reasonable agreement exists month by month for all methods, although EPAN values run 10-14% low. This may be due to the fact that the 4 ha field was in crops about half the years of record. During such years the fetch in Case A periods would be some 200 with Kp values some 15% higher than selected by the programme.
For Brawley, little difference is noted between Perunan and corrected Penman. The need for correction, however, is demonstrated by the daily Davis computations.
For Davis, the very high estimates by the Penman equation (C = 1.0) on days involving strong day and night winds combined with medium radiation d.uring October and the low RHmax at night, are quite unrealistic. The agreement between corrected Perunan and the other methods is quite good.
The Davis data illustrate the considerably better response of the Blaney-,Criddle and Radiation methods to day by day weather changes than could possibly be expected using for example the original Blaney-Criddle, Makkink or Jensen-Haise methods. The availability of u/N, RH and wind data (or their reasonable estimates) remains a crucial requirement.
The rather close agreement (for each method) between ETo calculated from daily, 10-day or monthly weather data is surprisingly good for this particular set of data. Such close agreement may be somewhat fortuitous but at least is encouraging considering the rather extreme variability of wind and relatiVe humidity day by day.
Figurs 1. MACRO-FLOW CHRT
(
Slat Rion)
Read station 10. month. day. yew. N11111/10.
lemperalum. RU. tapa measure. *Incl. solP radmlian. E mot and daymegat 0.nd ratio
Read belch. cm
II (PAPAD NE 01 Palm Illicit, 00INT indel data as read
Conant ;afoul dale la amInc data
Rad statIon name. altolude. laletude. hamisphert. h..9Pl al swag ateasuremants, moan possum lar the yam.
Read lectors tor connortine TI-hour wind. dayllom wend. vows pressure. talas radials. and E.pan data, unils ot tereparatur data: flag la edanlItyenq the
slate. Imainured at opmesad) dala al CICKOMOM. RN. Wm/. and ...shine:
and nab for wontinga 0161111106 IMPRINT) al metal and COINII.Mi 01111B.
Rad Ilaq for idanlifylne grbalhor 011111.81101 by Blaney. Radial..
Penman. Corrected Penmen ano,or EMIR dearest
Yee
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IRedd (ENOz Al tack dot. eel Iran dmIt
Estintahoo by Radalmn specified and sun- SPIRI m solar radialsan ar rneasurm1
dam iEshmw ET by lliseay
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Elimm. ET by ERAN premed
EsInnekt month ay.
Finish 'zara or set (Al, A2, A3, and deck of A4 & AS) of new cards for new stzltion
Blank card terminates estimation of given station Card A4 & AS-data input deck of daily or average daily values
Card A3-specifying options for various methods
W1111111111111.-
Card A2-conversion factors, identification data, specifying print option
(CardAl-station name, altitude, latitude, hernie, wind height measurement, PMB
Figure 2. DECK SETUP FOR INPUT DATA OF PROGRAM
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