CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
B. The Concept of Learning reported Speech of Question Sentence
1. The Concept of Learning Reported Speech
There are two ways of relating what a person has said including of direct and indirect. Direct speech is repeat in the original speaker‟s exact word, usually found in conversations in books, in plays, and in quotations. 10 Direct speech can be used when the writers report the actual words that somebody has said or written. In dialogue, direct speech often comes with a reporting clause, such as she said.
Example :
She said, „The solution is in your hands.‟ 11
9Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue,Introduction to Academic Writing, (Newyork:Pearson Education,2007),p 15-18.
10A.J Thompson and A.V Martinet, A practical English Grammar (Newyork:Oxford University Press,1986),p 269.
11Sidney Grenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar (London:Pearson Education Limited),p 189.
15
When the writer wants to say that a person used particular words, they use a quote structure. The writers can do this even if they do not know, or do not remember, the exact words that were spoken. When they use a quote structure, they report what someone said as if they were using their own words. Quote structures are sometimes called direct speech.
A quote structure consists of two clauses. Clause is the reporting clause, which contains the reporting verb. using their own words. Quote structures are sometimes called direct speech. A quote structure consists of two clauses. One clause is the reporting clause, which contains the reporting verb.
Example :
'I knew I'd seen you,' I said.
'Only one,' replied the Englishman.
The writers can quote anything that someone says - statements, questions, orders, suggestions, and exclamations. In writing, they use inverted commas (' ') or (" ") at the beginning and end of a quote. When they are using a quote structure to say what someone thought, they usually omit the inverted commas at the beginning and end of the quote.
Example:
How much should he tell her? Not much, he decided.12
12Collins Cobuild, English Grammar (London:The Univervisy Birmingham,1990),p 219-220.
16
In indirect speech, the writer give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without neccessarily using the speaker‟s exact words.13
Example :
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no commas after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted afte say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, thought direct speech is sometimes employed here to give a more dramatic effect. 14
Indirect reported speech,where one wishes to report content of the original source without necessarily repeating sentences exactly as they were originally uttered, there are many more options available as well as certain rules of conversation.15
When a person wants to report what someone said, he or she can use direct or reported (indirect) speech. In direct speech, the writer gives the exact words that the person said. Indirect as well as direct speech is used to present both what was said and how it was said.16
Example:
He exclaimed, “This house is ” very ugly!”17
13A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet ,A practical English Grammar,p 269.
14Ibid..
15Marianne C. Murcia and Dianne L. Freeman,The Grammar Book (Manufactured:In the United State of America,1999), p 687
16Betty Schrampfer,Understanding and Using English Grammar (Newyork:Pearson Education,2002).p 254
17Rogelio A. Vallecillos, Advanced Spanesh Grammar (Newyork:United State of America,2017), p 130.
17
Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No quotation marks are used. if the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentence, e.g, said) is simple past, the verb in the noun clause will usually also be in a past form, as in the example:
”I have to watch Tv.”
She said she had to watch Tv
Changing verbs to past forms in reported speech is common in both speaking and writing. However, sometimes in spoken English no change in made in the noun clause verb, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said. 18
Reported speech called indirect speech is a kind of speech that reports the information using a report structure rather than the exact words.19Reported speech is an essential part of human communication kind in the form of explicit speech ascriptions, without presupposing the existence of an original utterance used in everyday conversations, news reports, philosophical treatises and works of fiction.20
It means that it can be concluded that reported speech is quote somebody‟s idea or thoughts without exactly repeating the exact word produced by the speaker.
To report a question, put the subject before the verb or helping verb.
Remember that the subject comes after the helping verb when the
18Elizabeth Holt and Rebecca Clift, Reporting Talk (Cambridge:University Press,2006),p 5-11.
19Collins Cobuild, English Grammar. p 15.
20Franziska Maria Koder, Between Direct and Indirect (Groningen,Univesity of Groningen,2016),p 15-16.
18
writers ask a question. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color21
Asking a question Reporting a question
”where are they going”?
I asked where they were going.
Did miss lee sing a song?
I asked whether miss lee sang a song.
Has she finished her homework?
I asked if she had finished her homework.
To report a question – word question, use the same question word in direct speech.
Direct speech Indirect spech Mom said,” where are
your shoes?”
Mom asked where my shoes were.
Maggie said,”who has taken my pen?”
Maggie asked who had taken her pen.