A. Theoretical Review
2. Concept of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) Technique a. Definition of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD)
Technique
Slavin states that Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) is a type of cooperative learning method which is simplest and flexible, it can be applied in second until eleventh grader for various subject namely: math, language art, social studies, and science.19 It means STAD are suitable to be applied in diverse grades and subjects.
Meanwhile, Alijanian defines Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) is one of the most significant cooperative learning types that effectives to be used in divers grades and subjects.20 It means that, STAD can be carried out to multiple subject and grades.
In conclusion, STAD is one technique in teaching learning process which is done by grouping the students in teams that consist of four or five students. By this technique, the students can increase their understanding about the material that delivered by their teacher. Each members help one another to present their best performance, and then the teacher gives reward to the best team.
19 Robert E.Slavin, Cooperative Learning: Teori, Riset dan Praktik, translated by Narulita Yusron from Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research and Practice, (Bandung: Nusa Media, 2005), p. 143
20 Alijanian, Ehsan. “The Effect Of Student Team Achievement Division Technique on English Achievement of Iranian EFL Learners”, Finland: ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufacture, ISSN 1799-2591, Vol. 2, No. 9, September 2012. P . 1971
b. The Components of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) According to Slavin, Student Team Achievemnt Division (STAD) consist of five main components. There are: 21
1) Class Presentation
The material in STAD is first introduced in the presentation in the classroom. This is the direct teaching as it is often done or discussion lesson led by a teacher; but could also incorporate audiovisual presentation.
The difference is the class presentation with regular teaching is that the presentation should be totally focused on the unit STAD. In this way the students will realize that they have to really pay close attention during class presentations, as it would greatly help them do quizzes, and their quiz scores determine the team score.
2) Team
Team consist of four our five students representing all parts of the class in terms of acadamic performance, gender, race and elected toreally learn, and more specsically is to prepare its members to be able work well quiz. After teachers deliver the material, the team assembled to study the activity sheet or other material.
21 Ibid, p. 143-146
The most common, learning that involves the discussion of the problems together, compare answers, and correcting any errors of understanding if there are team members who made the mistake.
3) Quiz
After about one or two priods after the teacher gave a presentation and about one or two teams practice priod, the students will work individual quiz in answering the quiz. Thus, each individual student is responsible for understanding the material.
4) Score Individual Progress
The idea behind the scores of individual progress is to give to each student‟s performance goals will be achieved if they work harder and provide better performance before. Every students can contribute to the team maximum points in this scoring system, but there is no student is given a score of “early”, which is derived from the average of the student‟s performance earlier in the same quiz. Students will then collect points for their team based on the rate of increase in their quiz scores compared with their initial scores.
5) Recognition Team
The team will get a certificate or other from of reward when the average score they reach a certain. Students team scores can also be used to determine the twenty percent of their rank.
c. The Steps of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) Technique
There are four steps of Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) for implementation in the classroom: 22
1) Teaching in which the teacher introduces new material through a lecture, class discussion, or some form of a teacher presentation.
2) Team study in which heterogeneous team members cooperate on wok sheets designed to extend and help boost the material taught by the teacher.
3) Test are individual quizzes students take on the assigned materials.
Teammates are not allowed to help one another during these quizzes.
4) Team Recognition stage where quiz score are juxtaposed to past averages; points are given based improve from past performance, High-scoring teams are awarded by gifts or putting their names on bulletin board or by granting certificates to them.
d. The Advantages and Disadvantage of STAD Technique
Every technique is used in teaching learning activity has some advantages and disadvantages.
1) The advantages of using Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) technique are :
22 Ibid, p. 1971
a) Motivating the students to encourage and help each other in mastering skill presented by the teacher.
b) Increasing the number of friendship among the students from different level of performance, gender, and ethnicity.
c) Increasing students‟ achievement and rising students‟ self- esteem.
d) Learning how to make a good partnership, appreciate each other and work cooperatively.
e) The condition of learning is more relax and fun.
2) The disadvantages of using Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) technique are :
a) Taking much time, because students need to adapt with their teammates firstly before discussing the material.
b) The class situation becomes noisy. When students work in a group, they have to interact with their teammates to discuss the tasks are given.
c) Wasting instructional time. Teacher has to stated clear instruction, sometime teacher has to repeat it often because students prefer concern with their teammates than to teacher.
B. Theoretical Framework and Paradigm 1. Theoretical Framework
There are two variables in this research; there are independent variable (X) and dependent variable (Y). The dependent variable is
Student Team Achievement Division and dependent variable is students‟
procedure text Reading Comprehension ability.