PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN EUROPE
7. Opposition of developing
7.4 CONCLUSION
and animals. Indeed, from 1999 (when the Human Genome project was at a crucial phase) this issue became the subject of a world-wide debate. Finally, demands were also submitted with respect to the non-patenting of drugs that are included in the WHO list of essential drugs.
deadline of TRIPs implementation by developing countries (2000) combined with the growing understanding that carrying out the entire range of TRIPs obligations would pose serious difficulties for these countries.
Nevertheless, while developing countries and LDCs were highly active in the TRIPs arena during Seattle, they lacked a strategy, and to a certain extent also tactics, for achieving their IP goals. As we shall see later, these were the main strengths of the advanced European pharmaceutical industry and its IP allies, and were well reflected in the activities of the EU during the period 1995–1999.
NOTES
1. For the various statements concerning the Singapore ministerial meeting, see WTO documents series WT/MIN(96)/ST
2. Vice Minister of Foreign Trade, Colombia (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1996a), document number: WT/MIN(96)/ST/23
3. Minister of Commerce and Industry, Botswana (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1996b), document number: WT/MIN(96)/ST/76
4. Minister of Foreign Relations, Paraguay (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1996c), document number: WT/MIN(96)/ST/75
5. Minister of Commerce and Industry, Bangladesh (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1998b), document number: WT/MIN(98)/ST/60
6. Minister of Trade, Kenya (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1998c), document number: WT/
MIN(98)/ST/43
7. Minister of Commerce and Industry, Botswana (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1998d), document number: WT/MIN(98)/ST/110
8. Secretary of State for Industry and Trade, Dominican Republic (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1998e), document number: WT/MIN(98)/ST/117
9. Communication from Kenya (WTO – General Council 1999h), document number: WT/GC/
W/302 10. Ibid.
11. Communication from Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999e), document number: WT/
GC/W/282 12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Communication from Colombia (WTO – General Council 1999i), document number: WT/
GC/W/316
15. Communication from India (WTO – General Council 1999l), document number: WT/GC/
W/352 16. Ibid., p. 2 17. Ibid., p. 3
18. Communication from the CEFTA and Latvia (WTO – General Council 1999g), document number: WT/GC/W/275
19. Ibid.
20. Communications from the African Group (WTO – General Council 1999h), Colombia (WTO – General Council 1999i) and Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999e); see also:
communication from Canada (WTO – General Council 1999f), document number: WT/GC/
W/256
21. Communication from Canada (WTO – General Council 1999f)
22. Minister of Commerce, Industry and Production, Pakistan (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999b), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/9; Minister of Commerce and Industry, Bangladesh (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999c), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/17; Minister of
Industry and Trade and Development, Cameroon, (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999g), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/88; Minister of Commerce, Industry and Handicrafts, Morocco (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999d), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/29;
Minister of Commerce and Handicrafts, Senegal (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999e), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/61
23. Minister of Commerce, Industry and Production, Pakistan (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999b), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/9
24. Minster of Commerce and Handicrafts, Senegal (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999e), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/61
25. WIPO (2000: 15–18); see also: WIPO – International Bureau (2000), document number:
WIPO/IPTK/RT/99/7; WIPO Secretariat (2001), document number: WIPO/GRTKF/IC/1/3 26. WIPO (2000: 11–18)
27. WIPO – UNESCO (1985); for an overview of the model see: WIPO Secretariat (2001:
28–33)
28. Blakeney (1999: 2–3)
29. WIPO – UNESCO (1985) Model Section II; WIPO Secretariat (2001: 28–33 and Annex 3, p. 4)
30. Blakeney (1999: 2–3)
31. WIPO – International Bureau (1999), document number: WIPO/IPTK/RT/99/2 32. WIPO – International Bureau (2000: 12–31); WIPO Secretariat (2001: Annex 3)
33. Communication from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru (WTO – General Council 1999n), document number: WT/GC/W/362; Communication from Cuba, Honduras, Paraguay and Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999k), document number: WT/GC/W/329;
Minister of Commerce and Industry, India (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999a), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/16; Communication from Cuba, Honduras, Paraguay and Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999k), document number: WT/GC/W/329; Communication from Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999e: 2)
34. Communication from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru (WTO – General Council 1999n: 1)
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., pp. 1–2; see also Communication from Cuba, Honduras, Paraguay and Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999k)
37. Statement by Pakistan (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999b: 4) 38. WIPO (1998b), document number: WIPO/INDIP/RT/98/4E 39. Ibid., pp. 2–3
40. Ibid., p. 2 41. Ibid., p. 3
42. Communication from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Peru (WTO – General Council 1999n: 2); see also Communication from Cuba, Honduras, Paraguay and Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999k: 2)
43. Ibid.
44. Secretary of State for Industry and Trade, Honduras (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999f), document number: WT/MIN(99)/ST/40; Communication from Venezuela, (WTO – General Council 1999e: 2); Communication from India (WTO – Ministerial Conference 1999a: 2) 45. Communication from Kenya on behalf of the African Group (WTO – General Council 1999h:
3–4)
46. Ibid.; see also: Communication from Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Uganda (WTO – General Council 1999m: 4), document number: WT/GC/W/355
47. Communication from Kenya on behalf of the African Group (WTO – General Council 1999h: 3)
48. McGirk (1998: 48)
49. For a popular overview on the subject see: The Economist, The Human Genome – Survey (2000: 14–16); the Economist (2001a: 19–20); Lemonick and Golden (2000: 73–8) 50. Office of the Prime Minister, United Kingdom, (2000); Griffith and Wrong (2000) 51. Griffith and Wrong (2000)
52. Communication from India (WTO – General Council 1999b), document number: WT/GC/
W/225; Communication from Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999e: 2); Communication from Kenya on Behalf of the African Group (WTO – General Council 1999h: 3–4) 53. United Nations, Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Website: www.biodiv.org; for the
IP protection of patents via a sui generis system see: Lele, Lesser and Horskotte-Wesseler (1999); OECD (1996)
54. Communication from Venezuela (WTO – General Council 1999e: 2); Communication from Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Uganda (WTO – General Council 1999m: 27)
55. WHO (2001); Hogerzeil (2000), document number: WHO/EDM/PAR 56. For an overview of WHOʼs Essential Drug activities see: WHO (2000c; 2000b) 57. WHO (2000c)