The relations between planning and design perspectives in a planning system are multifaceted, as they are usually spread over many different actors, and as the different forms of
coordination represented by planning and design are internally varied. Planning-as-design can be regarded as a highly valuable perspective for a planning system, allowing it to capture the
qualities of a specific place, to accommodate many different needs and inspire specific
solutions. Planning-as-design can increase the efficiency of planning and improve the quality of its product, the resulting space. Planning can slide into blind procedure, and design can
deteriorate into blind esthetics, but in each community, the search for a workable and unique balance between planning and design perspectives is an economic, political, and we would add, ecological, necessity.
A thorough familiarity with the structure and workings of the planning system, and, more broadly, of governance, evolution, of the dialectics between formal and informal institutions and between planning and design perspectives, is a prerequisite when considering a
modification of the planning system. If planning theorists or other scientific observers want to have an impact on planning practice, their analyses should at least start from the complexity of the current system. In many cases, the scientific observer will discern a need for a planning or design perspective to solve problems identified in and by the community. Introducing it at the very minimum requires seeing through the rhetoric and the self-descriptions of the current actors, and the rhetoric on the rules governing their interactions. In all likelihood, the help of the political system will be required to craft and implement a strategy that might remedy the absence of planning and/or design, and reintroduce those perspectives without increasing the rigidity of the planning system. Luckily, the history of the planning and design disciplines, as well as the history of wildly varying institutionalizations of planning and design perspectives, offer plenty of materials to craft such strategies.
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