Data collecting technique is used to support information related to display that carried out by researcher to describe some of the techniques that used during the research. As for the following details:
1. Observation
Observation means collecting data directly from the field. The type of observation in this research is using descriptive observation qualitative research. Descriptive observation are observation carried out at the exploration stage the researcher makes observation of many elements of the situation as possible to get an overview.38
Therefore this observation must be carried out by going directly to the location, because when the researcher directly to the location, the researcher will understand and be able to know about the situation, activity and the object being research.
Process of observation can start from identification of the research then, identification do a mapping so that researchers get a general idea regarding the research object. The purpose of the observation is to describe
38Farida Nugrahani, “Metode Penelitian Kualitatif”, (surakarta:2014), 123.
the setting observed in the activities and their participation.39 The process of observation data divides two of them: participant observation and non participant observation.
a. Participant observation
In this observation, the researcher are actively in daily activities with the people to be studied.
b. Non participant observation
In this observation, the researcher are not actively in daily activities but only as an independent observer.
So based on the explanation above, this researcher will use non participant observation techniques, and in this case the researcher only becomes an observer. It means researcher come to the location, but the researcher do not directly involved with these activities.
2. Interview
Interview is a process of conversation between two people in which one person tries to lead a conversation with the aim of obtaining information. According to Cash, an interview is interactional because there is an exchanging or sharing of roles, responsibilities, feelings, beliefs, motives and information. If one person does all of the talking and the other all of the listening. A speech to an audience of one, not an interview taking
39Rulam Ahmadi, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, (Yogyakarta: Ar Ruzz Media,2016),161.
place. 40 so it can be concluded that the interview is an interaction in which there is an exchange or sharing to explore.
According to Etcrberg, there are several types of interview, namely structured interviews, semi structured interview, unstructured interview.41 As for the following details :
a. Structured Interviews
The structured interviews is used if the researcher already knows what information will be obtained by the researcher. Therefore, researcher in conducting interviews have prepared interview instruments and alternative answers that have been prepared.
In addition, researcher also use tape recorders, brochures or other supporting tools that can help the interview process.
b. Semi Structured Interview
Semi Structured interview is interviews that are conducted more freely, with the aim of finding problems more openly, and where data sources are asked for ideas and ideas, researcher also need to listen carefully and record what the informants find.
c. Unstructured Interview
Unstructured interview is a free interview where the researcher does not use interview guidelines that have been systematically and completely arranged for data collection. The interview used only an outline of the problems to be asked.
40Stewart Cash, Wawancara Observasi dan Focus Groups, ( Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2015),31.
41Atterberg, Metode Penelitian Tindakan Komprehensif,(Bandung: Alfabeta,2015),267.
However, this time the researcher will usesemi structured interviews to find problems more openly, and where the parties invited to the interview had their opinions and ideas.
3. Document
Document is a way of collecting data that produces important notes related to the problem of research, so that complete, correct and not based on estimates such data will be obtained such as achievement index, number of children, population, etc. In social research, the function of data derived from documents is mostly used as supporting and complementary data for primary data obtained through in-depth observations and interviews. 42
So the documents referred to here are documents referred to here are documents needed by researcher to complete this research. As follows details:
a. Document about school profile b. Members of VIII Grade
c. Picture d. Lesson plan F. Instrument Validity
In this part, the researcher attempted to establish the validity of the data findings in the field. In order to obtain valid findings, it necessary examiner credibility by using data validity techniques such as extending the
42Basrowi Suwandi, Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif, (Jakarta:Rineka Cipta,2008), 158
presence of researcher in the field,more in depth observation, triangulation (using sources of theoretical research methods), discussions by colleagues, analysis of other case, tracking of discrepancies in result and checking of members.43
This research used source triangulation and triangulation technique.
Source triangulation means from teacher and students, triangulation technique means from method, this is confirmed by several lesson plans and other document review.
1. Data Analysis Technique
In this research, the researcher applied analysis data. According to Huberman.44 As follows:
a. Data Condensation
Data condensation refers to the process of the selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and or changing data appearing in written field notes, interviews, transcripts documents and other empirical material. With data condensation will be more powerful.
They need data condensation because the data obtained is complex so that, need to be focused on choosing the main or important things and looking for them and patterns.
43Tim Penyusun IAIN Jember, Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah, (Jember: IAIN Jember :2016), 48.
44Miles Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis, (USA: Sage Publishing, 2014),15-16.
b. Data Display
After the data is reduced, the next step is to present the data. In qualitative research data presentation can be carried out in the form of brief descriptions charts, relationships between category Miles and Huberman stated that the most often used in qualitative research to present data is narrative text.
After presenting data, the researcher began to find a picture in understanding the problem, so that at this stage the next step can be to sharpen the data and draw conclusions. The presentation of data related to the focus of this research is, how is the implementation and how is the evaluation of audio lingual method in teaching speaking of VIII grade at SMPN 1 Banyuwangi.
c. Verifying Conclusions
The third stage in qualitative data analysis withdrawal conclusion and verification. The conclusions put forward are still temporary, and change if they are not accompanied with evidence to support at the stage subsequent data collection. But when the conclusion presented in the early stages is supported by evidence when the researcher returns to the field to collect data, the conclusion is credible.
In this conclusion step can explain about, how is the implementation and how is the evaluation of audio lingual method in teaching speaking of VIII grade at SMPN 1 Banyuwangi.