CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
D. Data Collection Technique
This section includes a description of the data collection techniques used such as participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data collection technique are as follows;63
1. Observation
Observation is a process to gather open-ended, obtain direct information by observing people and places at the research field. There are two types of observation roles which are called as the participant observer and nonparticipant observer. A participant observer is where the observational role taken by the researchers when they take part in activities
63 John C. Creswell, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 4th edition (Boston: Pearson Education, 2012), 212-224
of the setting they are observing. Besides, the researchers also participate in activities and record the information. A nonparticipant observer is an observer who visits the field and records notes without becoming involved in the activities of the participants.
The general observation process is outlined to the following steps;
first, select a place or location to be observed that can help researcher give the best understand to the current phenomenon. Second, easy to observe into the field slowly by looking around the location first. Third, identify who or what to be observed, when will observe, and how long to observe at the field. Fourth, establish firstly the researcher’s role. Fifth, conduct several observations over time to gain the best understanding of the field and individuals. Sixth, design some tools for recording the note during the observation. Seventh, consider any information that researcher will record during the observation. Eighth, record a descriptive and reflective field- notes. Ninth, make the researcher is known, but remain unobtrusive. Tenth, after observing, slowly the researcher appeal from the field.64
The researcher prefers to select observation of nonparticipant observer to conduct the research, due to the researcher focused on observing and recording notes during the observation activities without involved in the activities of the object of the research. Therefore, the result of observation activities extends to the achievement which the researcher wishes. The observation of this research was conducted on the objective
64 Creswell, 215-217.
conditions of Nuris Senior High School Jember in the implementation of teaching speaking skill through the song as a teaching media.
2. Interview
A qualitative interview happens when the researcher asks one or more general participants, open-ended questions, and record the researcher questions. Four types of interview are as follows;
a. One on one interview
It is a collecting data process where the researcher asks questions and records the answer from one study participant at the moment. This type of interviews is ideally for interviewing the participant who are not sneaking to speak, means the articulation is clear, and feel comfortable to share ideas.
b. Focus group interviews
It is a process of data collection by interviewing a group of people, usually four to six. What researcher do is asking a small number of general questions and bring the responses or feedback from all individuals of the group.
c. Telephone interviews
It is the data collection process by using the telephone and asks a small number of general questions.
d. E-mail interviews
This part consists of collecting an open-ended data through interviews with the individual by using computers and internet.
There are several general steps concerned are as follows;
identifying the interview, determining the type of interview that researcher used.
Some of the steps must be noticed is an audiotape, the questions and responses, and something don’t forget is to take a brief note during the interview, find a quiet and suitable place to conduct the interview, get permission from the interviewee to participate the study, have a plan but be flexible, use probes to obtain additional information, be polite and professional until the interview is over.
Kind of the interview that researcher used in this research is semi-structured where the interview naturally happened to observe the questions for the student without disturbing their comfort when the interview section is happening. Shortly, the researcher gives the questions on interview section naturally to made students more comfortable when they were asked some questions. Besides, the researcher also used one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews.
From above explanation, those interviews are appropriate with the phenomenon of the current study. Moreover, all of the research subject who has involved in the interview section enjoyed during the interview. In this research, one-on-one interviews was conducted to the English Teacher of Nuris Senior High School, while the focus group interviews were conducted to the 5 students of the eleventh grade who are in basic and intermediate level. The data acquired from interview
included the purpose, material, steps and evaluation of teaching speaking skills through song as a teaching media.
3. Document Review
Document Review is every researcher’s effort to collect the data by reviewing the existing documents which are related to the topic. It records an event that has already passed. Besides, it can be a monumental drawing or work. In this research, the researcher wants to gain the data of students in Nuris Senior High School Jember. For the evidence, some of the instruments used in this technique are several pictures.
In general, documents review consists of a public and private records that qualitative researches obtain about the field and participant in a study, then they can put a newspaper, minutes of meetings, personal journal, and letters.65 These sources provide a valuable information in helping researches understand about the center phenomena of their study.
There are some useful guidelines in using qualitative document review such as; identif Muhammad Taqi-Ud-Din Al Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Noble Qur’an: The English Translation of the Meanings and Commentary (KSA King Komplex,2007), 728.ying the document types which can provide a beneficial information to answer the qualitative questions, then, considering both public and private documents as sources information for the research, after the documents are located, seeking permission to use them from the appropriate individuals who are responsible of the materials. If the researcher asks participants to make a journal, so,
65 Suheri. Teknik-Teknik Menulis Skripsi dan Thesis. (Surabaya: Imtiyaz), 2017
providing specific instruction about the procedure. When the researcher has already gotten a permission to use the documents, then they must check them for accuracy, completeness and usefulness in answering the research focus in the study. For the last, the researcher must record the information from the documents.
The researcher managed to get data obtained to the documents of this research as follows;
a. The profile of Nuris Senior High School Jember.
b. The vision and mission of Nuris Senior High School.
c. Syllabus of the eleventh grade which contains core competence, indicator, material, learning activity, assessment, time allocation, and source.
d. The lesson plans includes learning purpose, learning model and method, media, source, learning activity; (opening, core activity, and closing), assessment.
e. The scoring rubric consists of writing and speaking elements and the description