CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
B. Discussion
This chapter deals with some discussion of the kinds of errors and the dominant errors made by the third semester students at English department of Universitas Muhammadiyah pare-pare.
1. Kinds of Error in pronouncing English consonant of fricative:
/f/, /v/ and affricate /ʧ/, /ʤ/.
Dulay in Putri (2019:11) has distributed pronouncing errors into omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Beginning with the idea, researchers had discovered various kinds of pronunciation errors made by the third semester students at English Department of Universitas Muhammadiyah Pare-pare. The data were obtained from students that had been as the sample. Then, those were distributed the same way into those four types of errors.
As one of the objectives of this research was to find out the kinds error in pronouncing English consonants made by the third semester students at English Department of Universitas Muhammadiyah Pare-pare, the findings of errors that were found were explained from omission and misformation.
Omission is one kind of error which deals with removing the sound of the word. The researcher found that there are still
errors made by the students in this research and the students made omissions in the initial and final of the word. Students do not pay attention to the word and just say it, they forget how it is pronounced so that letters that are in the initial and final of the word not pronounced and it happens to the error omission in affricate sound /ʤ/. Error misformation is the wrong form of elements when mentioning the word, from the analysis, the researcher found that there were some errors made by students that were error misformation in fricative sound /f/, /v/, error misformation in affricate sound /ʤ/ and /ʧ/. All the sound /f/
became /v/ or sound /v/ become /f/ in affricate sound ʤ/ and /ʧ/ did the same too. The students tend to made errors in the initial, middle, and final of the word. In line with the previous study Putra (2019) that students still make errors in pronouncing the words in fricative sounds. The students were still not able to pronounce correct words. They pronounced using their feeling and they didn't know how to correct them right pronunciation in line with Rahmawati (2017) that students made error in pronouncing consonant nevertheless don't understand to articulate that word either the pupils nevermore listen the word earlier.
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2. The dominant error in pronouncing English consonants.
Based on the findings, the dominant error made by the students in pronouncing English consonant were error misformation in fricative /v/ and affricate /ʤ/ sound. The results of this research in line with Hidayati (2017) have shown that the total of kinds of pronunciation errors is 40 data. Misformation as the dominance error. The students were still unfamiliar with the words which made errors in pronunciation. They still had an error in fricative and affricate sound.
The students also had pronunciation problems because of a lack of consciousness rising. The students were still lazy to read the dictionary to check the correct pronunciation. Alzainadi and latief (2019) state that lack of consciousness made students lazy to check the appropriate pronouncing words in the dictionary in fact pronunciation errors.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion
The first objective conducted was what kinds of error are made by the third semester students at English Department of Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare. The revealed that the kinds of error made by the students were the omission and misformation.
The dominant errors made by the third semester students in pronouncing English consonants were dominant error of misformation in fricative /v/ and affricate/ʤ/ sound.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, there are some suggestions given by the researcher as follows:
1. For the lecturer
The lecturers have an important role to upgrade the output of the English Education Study Program. They ought to remember pupils' weaknesses, expertise also the skill of English consonants.
The exposure of phonology content in terms of duty, matter, and erudition to those learners depend upon however the lecturers profoundly apprehend their student's inclination. Any enhancements ought to be utilized to show concerning English consonants. Additionally demanded to relinquish a lot of probabilities.
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2. For the students
English consonants are extremely vital to obtain discovered and also bought so as to possess some decent pronunciation and desist misunderstanding. The students, it should possess a good pronunciation as a result of that means learners pronounce English can explain the standard of however great English Education Program in Universitas Muhammadiyah Pare- pare. The learners obtain suggestions to study deeper, exercise further or can always consult the dictionary if they do not know the correct pronunciation and concentrate additional concerning English consonants properly.
3. For further researchers
This research still includes a lot of weaknesses that hopefully future research will teach or show the correct pronunciation of the errors that have been said or made by students and also the next researcher hopefully may conduct a far better
research regarding English consonants.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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English Consonants Pronunciation Errors. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 10, 4, 180-193.
Ba’dulu, A. M. (2009). Introduction To Linguistics, Makassar : Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Brown, J.D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. San Francisco State University. New York: Longman.
Crystal, David. (1985). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (2nd ed.).New York: Basil Blackwell.
Dale and Poms at al. (2005). English Pronunciation Made Simple. New York:Pearson Education Inc..
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Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (Australian National Training Authority Adult Literacy National Project).
Hidayati, A. (2017). PRONUNCIATION ERRORS IN SPEAKING PERFORMANCE OF GRADE 11 STUDENTS AT SMA NEGERI 20 MEDAN (Doctoral dissertation, UNIMED).
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Oxford University Press.
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Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar (UMM).
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Surakarta: IAN Surakarta.
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Kristina, Diah and Rarasteja, Zita. (2006). Pronunciation 1. Surakarta : Sebelas maret University Press.
McMahon. A. (2002). An Introduction to English Phonology. Edinburgh UniversityPress.
Moleong, J. L. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Edisi Revisi.
Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Pourhosein Gilakjani, A. (2016). What Factors Influence the English Pronunciation of EFL Learners? Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 6(2), 314-326.
Putra, F. P. (2019). An Error Analysis of English Plosive and Fricative Consonants at Vocational High Schools. Wanastra: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra, 11(2), 141-150.
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Makassar: Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar.
Rahmawati, L. E. (2017). Pronunciation Error Analysis Of The Tenth Grade Students Of Sma N 1 Nalumsari Jepara In Academic Year 2016/2017 (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Muria Kudus).
Rustipa, Katharina. (2009). “ ENGLISH SPEECH SOUNDS [θ, ð], [ʃ, ʒ], [ʧ, ʤ]: HOW ARE THEY REALIZED?”
Sugiyono. (2007). Metode Penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: ALFABETA
Yates, L., & Zielinski, B. (2009). Give it a Go: Teaching Pronunciation to Adults. Sydney, Australia: AMEPRC. Available:
Zimmerman, L. (2004). Teaching pronunciation: A specialist approach. In Davidson, P., AL-Hamly, M. Khan, M. Aydelott, J., Bird, K. &
Coombe, C. Proceeding of the 9th TESOL Arabia Conference:
English Language Teaching in an IT Age, vol. 8, Dubai: Tesol Arabia.
A P P E N D I C
E
S
APPENDIX A :
INSTRUMENT TEST (THE PRONUNCIATION TEST)
This pronunciation test sentences related English consonants fricative and affricate sounds aims to collect data about what kinds of errors are made by the third semester students at English Department of Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare in pronouncing English Consonant and also to collect data about the dominant error made by the student. For this reason researcher expect you to can read the sentence loud and carefully. So the results of the study can be obtained as objectively as possible. For your participation, thank you.
Instruction:
The researcher give some sentences related to English Consonant (fricative and affricate sound) to the students via whatsapp , after that the researcher asks students to pronounce and records their pronunciation and send it to the researcher. The sentences are as follows:
1. I love food very much.
2. I like cheese but you like chocolate.
3. It smells like cherries and vanilla.
4. I want to be a teacher and you want to be an engineer.
5. French fries and ketchup.
6. Even our butcher is fine women.
7. Exchange rings for now.
8. She is very rich.
9. Come an join us for lunch.
10. Fill every jug and jar.
11. I’m vegetarian because i like vegetable.
12. I prefer to live on the edge.
13. It’s the final fig leaf.
14. That is a long message.
15. The cage is mine.
16. He is very large.
17. That’s a beautiful scarf.
18. Jump in the water.
19. I love ginger.
20. The switch over there.
21. My vine leaf.
22. Clover is gone forever.
23. Veal is meat from a calf.
24. The decanted infant howls.
25. It’s like a starfish.
26. I have urgent information.
27. I stand before you.
28. It’s a good roof.
29. I will come to your home as fast as i can.
30. Fatalism is can excuse of the weak-willed.
31. He has a vast amount of knowledge about science.
32. She will choke it with her strong arms.
33. His broad chest and shoulders looked powerful.
34. Don’t judge the book by its cover.
35. We have a vehicle for controlled detonation.
36. Chief Harris needs to speak to you.
37. Shark infest the estuaries.
38. I tried to defy them once.
39. I’m going to invest money in this business.
40. There is no greater riches than health.
41. They want to talk about religion.
42. Check the register downstairs.
43. I cook in the kitchen.
44. Let’s divide this money between you and me.
45. You are supposed to laugh at that joke.
46. I don’t feel safe in this neighborhood.
47. You have a chance to save yourself.
48. See a keeper catch a ball.
49. I watch football alone in the television.
50. I managed to cadge some money off my dad.
51. Like an energy surge
52. The second wave is coming.
53. I will go to france so that i can learn french.
54. I leave my handphone in home.
APPENDIX B :
THE KEY OF THE PRONUNCIATION TEST Transcription
Fricative sound /f/, /v/
Affricate sound /ʧ/, /ʤ/
Fricative sound /f/
No Initial position Transcription Middle position Transcription
1. Food /fu:d/ Infest / ɪnˈfest /
2. Fries /fraiz/ Defy /dɪˈfaɪ /
3. Fine /faɪn/ starfish /stɑ:rfɪʃ /
4. French /frenʧ/ before /bɪfᴐ:r/
5. Fatalism /ˈfeɪtәlɪzәm/ infant /’ɪnfәnt/
6. Fast / fɑ:st/ Information /ɪnfәr’meɪʃn/
Final position Transcription
Laugh /lɑ:f/
Safe / seɪf /
Leaf /li:f/
Calf /kæf/
Scarf /skɑ:rf/
Roof /ru:f/
Fricative sound /v/
No Initial Position Transcription Middle Position Transcription
1. Vast /vɑ:st / Invest /ɪn’vest/
2. Veal /vi:l / Cover /’kʌvәr/
3. Vehicle /ˈvi:әkl / Divide /dɪˈvaɪd /
4. Very /veri/ every /evri/
5. Vanila /vә’nɪlә/ clover /’kloʊvәr/
6. Vine /vaɪn/ forever /fәr’evә (r)/
Final position transcription
Save / seɪv /
Wave / weɪv /
Leave / li:v /
Love /lʌv/
Have /hәv/
Live /laɪv/
Affricate sound /ʧ/
No Initial Position Transcription Middle Position Transcription
1. Choke / ʧәʊk/ Riches / rɪʧɪz /
2. Chest / ʧest/ Kitchen /ˈkɪʧɪn
3. Chief / ʧi:f/ Butcher ˈbʊʧә (r) /
4. Cherries /ʧeri:z/ Ketchup /’keʧәp/
5. Cheese /ʧi:z/ Teacher /‘ti:ʧәr/
6. Chocolate /’ʧᴐ:klәt/ Exchange /ɪksʧeɪnʤ/
Final position Transcription
Catch / kæʧ /
Watch / wɑʧ/
Much /mʌʧ/
Rich /rɪʧ/
Lunch /lʌnʧ/
Switch /swɪʧ/
Affricate sound /ʤ/
No Initial Position Transcription Middle Position Transcription
1. Judge /ʤʌʤ / Register /ˈreʤɪstә (r)
2. Jar /ʤɑ:(r)/ Religion /rɪˈlɪʤәn /
3. Jug /ʤag/ Engineer /enʤɪ’nɪr/
4. Join ʤoɪn/ Vegetable /’vɜʤәtәbl/
5. Jump /ʤʌmp/ ginger /ʤɪnʤәr/
6. Joke /ʤoʊk/ Vegetarian /,veʤә’teriәn/
Final position Transcription
Cadge / kæʤ /
Surge / sɜ:ʤ /
Edge /eʤ/
Cage /keɪʤ/
Large /lɑ:rʤ/
Message /’mesɪʤ/
APPENDIX C :
TABLE OF PRONUNCIATION ERROR ANALYSIS Pronunciation Error Analysis
No Words Transcription Respondent Description of Error
Dictionary Recorded Fricative
Sound /f/
Initial Position
1 Food /fu:d/ /vu:d/ 12,16 Misformation in initial
position of fricative sounds (f).
2 Fries /fraiz/ /fraiz/ - -
3 Fine /faɪn/ /faɪn/ - -
4 French /frenʧ/ /frenʧ/ - -
5 Fatalism /feɪtәlɪzәm/ /feɪtәlɪzәm/ - -
6 Fast /fɑ:st/ fɑ:st/ - -
Middle position
7 Infest / ɪnˈfest / /ɪnˈfest/ - -
8 Defy /dɪˈfaɪ / /devaɪ/ 11,19 Misformation in middle
position of fricative sounds (f).
9 Starfish /stɑ:rfɪʃ / /stɑ:rfɪʃ / - -
10 Before /bɪfᴐ:r/ /bɪvᴐ:r/ 6,12,16 Misformation in middle
position of fricative sounds (f).
11 infant /’ɪnfәnt/ /ɪnfәnt/ - -
12 Information /ɪnfәr’meɪʃn/ /ɪnfәr’meɪʃn/ - -
Final Position
13 Laugh /lɑ:f/ /lɑ:g/ 5,7,9,13,19 Misformation in final
position of fricative sounds (f).
/laugh/ 2,3,6,10,15,1 7
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds (f).
/lauʧ/ 8 Misformation in final
position of fricative sounds (f).
14 Safe / seɪf / /seɪf/ - -
15 Leaf /li:f/ /li:f/ - -
16 Calf /kæf/ /kæf/ - -
17 Scarf /skɑ:rf/ /skɑ:rf/ - -
18 Roof /ru:f/ /ru:f/ - -
Fricative Sound /v/
Initial position
19 Vast /vɑ:st/ /fest/ 13,14,17,18,1
9
Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fɑ:st/ 2,3,4,6,9,10 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
20 Veal /vi:l/ /f i:l/ 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,
9,10,15,16,17 ,18,19
Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
21 Vehicle /ˈvi:әkl / /felhis/ 2 Misformation in initial
position of fricative sounds /v/
/fikel/ 6 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fehisel/ 5 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fihaisel/ 4 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fihil/ 3 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/feisel/ 11,13 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/feicel/ 12 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fizel/ 14 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
/fiekl/ 17,19 Misformation in initial position of fricative
sounds /v/
/faisikl/ 16 Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
22 Very /veri/ /feri/ 2,3,4,5,7,8,9,
11,14
Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
23 Vanila /vә’nɪlә/ /fanila/ 2,3,4,5,6,8,10
,11,12,14,15, 17,18,19
Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
24 Vine /vaɪn/ /fain/ 3,4,5,7,8,9,10
,11,14,15,16, 17,18,19
Misformation in initial position of fricative sounds /v/
Middle position
25 Invest /ɪn’vest/ /ɪnˈfәst / 8 Misformation in middle
position of fricative sounds /v/
/infes/ 3,4,5,7,9,13,1 4,16,17,19
Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
/infest/ 8,11,18 Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
26 Cover /’kʌvәr/ /kofәr/ 7 Misformation in middle
position of fricative sounds /v/
27 Divide /dɪˈvaɪd / /dɪˈfaɪd/ 2,3,4,5,8,9,13
,14,19
Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
/difided/ 7 Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
/defaid/ 10,15,17 Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
/defid/ 18 Misformation in middle
position of fricative sounds /v/
28 Every /evri/ /efery/ 4,9,12,14,15,
18
Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
29 Clover /’kloʊvәr/ ’/kloʊfәr/ 4,5,7,8,9,10 Misformation in middle position of fricative sounds /v/
30 Forever /fәr’evә (r)/ /fәr’evә (r)/ - -
Final position
31 Save / seɪv/ /sef/ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
8,9,10,11,12, 13,14,17,18,1 9
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
32 Wave / weɪv / /weɪf/ 1,2,3,12,19 Misformation in final
position of fricative sounds /v/
/wef/ 7,8,9,11,14,1 5,16,17
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
/waif/ 6 Misformation in final
position of fricative sounds /v/
33 Leave / li:v / /li:f/ 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,
10,11,12,13,1 4,15,16,17,18 ,19
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
/lef/ 9 Misformation in final
position of fricative
sounds /v/
34 Love /lʌv/ /lof/ 1,2,3,4,
5,6,7,8,12,14, 15,16,19
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
35 Have /hәv/ /hәf/ 4,5,7,9,8,10,1
1,12,14,15,16 ,17,18, 19,
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
/hәp/ 3 Misformation in final
position of fricative sounds /v/
36 Live /lɪv/ /laɪf/ 3,5,6,7,8,10,1
1,12,15,16,17 ,18
Misformation in final position of fricative sounds /v/
Affricate sound /ʧ/
Initial position
37 Choke / ʧәʊk/ /kok/ 4 Misformation in initial
position of affricate sounds ʧ
/kuk/ 5,13,16 Misformation in inital position of affricate sounds ʧ
/shoke/ 2 Misformation in initial position of affricate sounds ʧ
38 Chest / ʧest/ / ʧest/ - -
39 Chief / ʧi:f/ /si:f/ 2,3,4,5,8,9,10
,11,12,13,14, 16
Misformation in inital position of affricate sounds ʧ
40 Cherries /ʧeri:z/ /seri:s/ 3 Misformation in initial position of affricate sounds ʧ
41 Cheese /ʧi:z/ /ʧi:z/ - -
42 Chocolate /’ʧᴐ:klәt/ ’/kᴐ:klәt/ 5 Misformation in initial
position of affricate sounds ʧ
Middle position
43 Riches / rɪʧɪz / /rices/ 2,10,11,15,17
,18,19
Misformation in middle position of affricate sounds ʧ
44 Kitchen /ˈkɪʧɪn/ /kicen/ 1,3,4,6,7,8,9,
10,11,13,14,1 6,18
Misformation in middle position of affricate sounds ʧ
/kisen/ 15,17 Misformation in middle position of affricate sounds ʧ
45 Butcher /ˈbʊʧә(r) / /bather/ 8 Misformation in middle
position of affricate sounds ʧ
/baher/ 19 Misformation in middle
position of affricate sounds ʧ
46 Ketchup /’keʧәp/ /’kekәp/ 8 Misformation in middle
position of affricate sounds ʧ
47 Teacher /‘ti:ʧәr/ /‘ti:ʧәr/ - -
48 Exchange /ɪksʧeɪnʤ/ /ɪksʧeɪnʤ/ - -
Final position
49 Catch /kæ ʧ / /kats/ 2 Misformation in final
position of affricate
sounds ʧ
/kæʤ/ 5,14,16 Misformation in final position of affricate sounds ʧ
50 Watch / wɑʧ/ / wɑʧ/ - -
51 Much /mʌʧ/ /mʌʧ/ - -
52 Rich /rɪʧ/ /rɪʧ/ - -
53 Lunch /lʌnʧ/ /lʌnʧ/ - -
54 Switch /swɪʧ/ /swɪʧ/ - -
Affricate sound /ʤ/
Initial Position
55 Judge /ʤʌʤ / /ʤʌʤ / - -
56 Jar /ʤɑ:(r)/ /ʤɑ:(r)/ - -
57 Jug /ʤag/ / ʧug/ 15 misformation in initial
position of affricate sounds ʤ
58 Join /ʤoɪn/ /ʤoɪn/ - -
59 Jump /ʤʌmp/ /ʌmp/ 6 omission in initial
position of affricate sounds ʤ
60 Joke /ʤoʊk/ /ʤoʊk/ - -
Middle position
61 Register /ˈreʤɪstә (r)/ /ˈreʤɪstә (r)/ - -
62 Religion /rɪˈlɪʤәn / /rɪˈlɪʤәn / - -
63 Engineer /enʤɪ’nɪr/ /enʤɪ’nɪr/ - -
64 Vegetable /’vɜʤәtәbl/ /vɜgәtәbl/ 3,5,9,10,15,1 6
Misformation in middle position of affricate sounds ʤ
65 Ginger /ʤɪnʤәr/ /gɪngәr/ 2,5,13,15 Misformation in middle
position of affricate sounds ʤ
66 Vegetarian /,veʤә’teriәn/ /,vegә’teriәn/ 3,5,7,9,16, Misformation in middle position of affricate sounds ʤ
Final position
67 Cadge /kæʤ / /kæʧ / 2,4,6,9,10,11,
13,14.16,18
Misformation in final position of affricate sounds ʤ
/caʧ/ 2,3,5,8,15,17 Misformation in final position of affricate sounds ʤ
/kæ/ 7 Omission in final
position of affricate sounds ʤ
68 Surge / sɜ:ʤ / / sɜ:ʤ / - -
69 Edge /eʤ/ /eʧ/ 3,4,7,15,16,1
8,19
Misformation in final position of affricate sounds ʤ
70 Cage /keɪʤ/ /keɪʤ/ - -
71 Large /lɑ:rʤ/ /lɑ: ʧ 3,4,9,11,17 Misformation in final
position of affricate sounds ʤ
72 Message /’mesɪʤ/ /messeʧ / 1,2,4,7,10,14 Misformation in final position of affricate sounds ʤ
/messes/ 3 Misformation in final
position of affricate sounds ʤ
APPENDIX D : TABLE OF DATA ANALYSIS
No
Position Words Kinds of Error
Omission Addition Misformation Misordering Fricative
Sound /f/
Initial position
Food 2
Middle position
Defy 2
Before 3
Final position
Laugh 12
Fricative Sound /v/
Initial position
Vast 11
Veal 15
Vehicle 12
Very 10
Vanila 14
Vine 14 Middle
position
Invest 14
Cover 1
Divide 14
Every 6
Clover 6
Final position Final position
Save 17
Wave 13
Leave 18
Love 14
Have 15
Live 12
Affricate sound /ʧ/
Initial position
Choke 5
Chief 12
Cherries 1
Chocolat e
1
Middle position
Riches 7
Kitchen 15
Butcher 2
ketchup 1
Final position
Catch 4
Affricate sound /ʤ/
Initial position
Jug 1
Jump 1
Ginger 4
Middle position
Register Religion Vegetabl e
6
Vegetari an
5
Final position
Cadge 1 16
Edge 7
Large 5
Message 7
APPENDIX E : THE LIST NAME OF THE STUDENTS
NO NAME OF STUDENTS
1. AWAL WAHYUDDIN 2. INDRA SAPUTRA 3. RUFI ANISA SAIDI 4. DEWI FORTUNA NAWIR 5. INDRA WANGSAWAN 6. MULIA SAKINAH RUSLAN 7. AULIYATUL IZZAH
8. IRNA 9. ROMIS 10. ROSALINDA
11. RAODATUL JANNAH 12. NI’MA SYAWAL AMALIAH 13. FAHMI HIDAYAT
14. SABYLILLAH ADZANI ASHAR.S 15. ASRIANI
16. MIMI KARTIKA 17. NUR IRMAYANTI 18. EKA FITRIYANI
19. DHIEN SUTRA RAMADHAN
DOCUMENTATION