18 Idem.
19 Badan Pusat Statistik and Badan Ekonomi Kreatif (2017). Ekspor ekonomi kreatif 2010−2016. ISBN: 978-602-438-195-0. Available at https://www.bps.go.id/
publication/2018/04/09/74b5c165025132e98a36c8f0/ekspor-ekonomi-kreatif-2010-2016.html.
20 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2018). Cuenta satélite de cultura. Metodología de estimación del valor agregado bruto, comercio exterior cultural generación del ingreso y consumo privado cultural. Metodología INDEC No. 25. Available at: https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/
economia/metodologia_25_csc.pdf.
21 South African Cultural Observatory (2022). The Economic Mapping of the Cultural and Creative Industries in South Africa 2022. Available at https://www.gtac.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/
sacoreportfinal.pdf.
22 Peltola, A. (2022). Statistics on international trade in services: Challenges, tools, and resources.
Presentation made UNCTAD's Multi-year Expert Meeting on Trade, Services and Development, 4-6 July 2022. Available at https://unctad.org/system/files/non-official-document/tsce-myem2022-05- ppt-S1-Peltola_en.pdf.
23 See https://unctad.org/meeting/multi-year-expert-meeting-trade-services-and-development-ninth- session.
24 UNCTAD (2022). Creative Industry 4.0: Towards a new globalized creative economy. Available at https://unctad.org/webflyer/creative-industry-40-towards-new-globalized-creative-economy.
25 International Data Corporation (2020). IDC FutureScape: Worldwide Digital Transformation 2021 Predictions. Doc # US46880818.
26 See https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2021/.
27 See https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/bridging-the-gender-divide.aspx.
28 Spennemann, C. (2019). Intellectual Property Rights in the Creative Economy. Presentation made as part of the UNCTAD short courses for Permanent Missions in Geneva (P166 courses). Geneva, 6 December 2019.
29 UNCTAD (2022). Creative Industry 4.0: Towards a new globalized creative economy. Available at https://unctad.org/webflyer/creative-industry-40-towards-new-globalized-creative-economy.
30 UNCTAD (2021). Technology and Innovation Report 2021. UNCTAD/TIR/2020. Geneva.
31 UNCTAD (2022). Creative Industry 4.0: Towards a new globalized creative economy. Available at https://unctad.org/webflyer/creative-industry-40-towards-new-globalized-creative-economy.
32 UNCTAD (2021). Financial inclusion for development: Better access to financial services for women, the poor, and migrant workers. Available at https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/
ditctncd2020d6_en.pdf.
33 Seehttps://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/td540_en.pdf.
34 See https://unctad.org/system/files/information-document/cep2022d01-cso-events_en.pdf.
35 Seehttps://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-advocates-robust-and-resilient-cultural-economy-abu- dhabi-culture-summit-2021.
36 Seehttps://en.unesco.org/news/resiliart.
37 Seehttps://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd.
38 See https://www.unido.org/19th-general-conference.
39 See https://tii.unido.org/event/create-innovate-recover-digitalizing-creative-industries-sustainable- recovery-africa.
40 Seehttps://www.brandglobal.org/brand-global-summit-2021/.
41 See https://www.wipo.int/wipoforcreators/en/.
42 See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gAKi7F2_B8.
43 See https://unctad.org/meeting/biennale-luanda-angola.
44 The list of countries that replied to the survey: Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, Benin, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Georgia, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Latvia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates.
45 As of May 2022, 164 economies reported creative goods trade data for 2018, 157 for 2019, 144 for 2020, and 100 for 2021. Regarding trade in creative services, 132 countries have data for 2018, 128 for 2019, and 105 for 2020.
46 For a detailed list of the creative economy product groups and hierarchy see https://unctadstat.
unctad.org/EN/Classifications/DimHS2012Products_Creatives_Hierarchy.pdf. As per current UNCTAD definition, creative goods are dominated by design such as interior, fashion, jewellery products and toys. They made up almost two-thirds of all exports in 2020. Under fashion, only accessories are covered such as suitcases, handbags, gloves, belts, scarves, hats, sunglasses. The current product structure may lead to an over-estimation of trade with actual substantial creative content. This is because goods under the categories are not homogeneous and may include goods whose production is not “dominated by design.”
47 Trade in goods data for Switzerland is reported together with Liechtenstein.
48 The list of SIDS is an analytical categorization: for analytical purposes UNCTAD applies stricter criteria concerning size, vulnerability, identification as island, and identification as a sovereign state.
49 Note that global creative goods exports (US$ 524 billion) and imports (US$ 466 billion) are not equal due to bilateral trade asymmetries. Trade asymmetries are caused by countries applying different criteria of partner attribution in import and export statistics, applying different trade systems in data compilation, and the use of different valuation methods for exports and imports. For more information see https://unstats.un.org/wiki/display/comtrade/Bilateral+asymmetries.
50 For further information see the methodology note: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/
reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en.
51 Because of the limitation in data availability does not allow breakdown of creative services imports by region and development status, the report only looks at creative services exports. No data are available for some major developed (i.e., Australia, Italy) and developing economies (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, and Viet Nam). These countries’
creative services values were estimated for inclusion into regional and global totals but cannot be presented separately for individual economies. Data for Africa is based on country estimates, while no data is available for Oceania.
52 WTO’s contribution to this section is greatly appreciated.
53 The OECD’s Services Trade Restrictiveness Index covers 22 sectors and 50 countries. See https://
stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=STRI.
54 Counting the European Union as one economy.
55 As of 1 February 2022: http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx.
56 See https://www.unsdglearn.org/blog/upgrading-smes-in-creative-industries-a-direct-path-to- sustainable-development-leaving-no-one-behind/
57 See https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201029005028/en/IDC-Reveals-2021-
Worldwide-Digital-Transformation-Predictions-65-of-Global-GDP-Digitalized-by-2022-Driving-Over- 6.8-Trillion-of-Direct-DX-Investments-from-2020-to-2023.
58 See https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2021-03-18/streaming-milestone- global-subscriptions-passed-1-billion-last-year-mpa-theme-report.
59 See https://www.ifpi.org/our-industry/industry-data/.
60 See https://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/why-policymakers-should-support-africas-growing-music- industry.
61 See https://gamesindustryafrica.com/2021/11/29/gaming-in-sub-saharan-africa-more-than- doubles/.
62 See https://www.pwc.in/industries/entertainment-and-media/global-entertainment-and-media- outlook-2020-2024.html.
63 See https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/is-bollywood-indias-next-greatest-export/.
64 See https://intracen.org/our-work/projects/central-america-linking-women-business-enterprises- wbes-with-the-global-gifts.
65 See https://apen.org.ni/.
66 See https://www.wired.com/story/opinion-big-music-needs-to-be-broken-up-to-save-the-industry/
67 See https://www.itu.int/itu-d/reports/statistics/facts-figures-2021/.
68 See https://www.itu.int/en/mediacentre/backgrounders/Pages/bridging-the-gender-divide.aspx.
69 See https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ciclpd57_en.pdf and https://unctad.org/
system/files/official-document/ciclpd63_en.pdf.
70 See https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/creative-economy-programme/2021-year-of-the-creative- economy.
71 See https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/td540_en.pdf.
72 See https://unctad.org/topic/trade-analysis/creative-economy-programme/2021-year-of-the-creative- economy.
73 See https://kemenparekraf.go.id/ragam-ekonomi-kreatif/world-conference-on-creative-economy- 2022-saatnya-ekonomi-kreatif-jadi-mainstream.
74 See https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-advocates-robust-and-resilient-cultural-economy-abu- dhabi-culture-summit-2021.
75 See https://en.unesco.org/news/resiliart.
76 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd.
77 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/empowering-youth-disadvantaged-areas-buenos.
78 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/strengthening-civil-society-engagement.
79 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/fostering-cultural-entrepreneurship-cuenca.
80 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/strengthening-capacities-within-dance-sector.
81 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/creative-twist-boosting-cultural-creative.
82 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/building-capacities-women-young-creators.
83 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/evaluating-jamaicas-cultural-creative.
84 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/promoting-creative-economy-state-yucatan.
85 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/enhancing-networks-knowledge-exchange-among.
86 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/gender-equality-cultural-diversity.
87 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/revenue-streams-african-musicians.
88 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/strengthening-contemporary-dance-scene-east.
89 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/empowering-turkeys-cultural-professionals.
90 See https://en.unesco.org/creativity/ifcd/projects/strengthening-intellectual-property.
91 See https://www.unido.org/19th-general-conference.
92 See https://tii.unido.org/event/create-innovate-recover-digitalizing-creative-industries-sustainable- recovery-africa.
93 See https://www.brandglobal.org/brand-global-summit-2021/.
94 See https://www.wipo.int/wipoforcreators/en/.
95 See https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3959499?ln=en.
96 See https://unctad.org/meeting/biennale-luanda-angola.