2.1 HISTORY OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT
2.2.2 T ITLE II: M OBILE S OURCES
2.2.3.2 Establishing MACT Standards
The EPA must establish technology-based MACT standards for new and existing sources in the source categories. The minimum level of this technology is called the MACT floor. First, the EPA establishes the floor, then determines if the cost and benefit warrant more stringent technology, or going beyond the floor.
To evaluate the control technologies, the EPA collects information from compa- nies by sending 114 Letters, which must be answered under the authority of Section 114 of the CAA. The information includes emissions, controls, and costs. The EPA also may require source testing of designated facilities.
For existing facilities, the floor is the technology used by the best-performing 12% of the existing sources within a source category; unless there are fewer than
TABLE 2.6 (Continued) 70 Area Source Categories
Miscellaneous Organic Chemical Manufacturing (MON) Municipal Landfills
Municipal Waste Combustors Nonferrous Foundries Oil and Natural Gas Production Other Solid Waste Incineration Paint Stripping
Paints and Allie
Pharmaceutical Production
Plastic Materials and Resins Manufacturing Plating and Polishing
Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers Production Portland Cement Manufacturing
Prepared Feeds Manufacturing
Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Nonferrous Metals—Zinc, Cadmium, and Beryllium Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Secondary Copper Smelting Secondary Lead Smelting Secondary Nonferrous Metals Sewage Sludge Incineration
Stainless and Non-Stainless Steel Manufacturing: Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Steel Foundries
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
a Notes original source category.
(Continued)
TABLE 2.7
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed)
Aerospace GG 09/01/1995 09/01/1998
Acrylic/modacrylic fiber (area sources) LLLLLL (6L) 07/16/2007
Asbestos 40 CFR 61
Subpart M
40 CFR 61.140 Asphalt processing and asphalt
roofing manufacturing
LLLLL 04/29/2003 05/01/2006
Auto and light duty truck (surface coating)
IIII 04/26/2004 04/26/2007
Auto body refinishing (area sources) HHHHHH (6H) 01/09/2008 Benzene waste operations 40 CFR 61
Subpart FF
12/04/2003 12/04/2006
Boat manufacturing VVVV 08/22/2001 08/22/2004
Brick and structural clay products manufacturing
Clay ceramics manufacturing
JJJJJ KKKKK
05/16/2003 05/16/2006
Carbon black production (area sources)
MMMMMM (6M)
07/16/2007 Cellulose products manufacturing
Miscellaneous viscose processes
• Cellulose food casing
• Rayon
• Cellulosic sponge
• Cellophane
• Cellulose ethers production
• Caroxymethyl cellulose
• Methyl cellulose
• Cellulose ethers
UUUU 06/11/2002 06/11/2005
Chemical manufacturing industry (area sources):CMAS
VVVVVV (6V) 10/29/2009 Chemical preparations industry
(area sources)
BBBBBBB (7B)
12/30/2009 Chromium electroplating
• Chromic acid anodizing
• Decorative chromium electroplating
• Hard chromium electroplating
N 01/25/1995 01/25/1996 deco
01/25/1997 others
Chromium compounds (area sources) NNNNNN (6N) 07/16/2007 Clay ceramics manufacturing
(area sources)
RRRRRR (6R) 12/26/2007 12/26/2007
(Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed) Coke ovens: pushing, quenching, and
battery stacks
CCCCC 04/14/2003 04/14/2006
Coke ovens
• Charging, top side, and door leaks
L 10/27/1993 Contact project
lead Combustion sources at kraft, soda,
and sulfite pulp and paper mills (pulp and paper MACT II)
MM 01/12/2001 01/12/2004
Commercial sterilizers
• Commercial sterilization facilities
O 12/06/1994 12/06/1998
Degreasing organic cleaners
• Halogenated solvent cleaners
T 12/02/1994 12/02/1997
Dry cleaning
• Commercial dry cleaning dry-to-dry
• Commercial dry cleaning transfer machines
• Industrial dry cleaning dry-to-dry
• Industrial dry cleaning transfer machines
M 09/22/1993 09/23/1996
Electric arc furnace steelmaking facilities (area sources)
YYYYY 12/28/2007 06/30/2008
Engine test cells/stands (combined with rocket testing facilities)
PPPPP 05/27/2003 See 68FR28774
Fabric printing, coating and dyeing OOOO 05/29/2003 05/29/2006 Ferroalloys production (major
sources)
XXX 05/20/1999 05/20/2001
Ferroalloys production (area sources) YYYYYY (6Y) 12/23/2008 12/23/2011 Flexible polyurethane foam
fabrication operation
MMMMM 04/14/2003 04/14/2004
Flexible polyurethane foam production and fabrication (area sources)
OOOOOO (6-O)
07/16/2007
Flexible polyurethane foam production
III 10/07/1998 10/08/2001
Friction products manufacturing QQQQQ 10/18/2002 10/18/2005
Gasoline dispensing facilities (area sources)
CCCCCC (6C) 01/10/2008 01/10/2011
(Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed)
Gasoline distribution (stage 1) R 12/14/1994 12/15/1997
Gasoline distribution bulk terminals, bulk plants, and pipeline facilities (area sources)
BBBBBB (6B) 01/10/2008 01/10/2011
General provisions A
Generic MACT I-acetal resins YY UU
06/29/1999 06/29/2002 Generic MACT I-hydrogen fluoride YY
UU
06/29/1999 06/29/2002 Generic MACT I-polycarbonates
production
YY UU
06/29/1999 06/29/2002 Generic MACT I-acrylic/Modacrylic
fibers
YY UU
06/29/1999 06/29/2002 Generic MACT II-spandex
production
YY UU
07/12/2002 07/12/2005 Generic MACT II-carbon black
production
YY UU
07/12/2002 07/12/2005 Generic MACT II-ethylene processes YY
UU
07/12/2002 07/12/2005 Glass manufacturing (area sources) SSSSSS (6S) 12/26/2007 12/26/2009
(existing sources) or upon startup (new sources) Glass manufacturing plants—
inorganic arsenic emissions
40 CFR 61, Subpart N Gold mine ore processing and
production (area sources)
EEEEEEE (7E) 02/17/2011 02/17/2014 Hazardous waste combustion
• Hazardous waste incinerators (A)
• Hazardous waste incinerators (M)
Parts 63, 261 and 270
09/30/1999 09/30/2003
Hazardous organic NESHAP (synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry)
F, G, H, I 04/22/1994 F/G-05/14/2001 H-05/12/1999 new sources 05/12/1998 Hospitals: ethylene oxide sterilizers
(area sources)
WWWWW 12/28/2007 12/28/2007
(new sources) 12/28/2008
(existing sources)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed) Hydrochloric acid production
• Fumed silica production
NNNNN 04/17/2003 04/17/2006
Industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers and process heaters—major sources
DDDDD 09/13/2004 09/13/2007
Industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers—area sources (see also boiler compliance at area sources)
JJJJJJ (6J) 03/21/2011 03/21/2014
Industrial cooling towers Q 09/08/1994 03/08/1995
Integrated iron and steel FFFFF 05/20/2003 05/20/2006
Iron and steel foundries (major sources)
EEEEE 04/22/2004 04/22/2007
Iron and steel foundries (area sources) ZZZZZ 01/02/2008 01/02/2011 Large appliances (surface coating) NNNN 07/23/2002 07/23/2005 Lead acid battery mfg. (area sources) PPPPPP (6P) 07/16/2007
Leather finishing operations TTTT 02/27/2002 02/27/2005
Lime manufacturing AAAAA 01/05/2004 01/05/2007
Magnetic tape (surface coating) EE 12/15/1994 without new
control devices 12/15/1996 with new control device 12/15/1997 Manufacturing nutritional yeast
(formerly baker’s yeast)
CCCC 05/21/2001 05/21/2004
Marine vessel loading operations Y 09/19/1995 MACT-09/19/1999
RACT-09/19/1998 Mercury cell chlor-alkali plants IIIII 12/19/2003 12/19/2006
Metal can (surface coating) KKKK 11/13/2003 11/13/2006
Metal coil (surface coating) SSSS 06/10/2002 06/10/2005
Metal fabrication and finishing source nine categories (area sources)
XXXXXX (6×) 07/25/2008 07/25/2011 Metal furniture (surface coating) RRRR 05/23/2003 05/23/2006
Mineral wool production DDD 06/01/1999 06/01/2002
Misc. coating manufacturing HHHHH 12/11/2003 12/11/2006
Misc. metal parts and products (surface coating)
• Asphalt/coal tar application to metal pipes
MMMM 01/02/2004 01/02/2007
(Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed) Misc. organic chemical production
and processes (MON)
• Alkyd resins production
• Ammonium sulfate production
• Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride production
• Carbonyl sulfide production
• Chelating agents production
• Chlorinated paraffins production
• Ethyllidene norbomene production
• Explosives production
• Hydrazine production
• Maleic anhydride copolymers production
• Manufacture of paints, coatings, and adhesives
• OBPA/1, 3-diisocyanate production
• Photographic chemicals production
• Phthalate plasticizers production
• Polyester resins production
• polymerized vinylidene chloride production
• Polymethyl methacrylate resins production
• Polyvinyl acetate emulsions production
• Polyvinyl alcohol production
• Polyvinyl butyral production
• Quaternary ammonium compound production
• Rubber chemicals production
• Symmetrical tetrachloropyridine production
FFFF 11/10/2003 05/10/2008
Municipal solid waste landfills AAAA 01/16/2003
Natural gas transmission and storage HHH 06/17/1999 06/17/2002 (Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed) Nonferrous foundries: aluminum,
copper, and others (area sources)
ZZZZZZ (6Z) 06/25/2009 Existing sources—
06/27/2011 new sources—
upon start-up
Off-site waste recovery operations DD 07/01/1996 02/01/2000
Oil and natural gas production includes area sources
HH 06/17/1999 06/17/2002
Organic liquids distribution (nongasoline)
EEEE 02/03/2004 02/03/2007
Paint stripping and miscellaneous surface coating operations—(area sources)
HHHHHH (6H) 01/09/2008
Paper and other web (surface coating)
JJJJ 12/04/2002 12/04/2005
Pesticide active ingredient production
• 4-chlror-2-methyl acid production
• 2,4 salts and esters production
• 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol production
• Butadiene furfural cotrimer
• Captafol production
• Captan production
• Chloroneb production
• Chlorothalonil production
• Dacthal™ production
• Sodium pentachlorophenate production
• Tordon™ acid production
MMM 06/23/1999 12/23/2003
Petroleum refineries CC 08/18/1995 08/18/1998
Petroleum refineries
• Catalytic cracking
• Catalytic reforming
• Sulfur plant units
• Associated bypass lines
UUU 04/11/2002 04/11/2005
Pharmaceuticals production GGG 09/21/1998 09/21/2001
Phosphoric acid Phosphate fertilizers
AA BB
06/10/1999 06/10/2002
Plastic parts (surface coating) PPPP 04/19/2004 04/19/2007
Plating and polishing operations (area sources)
WWWWWW (6W)
07/01/2008 07/01/2010 (Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed) Plywood and composite wood
products (formerly plywood and particle board manufacturing)
DDDD 07/30/2004
Polyether polyols production PPP 06/01/1999 06/01/2002
Polymers and Resins I
• Butyl rubber
• Epichlorohydrin elastomers
• Ethylene propylene rubber
• Hypalon™ production
• Neoprene production
• Nitrile butadiene rubber
• Polybutadiene rubber
• Polysulfide rubber
• Styrene-butadiene rubber and latex
U 09/05/1996 07/31/1997
Polymers and resins II
• Epoxy resins production
• Non-nylon polyamides production
W 03/08/1995 03/03/1998
Polymers and resins III
• Amino resins
• Phenolic resins
OOO 01/20/2000 01/20/2003
Polymers and resins IV
• Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
• Methyl
methacrylate-acrylonitrile+
• Methyl
methacrylate-butadiene++
• Polystrene
• Styrene acrylonitrile
• Polyethylene terephthalate
• Nitrile resins
JJJ 09/12/1996 07/31/1997
Polyvinyl chloride and copolymers production
J Polyvinyl chloride and copolymers
production (area sources)
DDDDDD (6D)
Portland cement manufacturing LLL 06/14/1999 06/10/2002
Primary aluminum LL 10/07/1997 10/07/1999
Primary copper QQQ 06/12/2002 06/12/2005
Primary copper smelting (area sources) EEEEEE (6E) 01/23/2007
(Continued)
TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed)
Primary lead smelting TTT 06/04/1999 05/04/2001
Primary magnesium refining TTTTT 10/10/2003 10/10/2004
Primary nonferrous metals-zinc, cadmium, and beryllium (area sources)
GGGGGG (6G) 01/23/2007 Printing and publishing
(surface coating)
KK 05/30/1996 05/30/1999
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
VVV 10/26/1999 10/26/2002
Pulp and paper (noncombust) MACT S 04/15/1998
03/08/1996
04/15/2001 04/16/2001 Reciprocating internal combustion
engines includes area sources
ZZZZ 06/15/2004 06/15/2007
Refractory products manufacturing SSSSS 04/16/2003 New or reconstructed 04/16/2003 existing 04/17/2006 Reinforced plastic composites
production
WWWW 04/21/2003 04/21/2006
Rubber tire manufacturing XXXX 07/09/2002 07/11/2005
Secondary aluminum RRR 03/23/2000 Existing sources
03/24/2003 new sources 03/23/2000 or startup Secondary copper smelting
(area sources)
FFFFFF (6F) 01/23/2007
Secondary lead smelters X 06/23/1995 06/23/1997
Secondary nonferrous metals processing (brass, bronze, magnesium, and zinc) (area sources)
TTTTTT (6T) 12/26/2007 12/26/2007 (existing sources) or upon startup (new sources)
Semiconductor manufacturing BBBBB 05/22/2003 05/22/2006
Shipbuilding and ship repair (surface coating)
II 12/15/1995 12/16/1996
Site remediation GGGGG 10/08/2003 10/08/2006
Solvent extraction for vegetable oil production
GGGG 04/12/2001 04/12/2004
Stationary combustion turbines YYYY 03/05/2004 03/05/2007
Steel pickling-HCL process CCC 06/22/1999 06/22/2001
(Continued)
30 sources, in which case, the standard must be at least as stringent as the average of the five best-performing facilities. This may not be as onerous as it first appears.
In some industries, the same control technology is commonly used by most facilities.
NSPS have been established for a long time for some source categories. It may well be that the best-performing 12% of sources use the same control technology as the best-performing 80% of the existing sources. Then, if MACT is set at the floor level, only 20% of the existing facilities would have to be upgraded to comply with MACT.
For new (and reconstructed) sources, the MACT floor is the single best-controlled similar facility within the source category. Again, if all of the best-performing plants use the same technology, this stringent requirement does not necessarily require that new technology will be required.
The EPA can, however, determine that available technology and the cost and health benefits warrant control technology that is more stringent than the floor tech- nology. Typically, cost effectiveness is expressed in terms of dollars per ton of pollut- ant removed, and considers both capital and operating costs. Also, the EPA promotes flexibility in an attempt to enhance cost effectiveness by incorporating emissions averaging between units into the standards. This allows facilities to choose between lower cost options while still reducing hazardous air pollutant emissions.
While the technology-based MACT standards give a jump-start for action toward controlling HAPs, health-based standards have not been abandoned completely.
Within eight years after promulgation of the technology-based standards, the EPA is required to review the residual risk associated with hazardous air pollutants.
If the EPA determines that the remaining emissions from a facility after application TABLE 2.7 (Continued)
Final MACT Standards (as of February 2015)
NESHAP (MACT) Standard Source Categories Affected
CFR Subpart(s) (40 CFR Part
63 Unless Noted)
Final Federal Register Date and
Citation
Compliance Date (Check with EPA
If No Date Listed)
Taconite iron ore processing RRRRR 10/30/2003 10/30/2006
Tetrahydrobenzaldehyde manufacture (formerly butadiene dimers production)
F 05/12/1998 05/12/2001
Utility NESHAP UUUUU
Wet formed fiberglass mat production HHHH 04/11/2002 04/11/2005 Wood building products (surface
coating) (formerly flat wood paneling products)
QQQQ 05/28/2003 05/28/2006
Wood furniture (surface coating) JJ 12/07/1995 11/21/1997
Wood preserving (area sources) QQQQQQ (6Q) 07/16/2007
Wool fiberglass manufacturing NNN 06/14/1999 06/14/2002
Source: http://www.epa.gov/airtoxics/mactfnlalph.html.
emissions further. This may yet cause the program to fall into the same difficulties that burdened the NESHAP program prior to the 1990 amendments.