J. W. Birkett
2.2 SPECIFIC SOURCES RELATING TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS (EDCS)
2.2.7 P ESTICIDES
Sources of Endocrine Disrupters 51
1. Releases from manufacturing processes using PBDEs currently manufac- tured by industry
2. Releases from past manufacturing activities using PBDEs that are no longer manufactured, but may be persistent in the environment
3. Natural debromination of the higher brominated congener mixtures 4. Natural sources of brominated compounds78
5. Anthropogenic inputs of organobromine compounds from sources other than the flame retardant industry, such as mineral ore mining and deep- well injection in the petroleum industry
These sources, together with the other potential sources discussed, are responsible for the ubiquitous nature of brominated flame retardants in the environment today.
52 Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes
then be eaten by herbivores, and the pesticides will accumulate to produce relatively high levels in meat and dairy products. Pesticide residues in foodstuffs (i.e., meat, fruit, and vegetables) is an important source of exposure to humans. Organochlorine pesticide residues have been found in human fat and breast milk,94 with their presence thought to be due to factors such as diet, smoking, and place of residence.
Pesticides used in agriculture that do not bind to the soil will enter watercourses through agricultural runoff and have the potential to accumulate in the aquatic food chain, due to their persistence and lipophilicity. Many of these compounds are also semivolatile, and this will allow them to be dispersed into the air. Due to the cycling of these compounds between environmental compartments, it can be difficult to distinguish between sources and sinks.46
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