E. Objective and Benefits of The Study 1. Objective of Study
4) Exposition
Exposition is used in giving information, making explanation, and interpreting meaning. It includes editorials, essays, and informative and instructional material.16
Based on explanations above, there are types in writing.
Because the types is based the function of what purposes the text.
e. Component of Writing
Writing involves the mastery of all components in target language such as a grammar, content, vocabulary, spelling and mechanics. It involves complex process. There are five general components in writing, they are:17
1) Content : The substance or writing ideas express the
14 Ibid., Page 147
15 Ibid., Page 378
16 Mc. Crimmon, “Writing with Purpose”, (New York: Houghton Miffin, 1983), Page 328
17 Joy M. Reid, “Teaching ESL Writing”, (USA: Prentice Hall Regent, 1993), Page 236- 237
unity.
2) Vocabulary : The selection word that is suitable with the content.
3) Organization : The organization of contents or ideas, it is coherence.
4) Grammar : The use of sentence that appropriate.
5) Mechanic : The use of graphic conventions of the language.
2. The Concept of Writing Skill a. Definition of Writing Skill
According to I.S.P Nation defined that writing is an activity that can usefully to prepared for by work in the other skills of listening, speaking, and reading.18
Than, Luu Trong Tuan said that writing skill is deemed to be difficult for EFL students in the language learning. The difficulties include those in generating and organizing ideas using an appropriate choice of vocabulary, sentence and paragraph organization and puting such ideas into an intelligible text.19
18L.S.P Nation, “Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing”, (New York: Routledge, 2009), Page 113.
19Luu Trong Tuang, “Teaching Writing through Genre Based Approach”, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol 1, No 11 November (2011), Page 1471.
In addition, Yadollah Allidoost said that in terms of skills, producting a coherent,fluent, and extented piece of writing is probably the most difficult thing is to do in language.20
Based on the statements, the writer can put forward that writing is cleary a complex process, and competent writing is frequently accepted as being the last language skill to be acquired. And writing is one of process does, not only involve, the ability to write a correct and appropriate sentences, but also the skill to think creatively including all information which is not necessary.
b. The Measure of Writing Skill
In writing a text there are measurements of writing. It is can called assessment of writing. According to Brown assessment and teaching are partners in learning process, test as a subset of all assessment process become indispensable component of curriculum.21
In addition, Brown states that in measurement of English writing performance included five core components, such as contents, organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanical considerations.22 Here is the table concept of measurement of
20Yadollah Alidoost, “The Effect of Picture Story in Creating Textual Coherence in Narrative Genre”, “Theory and Principle in Language Studies, Vol 4, No.2 February (2009)”, Page 359.
21H. Douglas Brown, “Teaching by Principles an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy”, (San Francisco: Longman, 2000), Page 420.
22Ibid, Page 357.
English writing performance which has been adapted from Jacob (et.al) with analytical scoring. They are as the table below.
Table 2
The Standardization of English Writing Performance Competences Scores Levels Standardization
Content 30-27 Excell ent
a. Essay addresses the certain topic; the ideas are
concrete and thoroughly developed; no irrelevant material; essay reflect thoughts.
26-22 Good b. Essay addresses the issues but misses some points;
ideas could be more fully developed; some irrelevant materials are present.
21-17 Fair c. Development of ideas not complete or ideas is somewhat off the topic;
paragraphs are not divided exactly right.
16-13 Poor d. Ideas incomplete; essay does not reflect careful thinking or was hurriedly written; less enough effort in area of content.
Organization (introduction,
20-18 Excell ent
a. Appropriate title, effective introductory, topic is stated, leads to body;
transitional expression used; supporting evidence is existed; conclusion logical and complete.
body, conclusion)
17-14 Good b. Enough title; introduction, body and conclusion is acceptable; but lack of evidence and the idea not developed well; sequence is logical but transitional expression is missed.
13-10 Fair c. Less of introduction and conclusion; problems with the ideas of the body; not supported evidence.
9-7 Poor d. Minimally introduction;
fully problems of ideas and organization; no evidence and illogical conclusion.
Vocabulary
20-18 Excell ent
a. Appropriate vocabulary usage use of parallel structures; brief.
17-14 Good b. Good vocabulary and not wordy.
13-10 Fair c. Some of vocabulary misused and too wordy.
9-7 Poor d. Problems in vocabulary and lack of variety structure.
Grammar
25-22 Excell ent
a. Fluency grammar; correct of clauses, preposition, articles, verb forms, modals, tense sequencing.
21-18 Good b.Advanced in grammar although the reader aware of them.
17-11 Fair c. The readers get the ideas but the grammars are in the problem.
10-5 Poor d. Much problems of grammar appears so as to make the reader difficult to read.23
In conclusion, there are some criteria‟s to measure the students‟ writing skill and it has each score and level of score for each criteria and all of the score criteria it can be the total score of students‟ writing skill in descriptive text.
B. The Concept of Descriptive Text 1. The Definition of Descriptive Text
In this research, the writer focus on the planning of the writing which identify the several topics and encourage gathering information on the topic from many perspectives in the writing skill by using descriptive text.
According to Thomas S. Kane, states that descriptive is about sensory experience how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly it is about visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception.24
Moreover, George E. Wishon stated that descriptive is reproduces the way things look, smell, taste, feel, or sound. It may also evoke moods, such as happiness, loneliness, or fear. It is used to create
23 Ibid, Page 244-246.
24Ibid, Page 351.
a visual image of people, place, even of units of time-days, times of day, or seasons. It may be used also to describe more than the outward appearance of people. It may tell about their traits of character or personality.25
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. Descriptive text is the text that is always in around us when we sant to describe something or someone.26 Based on explanation above, descriptive is describing about be present something or happened an event certain through process.
In conclusion, descriptive text is the meaningful of some paragraph which describing something or event certain through process. The subject being described is explained as clearly as possible to make the readers or listeners able to see or imagine the subject in their mind clearly as the author sees in his/hers.