FAMILY BOTHIDAE

F l a t Fishes

Only one species of f l a t f i s h was seen a t Raroia, and the n a t i v e s s a i d t h e r e was only t h i s one there.

Bothus pantherinus (R[jppell) .--Eyes on l e f t side. L i f e colors of speci- mens from s t a t i o n 58: Extremely variable in c o l o r but with s t a b l e pattern. Ground color ranging from bromish-white t o brown, gray o r black. Head and body covered with i r r e g u l a r l y outlined c i r c l e s w i t h p a l e centers. Head orange to reddish-brown between eyes. Numerous s m a l l blue spots around eyes. Fins mottled l i k e body with smaller c i r c l e s . Edge of d o r s a l and a n a l f i n s hyalin. Pectoral fin with long filamentous upper r a y s in i a r g e r specimens. Three black spots on body on horizontal l i n e from eye. Anteriormost black spot large, approxi- mately same diameter a s i n t e r o r b i t a l width, s i t u a t e d immediately above p e c t o r a l base. Second black spot approximately

as

l a r g e a s eye, sit- uated e q u i d i s t a n t between f i r s t spot and end of dorsal ffn. l h i r d

black spot o f t e n f a i n t , near caudal peduncle below end of d o r s a l f i n .

Habitat: Abundant on t h e outer r e e f f l a t around the a t o l l and to

, a l e s s e r e x t e n t on t h e gravel and sand i n t e r - i s l e t channels. Rare in t h e lagoon, but occasionally occurring on t h e sandy tops of lagoon c o r a l heads and shore rbefs.

FAMILY BALISTIDAE Trigger Fishes

Eight species of t r i g g e r f i s h e s were taken and I doubt i f more than one o r two o t h e r species occur a t Earoia. The n a t i v e s a s s e r t e d t h a t w e had col- l e c t e d all t h e d i f f e r e n t kinds occurring a t this a t o l l . All species except those of the genus B a l i s t a w s a r e abundant a t Garue Pass and immediate vi- c i n i t y ; they a l s o abound i n deeper water on the outside deeper reef s h e l f , but a r e r a r e in t h e lagoo?. The genus B a l i s t a w s ^{i 9} very abundant on t h e o u t e r r s e f f l a t around *e a t o l l , and to a l e s s e r extent i s found wherever t h e r e i s cojsal i n t h e l a ~ o o n . Almost all t h e t r i g g e r f i s . ~ e s make grunting sounds when caught, t h e genus Balietavus making the louSest noise. A i l species, except those of t h e genus B a l i s t a ~ u s , take a hook and a r e eaten by t h e natives.

B a l i s t e s vidua Richardson.-Distinctive coloration of caudal fin rose-red.

--- --

Pecto2el fin yel.10~. m i t e dorsal and anal f i n edged in black. L i f e colors prepared a t s t a t i o n 33: Head and body dark bromish-black

o v e r a l l . Iris d u s w golden. Lips dark brown. Teeth white. Eyeball j e t black. Spinous dorsal brownish-black. Dorsal and anal f i n s edged a n t e r i o r l y and d i s t a l l y by narrow black band. Remainder of f i n pure white. Caudal f i n narrowly edged d o r s a l l y m d v e n t r a l l y by black.

Caudal f i n rose-red, somenhat fading a t p o s t e r i o r edge. Base of f i n and p o s t e r i o r p a r t of caudal peduncle white.

Stations: 33(1).

Habitat: Only one specimen i n Garue Pass taken. The n a t i v e s say it

i s

f a i r l y common i n the Pass and along the o u t e r deeper coral s h e l f on t h e west s i d e of t h e a t o l l . None seen other than t h e example taken.

Raroian

w:

POPOGA.

B a l i s t e s undulatus Mungo Park.--Distinctive coloration of black around caudal peduncle spines. Orange s t r e a k extending from mouth to below pectoral fin. L i f e colors taken a t s t a t i o n 33: S t r i p e s on body bright orange, those around mouth brightest. Lower jaw with b r i g h t orange around mid- dle. Tip of upper jaw orange. Otherwise l i p s blackieh-brown. Iris p a l e green, eyeball brown. Lens narrowly ringed i n gold; r a d i a t i n g l i n e s from l e n s ; on p a l e green e i g h t suffuse orange l i n e s ; on brown

10 blue l i n e s bordered by black l i n e s . General color p a t t e r n of num- erous orange l i n e s : 6 l i n e s f r o m eye (counting or,e above and below) across i n t e r o r b i t a l ; 1 6 l i n e s from oranE;e spots below to middle d o r s a l rays. Spinous d o r s a l b ~ o m , black a t t i p of f i r s t membrane. S o f t d o r s a l and a n a l w i t h orange longitudinal l i n e a t base. A l l rays p a l e b l u i s h gray a t base, rema-r orange. Membranes hyalin. Caudal fin w i t h outer rays orange, middle rays yellow. Caudal peduncle with ver- t i c a l orange l i n e s . P e c t o r a l f i n w l t h orange rays, p a l e black a t t i p s , membranes hyalin.

Stations: 33(3).

Habitat: Collected only i n Game Pass. An a d u l t was observed on a lagoon shore r e e f on the northeast s i d e of t h e a t o l l .

Raroian

m:

KOKIXI KARAVA.

B a l i s t e s fuscus Schneider.--Distinctive colors c o n s i s t of black fins with yellow-orange edges (except spinous d o r s a l which

i s

s o l i d black). Life c o l o r s prepared from an example taken a t s t a t i o n 33. General color dark grey. Iris greenish gold. F i r s t d o r s a l dusky black. Dorsal and a n a l black t o brownish black, f i n edge yellow-orange. men viewed through l i g h t d o r s a l has a basal p a l e brown l o n g i t u d i n a l l i n e . Lower h a l f o f f l n has s e r i e s of f o u r spots on each membrane in a v e r t i c a l l i n e t h a t tend t o form into l i n e s p o s t e r i o r l y . Anal f i n similar. Caudal f i n black t o dark brom, the p o s t e r i o r edge of t h e middle rays a r e yellow-orange to hyalin a t t i p s . Pectoral fin black with pale brownish yelloti margin.

Stations: 33(2).

Habitat: Scattered indiviciuals seen around lagoon c o r a l heads;

it i s most abundant in Garue Pass.

Raroian

m:

KOTARO;

B a l i s t e s c a p i s t r a t u s Shaw.--Distinctive coloration of s o l i d brown o v e r a l l except lower l i p orange, with a pale brown l i n e above and below l i p s . Numerous rows of s m a l l spines on p o s t e r i o r p a r t of body. L i f e colors taken a t s t a t i o n 33: Lips grayish purple. P o s t e r i o r edge of lower l i p orange. Pale l i n e around l i p s brown, s l i g h t l y orange below. I r i e brom, somewhat golden a n t e r i o r l y . Pectoral f i n green, o u t e r edge a b r u p t l y dusky black.

Stations: 33(2).

Habitat: Seen and taken only i n Game Pass. The n a t i v e s very r a r e l y s e e t h i s f i s h and know l i t t l e about it.

Raroian

m:

none, o t h e r than the general t r i g g e r f i s h name of KOKIRI.

, i l ^{' I .}

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.

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.

M i s t e s

&

~ . - & h a r a c t e r b L t d . by sevan

horizon^

rbw8.c.f 3pines.on

:-!I.:: :. :drndal:peduqclbr.: A l l * f i n h w i t h black band near .edge; ^' Rlaok streak

: :

.

around ey&i.,,!.Ufe -color$,iodf a specimen from. s t a t i o n 60: General color slate-grey riith;thbLwhite hi: th6toaudal Bhowing up a s the most d i s t i n c t i v e marking in l i f e . Head w i t h black streaks bordering upper

jaw,

and medially on snout through eyu, gill,apening, -onto b e of pectoral.fin. Lower l i p brom, d i s t i n c t l y marked with numerous

.. . black lines. Lens golden green w i t h

6

broad l i n e s radiating from lens.

Eyeball dark grey with 20 wavy hlack lines radiating from cornea.

Spinous dorsal dusky black. Soft dorsal and and white with a broad black band near t i p . Last ray8 dusky black a* h e . ' Caudal f i n edged w i t h a broad black band. Upper and loner long rays black; e n t i r e ba-

s a l area dusky .plack; middle of caudal f i n white. Pectoral f i n white, a broad black band near t i p of fin. Edge of p'ectoral f i n white.

Stations: 15(1), 27(1), 33(4), 60(1).

Habitat: T h i s i s the l a r g e s t trigger f i s h a t Raroia, and indivi- duals a r e found in Garue I?ass, in inter-islet channels with swift moving water ( a t high tide) and along the outer deeper coral shelf on

the west side of the a t a l l . The natives spear i t f o r food atid oc- castionally take it on hookeand Line. _{. .}

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, _. . . _. '&ofan nbe<: KOKIRI . . . . . PAGO. .. .

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Baliatapus r e c t a n a l u s (Schneid&).~~Distinctive coloration of black diamond on t a i l and black oblique s t r i p e on body. Life colors fill have t o be prepared from kodachrome s l i d e s taken a t s t a t i o n s 31 and

45.

Stations: 16(1), 22(7), 1 1 , 45(4).

Habitat: This species i s almost e n t i r e l y r e s t r i c t e d t o the outer r e d f l a t around the a t o l l on which it feeds a t high tide. A t low t i d e i t hides under rocks or in holes in the dead coral. It i s about o n b t h i r d

as

abundant a s Balista~us aculeatus, and much more r e s t r i c t e d i n distribution than the l a t t e r species. The natives.take them un- intentionally on hook and l i n e but do not e a t them.

&mian name: none, other than the general trigger f i s h name

KOKIRI. ^{t I}

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ilrculeatua (Linaqeps) .-Distinctive coforation consists o f oblique

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. vdr&al s t r i p e s without hlabk. patch on caudal peduncle .or black ob-

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' l i q u e band a s in

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lO(l), ~ ( 4 ) 2 2 ~ 8 ) i a f l ) j 31(19), 45(3) 52(1) W 2 )

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&bit&,: A 'dominant :species -of t h e o u t e r reef f l a t iiound the a t o l l . ~ c a t t e r e ' d 'individuals.,bccur .amvndtall the. coral: heads i n the

- lagoon and on, the .la@& s h a r e reefs;:>.This. i s a s t r i c t l y shallow water form. , ^{, . ,}

. ~ a r d i a n

w:

K O K I R I HORATAHORB.

.I

-163-

Melichthvs ( ~ a c & ~ ; d e ) .--Distinctive colors blue l i n e s on dorsal and anal fin bases. Pectoral f i n black. L i f e color notes prepared

from

specimens taken a t s t a t i o n

331

Solid black over all. A narrow bril- l i a n t blue l i n e along base of dorsal and anal f i n s . A t h i n blue l i n e i s suhuerginal t o middle caud,&L rays.

Iris

golden black. Lines across i n t e r o r b i t a l faint. Teeth white, tinged with purplish brown along middle. Pectoral f i n s o l i d black.

Stations: 3 3 ( 4 ) .

Habitat: This species is f a i r l y abundant in Game Pass and along the outer deeper coral shelf on the west s i d e of t h e a t o l l .

Raroian

m:

^HOPUPU.

FAMILY MONACANTHIDAE F i l e Fishes

Three species were noted from Raroia and probably several other apeciee occur there

i n

deeper water. 'Iliis family prefers hiding places under rocks and c o r a l on t h e outer reef f l a t . I t i s expected t h a t it is a l s o common on t h e c o r a l l i f e r o u s outer bench. It is uncommon in t h e lagoon, although the n a t i v e s say they a r e abundant in Game Pass.

. . , .: -

The n a t i v e s ' d o n o t : e a t i them and they a r e usually r e f e r r e d to a s KOKIRE, the general Raroian term for: t r i g g e r fi,&ea.. T h e a p p l i c a t i o n of the name KOKIRE W V A t o two of

the

monacanthids and n o t to +be very

sim-

i l a r t h i r d species seems s t r q g e . . : This ,discrepaocy,was. chedted with sev- e r a l n a t i v e s and appoark Q beeco&ect. ^{. ,} . ^, . . ^. . . . . .

8

Cantherines p a r d a l i s (F&pell).--Head, body and caudal fin s o l i d dark brown.

Dorsal, anal and pectoral f i n s nrith brown rays and pale b o r n membranes.

Caudal fin bromish black, d i s t a l l y shading darker _than body. Lips pale brom. Teeth pure white.

Iris

blue. Eyeball tan.

Stations: 27(1).

Habitat: Observed on outer reef f l a t of west side of a t o l l . h i a n

w :

^KOKIRE KARAVA.

Cantherlnes

su.

one.--Life colors of specimen from s t a t i o n 46: Head, body and all but p o s t e r i o r margin of caudal f i n uniform s l a t e grey without spots o r markings. Dorsal,

anal

and pectoral f i n s completely hyalin.

Posterior s e e of caudal except upper and lower lobes white (not hy- a l i n ) . Iris l i g h t green. Lips l i g h t grey. L i f e colors of specimen from s t a t i o n

58:

k r s d , anal and pectoral f i n s pale yellow. Posterior

region of caudal f i n yellowish before hyalin edge. Iris yellowish- green. F a i n t yellowish l i n e s from eye:extending obliquely forward.

Numerous f a i n t yellow s p o t s from snout.

Habitat: A few individuals noted i n lagoon but primarily observed i n holes i n the coral and under rocks on t h e c u t e r reef f l a t .

Raroian name: KOKIRE.

---

Cantherines sp. %no.--Solid brown with orange f i n s ; four forward projecting s c a l e s on caudal peduncle. L i f e colors of specimen from s t a t i o n 45:

Body s o l i d brown. Lips pale yellowish-brown. Iris pale blue ringed with ormge. Dorsal, a n a l and pectorel f i n s p a l e orange. Caudal f i n brom, p o s t e r i o r edge orange; Caudal peduncle spines orange.

Stations: 33(1), 45(1).

Hsbitat: Noted hiding in holes on shore r e e f s i n Game Pass and under rocks on outer reef f l a t .

--

HProian name: KOKIRE KARAVA.

Puffer Fishes

Seven species of puffer f i s h e s occur a t Raroia and apparently all spe- c i e s e x i s t i n g t h e r e were taken. The genus T e t r w c t p i s most common on the o u t e r r e e f f l a t and to a l e s s e k t e n t i n t h e i n t e r - i s l e t channels. The genus Canthipaster i s mostly confined t o lagoon western shore r e e f s and i n t e r - i s l e t channels. Occasional individuals were noted on lagoon c o r a l heads.

The family Canthigasteridae i s included under t h e family Tetraodontidae in t h e f i e l d notes and has n o t been separated in t h i s report.

Tetraodon meleaerris Schneider.--Solid black with l i g h t blue spots on head, body and f i n s . Edges of f i n s hyalin. Life colors of specimen from s t a t i o n 52: Edge of pectoral f i n b r i g h t yelloworange. Edge of dorsal f i n l i g h t yellow to hyalin. Edge of caudal narrowly white, remainder black with l i g h t blue spots a s on o t h e r fins. Anal fin edge yellow- orange. Teeth white.

Habitat: Common on outer reef f l a t p a r t i c u l a r l y of west s i d e of a t o l l . A t low t i d e they hide emong c o r a l and rocks and come out to feed a t high t i d e .

Raroian

m:

KOPARIPARI MOIIORORI.

Tetraodon r e a a n i Gunther.--Life 11 c o l o r s of specimen f r o m s t a t i o n 52: Ground color black with numerous l i g h t blue spots over head, body and caudal fin. Dorsal fin p a l e yellow-orange, with obacure p a l e black r e t i c u - l a t i o n s ; edge of fin hyalin. Anal f i n similar t o dorsal. Caudal f i n with spots and black background almost o u t to edge of f i n .

Stations: 1

,

1 9 3

,

^52(1).

Habitat: Not a s common a s Tetraodon meleagris; almost e n t i r e l y confined t o i n t e r - i s l e t channels. Occasionally noted on o u t e r r e e f f l a t .

Rzroian

w:

KOPARIPARI.

-

Tetraodon SD. one.--Head and body yellow above to white below. V e r t i c a l f i n s p a l e yellovr. P e c t o r a l f i n s orangish-yellow m i t h b r o m s t r e a k s between rays. L e f t s i d e mith a brom spot above g i l l opening. Above n o t e s of specimen from s t a t i o n 22.

Stations: 22 (1).

s i d e

Habitat: Only

-..- -

of atoll.

one observed and captured on o u t e r reef f l a t ,

Raroian B: KOPAFUPARI.

Canthiaaster c i n c t u s (Richardson) .-Top of head and body crossed by f o u r v e r t i c a l black bands.

Stations: 9 ( 1 ) , 23(1)

Habitat: Moderately uncommon a t Raroia. Noted only on shore r e e f s , west s i d e of lagoon, in region of Garumaoa Village.

Raroian

m:

HUE TETE.

Canthiaaster s o l a n d r i (Richardson) .--Head, body and caudal fin covered with blue spots edged in black. Ground color brom shading t o whitish be- low. Throat yellow. Blue lines edged in black r a d i a t i n g from eye.

Eyeball green. Iris ringed w i t h t h r e e m e t a l l i c orange and blue bands.

'ho of t h e l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from t h e eye cross t h e i n t e r o r b i t a l .

Habitat: Moderately common a t Raroia; d e f i n i t e l y t h e most abundant species of Canthiaaster a t this a t o l l . It mas mainly noted in t h e western i n t e r - i s l e t channels and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t in t h e lagoon on t h e west shore r e e f s and c o r a l heads. One specimen was taken on t h e o u t e r reef f l a t .

Raroian name: HOE TETE.

Canthigaster b e a n e t t i i (meeker) .--Ground color greenish-brow. Snout and b e l l y with i n d i s t i n c t yellow spots. Most prominent marking on body i s a black blotch a t the base of t h e d o r s a l f i n . A broad yellow-orange band ext,ends from behind p e c t o r a l f i n to lower region of caudal

peduncle. Blue spots present on upper s i d e of caudal peduncle. Blue l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from eye but none extending across snout o r i n t e r o r b i - tal.

Habitat: Uncommon a t Raroia. Noted only on lagoon shore r e e f s in v i c i n i t y of Garumaoa Village.

Raroisn

m:

HUE TETE.

Canthicaster .ianthinopterus (Bleeker) .-Sides of body brown with l a r g e blue spots. These s p o t s become l a r g e r on b e l l y and underside of head u n t i l t h e r e a r e brown r e t i c u l a t i o n s instead of spots. L i f e colors of speci- men from s t a t i o n 66: Top of head with suffuse markings. Two longitu- d i n a l brown s t r i p e s on middle of i n t e r o r b i t a l . Head w i t h brown r e t i - c u l a t i o ~ s (somewhat orange around eye) t h a t become narrower v e n t r a l l y . Between r e t i c u l a t i c a s pale blue. Iris ringed with orange around lens;

remsin4er blue-green. Body gradually changes from r e t i c u l a t i o n s an- t e r i o r l y to s p o t s on a b r o m background d o r s a l l y and p o s t e r i o r l y . Dorsal base black. Fins h y a l i n mith p a l e black rays.

Stations: 66(1).

~ a b i t a t : Several specimens noted on shore r e e f s in Game Pass.

Raroian

name:

HUE TETE.

FAMILY DIOWNTIDAE

Porcupine Fishes ^. .

.Apparently only one species occurs a t Raroia, but t h e r e was some dis- agreement among t h e n a t i v e s on t h i s point. The n a t i v e s r e l i s h it f o r food and p r e f e r to cook it whole in a f i r e , spines and a l l . Then they peel o f f t h e skin, and e a t the f l e s h . Diodon i s n o t poisonous a t Raroia, nor d i d the n a t i v e s know it t o be poisonous on the neighboring islands.

Diodon h v s t r i x Linnaeus.--Life c o l o r s of specimens from s t a t i o n 47: general color l i g h t below, white shading to dusky black above in one specimen and to brom above, in the other. Spots in both specimens s o l i d black.

Stations: 47(2), @ ( I ) .

Habitat: This species p r e f e r s the 'toroad sand f l a t s a t t h e southern end of t h e a t o l l and u s u a l l y occur in pairs. They a r e uncommon a t Raroia.

Raroian B: TOTARA.

FAMILY OSTRACIIDAE Box Fishes

Two species mere c o l l e c t e d a t Raroia and I doubt t h a t o t h e r s occur there, except n a t i v e s say t h e genus Lactoria occurs i n t h e lagoon. Box f i s h e s a r e m ~ d e r a t e l y mcommon a t Xaroia and all examples were seen deep i n h o l e s in t h e c o r a l o r under rocks. Rotenone did n o t k i l l them. The majority of the f i e l d records note them from i n t e r - i s i e t channels. The n a t i v e s do n o t use them f o r food, but do n o t consider them poisonous.

Ostracion B1eeker.-General color black vrith orange s p o t s and markings.

L i f e c o l o r s of specimen from s t a t i o n 52: Head and body s o l i d black, grey beneath eye to a v e r t i c a l from p e c t o r a l f i n base. Large blotch of orange on i n t e r o r b i t a l and superior o r b i t a l socket. Iris black, with l a r g e orange spots, s u p e r i o r l y m e t a l l i c blue spots between orange markings. Body with orange s p o t s on side, a few on bottom of carapace n e a r l a t e r a l . angle i n region of p e c t o r a l fin and a n a l f i h . The orange s p o t s tend t o become i r r e g u l a r l y elongate near edge of up o r cara ace angle. Top of body with small evenly spaced x h i t e spots

horn

^pos!erior

margin of eye t o end of dorsal. fin. Caudal peduncle with l a r g e irregu- l a r orange spots t h a t tend t o j o i n together. Dorsal fin with black rays, h y a l h membranes. Caudal f i n black except f o r a crescent shaped p o s t e r i o r hyalin area. Anal f i n with brownish-black rays and hyalin mem- branes. P e c t o r a l fin same as anal.

Stations: 52(1).

Habitat: Only one specimen observed and c o l l e c t e d i n i n t e r - i s l e t channel north of Game Pass.

Raroian

m:

TOTDKE.

Ostracion l e n t i p i n o s u s Schneider.-General color h o r n with yellow f i n s . Blue spots on body ringed in black. L i f e colors of specimen from sta- t i o n

51:

General color brom to yellowish-brown v e n t r a l l y and poster- i o r l y . Head w i t h s c a t t e r e d black spots, p a r t i c u l a r l y around o r b i t a l border. Iris s i l v e r . Body _{w i t h} small white t o bluish-white s p o t s surrounded by a black ring. Blue spots confined t o s i d e s and top of carapace. Bottom of carapace in head region with black spots, other- wise carapace bottom markless, except f o r a spot on each s i d e before anus. Black s p o t present on d o r s a l fin base. Caudal peduncle uniform yellowish-brown. Fins yellow-orange except f o r dusky i r r e g u l a r black

s t r i p e in upper p o s t e r i o r section of tail; t i p s of o u t e r caudal r a y s dusky black.

Habitat: Moderately common a t Raroia. Apparently coufined t o lagoon shore r e e f s , i n t e r - i s l e t channels and occasionally on o u t e r

--

r e e f f l a t .

Raroian

m:

^TOTOKE.

Angler Fishes

Two antennariids (apparently d i f f e r e n t species) taken a t Raroia under rocks in channels betwee11 i s l e t s . The n a t i v e s seldom s e e t h i s species and confuse it ^with S ~ a n c e ~ a , c a l l i n g it PUGA PUGA.

Antennarins SP, one.--This species has n long slender ilicium. Caudal fin with v e r t i c s l black s t r i p e s . Head and body mottled r h i t e , grey, green m d t l a c k r.ithout sgots, blending w i t h t h e gravel w d dead c o r d .

Stations: 22(1).

--

Hahitst: This f r o g f i s h was found among dead c o r a l fragments in shallow water (6" deep) under a rock i n an i n t e r - i s l e t channel. It remained p e r f e c t l y s t i l l nhen disturbed, and blended p e r f e c t l y w i t h its background.

CWCK LIST OF

THZ

ISLANDS OF !THE TUAMOTD PRCHIPELACO

m i l e attempting t o prepare a bibliography of ali known f i s h e s collec- t e d i n t h e Tuamotus it became apparent t h a t t h e r e was considerable confusion concerning t h e names of t h e i s l a n d s and i s l a n d groups. When we attempted t o check t h e standard sources we discovered t h a t none were completely r e l i a b l e , and many mere f i l l e d with confusi?g e r r o r s . A s a r e s u l t we found it neces- sary t o prepare a new l i s t based on H. 0. c h a r t number 0077 (January 27,

1951) and H. 0. Gazetteer number 7 (1944). Brighm (1900), Wilkes ( 1 8 ~ 5 ) ~ Picquenot (l90O), and Freeman (1951) a r e the p r i n c i p a l sources u t i l i z e d .

In t h e course of compilin:: t h i s check l i s t we learned t h a t t h e confu- sion was g r e a t e s t e a s t of t h e cannibal l i n e (see Wilkes, 18C5, c h a r t of Paumotu Group prepared i n 1039: northwest t o southeast through t h e center of t h e Tuamotus. The probable reason f o r t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s because few ex- p e d i t i o n s have entered t h a t a r e a of t h e Tuamotus and h o s t i l i t y of t'ne

n a t i v e s in t h e nineteenth century prevented landing p a r t i e s from examining most of t h e islands.

I. I s l s n d Groups.

Actaeon Is. (21 20 S 136 30 1)

=

Amphitrite Is.:

Yaturei-Vavao (Atoll, 21 22 S 136 23 W)

=

Melbourne, Acteon I. (Wilkes Zxped. )

,

Estanoelin.

Tenararo (Atoll, 21 20 S 136

43 W)

= Acteon I. ( l i l k e s ESrped.)

,

Bedford.

Tenamnga (Island, 21 20 S 136 30

V)

= Minto, Acteon I.

(Wilkes w e d . ) .

Vahanga (Atoll, 21 20 S

136

LO IW) = Bedford, Vehanga (Brigham).

Disappointment Is. (14 08 S 1LJ. 20

W) =

I l e s du Desappointement, Disappointment Is. of Byron:

Napuka (Atoll, 14 08 S

1W.

14 W) = Wytoohee (Wilkes w e d . ) . Tepoto (1L 05 S lf,l 24

W) =

Otooho (wilkes Exped.), Tetopoto.

Duke of Gloucester Is. (20 40 S 143 20 1 ) :

Anuanuraro (Atoll, 20 25 S 143 33 W) = Archangel (of

Quiros)

,

Anu-anuraro, Am-Anuraro, San Miguel Archangel, Heretutea, Heretua (Wilkes Exped.)

.

Anuanurunga (Atoll, 20 38 S 143 1 9 W) = Teku (Wilkes Exped.), Four Crowns (of Quiros), Quarto Coronados.

Nukutipipi (Atoll, 20 ,2 ,! S 143 05 Ti) =Margaret, Nukutavake (lapsus, Brigham chart)

.

Sambier Is. (23 10 S 135 00 T;) = Peard:

Agakauitai (Island, 23 10 S 135 01 W)

=

Agakanitai (Brighem).

Wtamaru (Island, 23 12 S 134 54

PV) =

Wainwright.

Aukena ( ~ s l a n d , 23 08 S 134 54 W)

=

Elson.

Kamaka (Island, 23 15 S

134

57 1 ) = Collie, Collis.

Makapu ( I s l e t , 23 12 S

134

55 PI).

Makaroa (Island, 23 11, S 134 58

D)

= Karsh.

Mangareva (Island, 23 0 7 S 134 58

W)

= Peard, Manga Reva.

Manui (Island, 23 l/+ S 134 56 1 ) .

Taravai (Island, 23 09 S 135 02 P)

=

Belcher.

King Ceorges Gp. (14 35 S U 5 00

W) =

I l e s du Roi George:

Takapoto (Atoll,

U.

38 S 145 11

W) =

Oura (of Cook), Taputa, Ura.

Takaroa (Atoll,

14

27 S 144 58 1)

=

Takoroa, Tiokea.

P a l l i s e r Is. (15 31 S 146 38

Ti)

= Shadelyk, Pernicious:

Apataki (Atoll, 1 5 25 S

1.46

20 0)

=

Hegemeister.

Arutua (Atoll, 15 18 S l.46 44 W)

=

Rurick (of Kotzebue).

Kaukura (Atoll, 15 43 S

1.46

40

W)

= Aura.

Toau (Atoll, 1 5

54

S

116

0 1

V) =

Elizabeth.

H i t i (Atoll, 16 4.4 S 14 08 FE)

=

Eliza, Tipotu o r Bacon (Wilkes Exped.).

Tepoto (Atoll, 16

49

S 144 1 7 W)

=

Eliza (of Mauruc), O f i t i , O h i t i o r Clute (Wilkes Exped.).

Tuanake

toll,

16

41

S

U.4 26 W) =

Reid, Tuinaki, o r N e d (Wilkes Exped. )

.

T%:o Groups (18 07 S 142 10 Ti)

=

~ k a i c a :

Marokau

toll,

18 07 S

L42

1 3

W) =

Dauahaida, Dawhaida (WFlkes w e d . ) . L ~ o r t h A t o l l of ~ a n a k a l . Ravahere (Atoll, 1 8 li S 112 10

W) =

Dawhaida, Manaka

(Viilkes Expeci.). L ~ o u t h A t o l l of ~ a n a k a .

Vairaatea (19 20

s

139 20

W) =

Egmont, T a t a k o b (lapsus, Wilkes Exped.):

Pukararo (Atoll,

19

20 S 139 20 P) = T r e s Cootiers, Tatakotu (lapsus, Wilkes Exped.), Tres Cocot:ers (du Mauruc;

.

Pukarunga (Atoll,

19

20 S 139 20 W)

=

Tatakoto ( l a p u s , Tilkes).

11. Islands n o t in Groups.

--

Ahe (Island, 14 30 S 1G6 20 1 ) = Peacock, &ii.

Ahunui (Atoll, 19 LO S 160 25 W)

=

Byam Martin h g m a i t i (Wlkes Exped.)

,

Pvlaki o r i,thitsunday (lapsus, ~ r i ~ h a m j , Nganati righa ham)

,

Ahuni (H. 0. Gazetteer).

Aki-Aki (Atoll, 18 30 S ' 139 13 IT)

=

Thrum Cap, Lancier, Vahitahi (lapsus Briyham, descr.), Les Lanciers (Bougainville), Pukerua (lapsus, Wllkes Exped.)

.

Anaa (Atoll, 1 7 25 S 1.45 32 W)

=

Chain I.

Angatau (Atoll, 15

5p

S 140 50

W) =

Arakchev, Arakcheef, Ahangatiu, o r Arackchuff (Wilkes Exped.).

Aratika (Atoll, 15 32 S 145

31 VI) =

Karlsholl, Carlshov, Carlshoff, Karlshoff.

.

^{. , . . ,} . . ^I

h c a r n a c i o n (Approx. 24 .U S : 136 40 W)

.=

F i U e a ' w e d .

F a a i t e (Atoll,

16

45 S 145 13

Pif =

M y l a r d o ~ t i c h , - ' F ! a i t i . ^{, . .}

., . . ^.

. .

^{.. .}

Fakarava (Atoll,

16

1 8 S 145 36

W) =

Plittgenstein. _{., .}

. . . ^., .

. , . . .

Fangahina ( ~ k'15 59 ,

s

^,

^W

⁰⁷

^{W) =}

FakahinB., ~eki&a, Akahaina, Predpriaetige (Wilkes Exped. )

,

Predpriatie. _{. ,}

Fangatau (Atoll, 22 15 S 1'38 65

P) =

Cockhrn, Fangataufa, Ahunui (lapsus, H. 0. Gazetteer and Brigham).

Hao (Atoll, 1 8 13 S 140 54

W) =

^Bow, La Harpe, Harp, Hau.

/ . .

Haraiki (Atoll, 1 7 30 S U 3 30

d ) =

Croker, St. @entin, Heraiki.

Hereheretue (Atoll, 19 50 S 145 00 W) = St. Paul, San Pablo (Rilkes Ex-

?ed. ), TemaCangi (lapsus, Bri&am descr. )

Hikueru (Atoll, 17 36 S

l.42

40 W)

=

Melville, Bird, Tekukota (lapsus, Wilkes Exped. )

.

Katiu (Atoll, 1 6 26 S U1 21 W) = Saken.

Kauehi (Atoll, 15 51 S 145 10 W) = ' ~ i n c e n n e s , Kaueh, Kawehe.

Makatea (Island, 15 j2 S 148 1 3 rf) = Metia, Aurora, Dageraad.

Makemo (Atoll, 16 37 S 143 f,l 1 )

=

P h i l l i p s , Makima, Makemu (Wilkes w e d . ) , Koutousoff (of Bellingshausen)

.

Manihi (Atoll, 14 20 S 145 59 W) = Bailsons, Waterlandt (of Schouten and t e m a i r ~ j

,

Oahe, Manhii (Wilkes Exped.)

.

Manuhangi (Atoll, 19 11 S 10 16 W)

=

Cumberland, Manuwmgi (Wilkes Ex- ped. ), Menuagi.

Maria (Atoll, 22 00 S 136 10 W) = Moerenhout, Maria ~ e e f (Wilkes Exped.).

Matahiva (Atoll, 11 50 S 148 10 V) = Lazareff, Mataiwa (Yilkes h-ed.).

Minerva ( ~ e e f , 22 40 S 133 30 W) = E b r i l l e s , Bertero, Berbero.

Morane (Atoll, 23 00 S 137 10 1)

=

Cadmus, (Wilkes Exped.).

Motutunga (Atoll, 1 7 05 S 1.U 22 W)

=

Motu Tunga, Adventure.

Mururoa (Atoll, 21 50 S 138 50

W)

= Matilda, Osnaburgh.

N. Marutea

toll,

1 7 00 S 143 11

W)

= e p e a u x , Marutea (Wlkes Exped.).

Nengo Nengo (Atoll, 18

46

S

U1

48 IT) = Pr. W i l l i a m Henry, Nargohengo, L'Ostange, Lastang ( l i l k e s Exped.)

.

Niau (Atoll, 16 10 S 146 21 W) = Greig.

Nihiru (Atoll, 16 43 S 142 50 1 ) = Nehiru o r Niori (Wilkes Exped.), Negeri, Nigeri, Niheri.

Nukutavake (Island, 19 4.0 S, 138 42 W)

=

b e e n Charlotte, Nukutapipi (lapsus, Brigham c h a r t ) , Vahitahi (lapsus, Brigham descr.)

,

Akiaki (lapsus, Wilkes Exed.)

.

Paraoa (Atoll, 19 08 S 140 40 W) z Hairi, Gloucester.

Pinaki (Atoll, 1 9 20 S

138

.!& 81) = Whitsunday, Tematu- leiwuwau ( W U e s Exped.)

,

Nukutavake (lapsus, Brigham c h a r t ) , Ngsnati (lapsus, Brigham descr.)

.

Portland Reef (Reef, 23 40 S 134 30 1 ) .

Puka-Puka (Atoll,

14

50 S 138 50 W)

=

Pukapuka, Hondw, Hondau, Henauke, Dog, Tatakoto (lapsus, Brigham), Clerke b p m s , Brighad.

Pukaruha (Atoll, 18 1 9 S 137 02 1 ) = Serle, Searle, Pukerua o r Thrum Cap Akiaki (lapsus, Wilkes Exped.), Re60 (lapsus, Brigham c h a r t ) . b g i r o a (Atoll, 15 03 S 147 40 1 ) = Rahiroa, Vliegen, Deans, Nairsa.

-aka (Atoll,

16

11 S

l . 4 4

53 1 ) .

Raroia ( A t o l l 16 03 S 142 23 W) = Barclay de Tolley.

Reao (Atoll, 1 8 30 S 136 23 YI) = ClermontTonnere, Nat,upe, Clermont de Tonnere, Pukaruha, S e r l e (1apsus, Brigham).

Reitoru (Atoll, 1 7 49 S 143 08 1 )

=

Bird, Hekueru (lapsus, Wilkes Ekped.).

Rekareka (Island, 16 50 S

1W

54 W)

=

Good Hope.

St. Juan B a p t i s t (Approx. 24 S. 38 59 W) = Wilkes Exped.

S. Marutea (Atoll, 21 30 S 135 40 N) =Lord Hood ( s ) , Marutea (Brigham).

Taenga (Atoll,

16

20 S 143 17 W) = Holt, Yermaloff (of Bellingshausen).

Tahanea (Atoll,

l6

52 S 161 45 81)

=

Tchitschagoff, Tchigschagoff.

Takume (Atoll, 1 5 48 3 14.2 12 W)

=

Wolkonsky, Wolchonskg, Takurea o r Violconskg (Wilkes Exped.)

.

Tatakoto ( I s l a n d , 17 20 S 138 22 W)

=

Narcissus, Clerke, San Narcisso, Pukapuka o r Clerke (lapsus, Viilkes Exped.)

Tauere (Atoll, 1 7 22 S

1 W

28 1 )

=

S t . Simeon, Resolution, Tawere (Wilkes Exped.), Tandrec, Taueri.

Tekokota (Atoll, 17 20 S

142

37 1 )

=

Tekokoto, Doubtful, Tekareka (Wilkes W e d . )

Tematangi (Atoll, 21 40 S

U O

40 W)

=

Blighs, Hereheretua (lapsus, milkes Exped.)

,

Bligh lagoon.

Tikahau (Atoll, 1 5 00 ^S

148

10

W)

= Krusenstern, Krusenshorut, Tikehau.

TLkei (Atoll,

14

58 S 144 32 8) =Romanzoff, Tilce o r Romantzoff (VJilkes Exped.).

Timoe (Island, 23 20 S 134 30

W) =

Crescent, Temoe ( ~ i l k e s b p e d . ) . Tureia (Atoll, 20 &3 S 138 32 W)

=

Papakena, Carysfort, Tureie, ( 8 i l k e s

Exped.)

.

Vahitehi (Atoll, 1 8 4 S 138 50 W)

=

Lagoon, Four Facardins, Cook, Nukutawake o r Teay (lapsus, Wilkes Exped. )

.

Vanavana (Island, 20 45 S 139 10 W)

=

Kurateke, Barrow, Teku (Wilkes Exped.)

.