FOWKE] USES OF PERFOKATORS. 1G5

166 STONE

ART. [ETn.ANN.13

%

u

Fig. 247 Per- forator,not stemmed, double

jiointed.

from baseto point.

Some

areundoubtedly arrowheads,astheyare too bhintor toothin to have been used forpiercing. Others

show marks

of usewhich could have been produced in no

way

except

by

^drilling

in stone.

The

specimen illustrated in figure 24G (from

Kanawha

valley)

shows

this to a

marked

degree, while that

shown

ⁱⁿ figure247 (from i^'icholas

county, Kentucky) is without such indi- cations.

The

distribution of this form

is wide, including

Kanawha

valley;

northeastern

Kentucky;

southwestern

Illinois; southwestern Arkansas; south- western Wisconsin; Coosa valley, Ala-

bama;

northwestern

and

southwestern Georgia,

and Savannah

^{; eastern} Ten- nessee;

and

Sciotovalley, Ohio.

C.

With

the baseverylarge in ratio to thepoint or piercer; sometimes the

entire implement is

worked

smooth or ^{fig. 248.—}Perforator,

...

^{notsteiumed,rough}

thin, againitisthe natural fragmentor ^base.

chip of stone entirely

unworked

except a point flakedon one part or edge.

The

piercervaries from one-fourth of an inch to

two

inchesin length. It could

have

been utilized only as an

"awl"

or "needle,"

thebase being held

by

the

thumb and

finger. Thisvariableformis

representedin figure248 (from

Lawrence

county, Ohio). It

comes

from Sciotovalley;

Kanawha

valley; western

and

central North Carolina;

northeastern

Kentucky; Keokuk,

Iowa; southwestern

and

southeastern Arkansas; easternTennessee;

and

Savannah, Georgia.

D. Piercer thin

and

slender; basethin, expanding toa wing-like^projection

on

each side.

Very

feware strong

enough

to

have

beenused ^fordrillingevenin soft material, but they are excellent for ijiercing leather or similar substances.

The

expanding wings

would make them

^'good points for hunting

and

fishing arrows, as they

would

have great ijenetratiug

power

and be very ^difficult to extractfrom a wound,while allowing veryfirm attach-

ment

to ashaft.

The

type,

shown

in figure 249, ^is from

Kanawha

valley.

Other specimens

come

from the

same

locality,

and

also from southwestern

Illinois,

and Biown

countyinthe

same

state; eastern Tennessee;

Keokuk,

ne. 250.—Perf.irator, Fig.249.—Perforator,

not stemmed, ex,

pandinj;ba.se. Iowa; Scioto valley, Ohio; northeast- pandingbase!*'

em ^Kentucky;

^{southern Wisconsin;}

^and

Savannah, Georgia.

-B.

With

^slightexpansion atthebase. These

may

be thickor thin, wideornarrow, and, accordingto their diftereul forms, mightbeused

FOWKE]

PERFURATOKS, STEMLESS AND STEMMED. 167

asdrills,])lercers,orarrowheads.

A

good

example

(presentedin figure 250)is from

Kanawha

valley,

West

Virginia. It isfound alsoinnorth- eastern Kentucky,northeastern

and

southeastern Arkansas; eastern Tennessee; southwestern Illinois;

and

southwestern Wisconsin.

All of the foregoing perforators are withoutstems, unless the larger portion leftatthebase

may

be considered as such.

STEMMEDF(^HMS

The

formof thestem and shoulders

among

i)erforators is often the

same

as in the

stemmed

arrowheads, etc., pre-

viously described.

A.

Stem

^{usually taperiTig;} shoulder

more

or less defined; never barbed; blade wide atthe partnexttothe stem, tapering rapidly

by

^con- cave lines to a sharp point. Probably spear- points or large arrowheads with the blade

worked

toapoint.

The

type,

shown

infigure 251,

is from

Kanawha

^valley.

B. Slender point; wide wings

m

or shoulders; stem straiglit or nearly so; the implement hav- ^{'^^}

ing the form of a cross.

Some

areless than an inch long, and

very delicately worked, while ^{Fio. 251} Perforator,stemmed.

Fig. 252.--P6rforator._{atenimed.verywide}others rcach 3 inchesin length,_{^ ^}

and

arethick.

Some

shoulders. from Savanuali

have

verybroad^stems. Thereisa good

example

(figure 252) from Ouachitacounty, Arkansas,

and

othersfrom southwestern Arkansas;

western

North

Carolina;

and

Savannah, Georgia.

C.

Narrow and

thick ^•. '\

almost of a

diamond

or _X' round section; stem ex- pandingor straight; with slight shoulders, some- times slightly barbed.

Some

ofthethinnerones, probably arrows, have a lenticular section; a few are triangularin section.

Thisform is well suited for drilling,

and many

of thespecimens

show marks

ofsuchuse,especially theone illustrated (figure253), theedges of which are striated almostthe entire length. This is from

Mason

county,

Kentucky; and

the distributionof the tyiieincludes

Kanawha

valley; Scioto valley,Ohio; easternTennessee^; northeastern

Alabama;

western

and

central North Carolina; southeastern

and

northeastern

Fig.253.

—

Perforator,stemmed. ^Fig.254.—Perforator,

stemmed.

168 STONE

ART. ^{1ETH ANN.13}

Fig.^25.T.

—

Perfiimtor.Btemmed withcutting;poiut.

Arkansas;

Brown

county,Illinois; South Ciirolina;

and

northeastern Kentucky.

Thus

thetype is

common and

its seographic rangebroad.

D. Long, slender point; shoulders wide or slightly barbed; stem straight, tapering, or expanding: edges straight or concave.

Some would make

goodpiercers forsoftmaterial,but veryfew couldbe used asdrills.

A

majoritywould be good arrowheads.

Some

havetheedges smooth, but if this

was

caused

by

^{drilling it}

nuist have been donein enlarging holes already made, since the implements so nuirked arevery

/^ ^L^ i^l

^{t^'*^-} "^^^ facesof the blades

show

no ijolishor t^'f'-iSMfe^/tL^.JF smoothness, such as might result from use as knives.

The

specimen illustrated (figure 254) is

from

Madison

county,

Alabama;

others from northeastern

Alabama

and Coosavalley; Scioto valley, Ohio; eastei-n Tennessee; western

and

centralKorthCarolina; southwestern Arkansas;

Kanawha

valley;

and

Savannah, Georgia.

E.

Stem may

be of anyform; wideshoulders;

never barbed; point or piercer narrow, well worked,with edges pai'allel its entire length,

and

terminatingin a cut tingedge instead of apoint. Thisform (shown in figure 255) isfound onlyinthecollection from Savannah, Georgia.

Blunt Arrowheads, ok 'Runts.'

Certain arrowheads

have

the end opposite thebaseroundedor flat-

tened insteadof pointed.

Commonly,

bothfacesare

worked

offequally, tobring the edge opposite themiddlelineof theblade, thoughsome- times it

may

bealittletooneside.

The

stem

and

base are of

any

form foundinthe

common

patterns of arrowheads.

Few

are barbed, though

many

haveshoulders. For the

most

part,they are probably

made

from the ordi-

nary spearpoiuts or arrowheads

and

knives that have

had

the ^joints broken off, though

some seem

to

have

been intentionally

made

this

way

originally.

A

^{few are} smooth or ^fiq.266.- polished at the ends, as though used as

knives or scrapers; but

most

of

them have

no

marks

except such as

would

resultfrom being struck or shot against

some

hard substance;

eventhis being absent in

many

ofthem,asinthespecimenrepresented in the

accompanying

figure.

Jonessays that crescent-shapedarrowswere used bysouthern Indians forshooting off birds'heads,'

and

it is

known

that chisel-shapearrows were

much

used duringthe MiddleAges.''

This type of aboriginalimplement or

weapon

^is

shown

in figure 256, representing a specimen from Savannah, Georgia. Other examples

1QuotedbyDawson^; FossilMen,p. 124.

'Evans: StoneImplements, p ^o53.

-Blunt arrowhead,or

"bunt."

FOWKE

1

VARIETIES OF

SCRAPERS.

169 come

fromeasteru Tennessee,-

Kanawha

valley; western North Caro- lina; southern

and

southwestern Wisconsin; southwestern Illinois;

Scioto valley, Ohio; and Savannah, Georgia.

SCRAI'KKS.

The same

remarks as to form

and method

of

making

apply to

stemmed

scrapers asto blunt arrows, except that the chipping of the end ^is always from one face soasto produce achisel edge. Thisedge

isfrequentlysmoothor polishedfromuse.

They

would answerverywell forsmoothing dowuiirti- cles

made

of wood, or forcleaninghidesin tan- ning; they would also serveexcellently forre-

moving

scalesfromfish,

and

asthey are usually

abundant

inthevicinity of good fishing places,

1II..-i-.—stemmedscraper.

theywere no doubt employed forthis purpose.

The

materialin the

Bureau

collectionisrepresented

by

thespecimens

shown

infigures257

and

258,from Savannah,Georgia,

and

Dane<;ounty, Wisconsin, respectively. Other exam-

ples

come

from southern Wisconsin;

southwestern Illinois;

Kanawha

valley, t

II'I'M

West

Virginia; northeastern

Kentucky; /

^>

% Mu

Miami

^valley,Ohio; centralNorthCaro-

lina; easternTennessee;

and

Savannah, „ ^. ..j,™ „ ^.

Georgia.

i^.'

^{«^>}

'»

_f^^

STEMLESS.

A

^{few quotations regarding the use fh. im-stemmedscraper.}

and mode

of manufactureof stemless scrapers

may

be given

:

Accordingto Evans, theyare

made by

^layingaflake^flatside

up

on a^stone,

and

chippingoff around the edgewith a

hammer. The

point struck

must

rest directlyon the under stone,

and

but a thin spall is

struck^oft" ateach blow.' Leidy observed^thattheShoshoni

by

a quick

blow

strikeoff asegment of a quartzbowlderin sucha

way

asto form acircularorovalimplementflaton one side,convex ontheother,which

is usedasa scraperin dressingbuft'alo hides;''

and

accordingto

Knight

the Australians obtain, inexactlythe

same

way, specimens which they use as axes.' Peale remarks that while hides are green they are stretchedonthe ground

and

scraped withan instrument resembling an

adze;''

and Dodge

says

more

explicitlythat

when

the stretched skinhas

become

hard

and

dry, the

woman

goes to

work

on ^itwith an adzelike

*stone Implements.

^HaydenSurvey,1872, p. 653.

'SmithsonianReportfor1879,p. 236.

«n)ld, 1870, p. 390.

170 STONE

AKT. ¹ETH. ANN. 13

instruiQent, with a short handle of

wood

or elkhorntied onwith raw- hide: hokliugthisinone hand, she chipsat thehardened ^skin,cutting

offathin shaving ateveryblow.'

The

scrapers of thisclass inthe Bureau collectionare as follows:

A.

Chipped

over the entire surfaceto theform of the ordinarycelt, except that the scrapingedgeisin the

same

planewithoneface.

Some

havea scraijingedgeat each end. In afew the flator straight face is chipped off slightly,bring- ing theedge toward the mid- dleline;butthis

was

probably doneafterthe imjjlemeut

had become

broken or blunted fromuse.

When

thereis

any

polish,itisalways onthe^flat face,showinguse asan adze, or,possibly,asaplane. Vary- iiigmuchinwidth,

some

meas- uringalmost the

same

ineither direction, while others are

more

like the" chisel" ceits,

though ^the position of the cuttingedge shows^{their use.}

A

^{typical specimen (figure}

259) is

from

Jackson coun-

FlG.IjGU.— Steiiilesascraper,celtform. ty, lllinOlS^

others

come

from

Brown

county

and

the southwestern partofthestategenerally;fromnortheastern

Kentucky

;

Keokuk,

Iowa; southwestern Wisconsin; eastern Ten- nessee;

and

centralOhio.

B. Flakesorspalls, chipped always from^theconcave side of the fragment.

Some

of the smaller specimens, usually those of

somewhat

circular outline, arechipped nearly, or in

some

casesentirely, around the edge. Fig- ure 260 represents aspecimen from

Mason

county, Ken- tucky. Others

come

from northeastern Kentucky; east- ern Tennessee; Holtcounty, Missouri;

Kanawha

valley; _^^^

southwestern Wisconsin^;

Miami

^valley,

and

centralOhio^{; draper,flaUe,} Coosa ^valley,

Alabama; Union

county, Mississippi; and Savannah, Georgia.

Cores.

The

^generally accepted

name

"cores"is applied to the blocks from which are struck offtheflakes to be nextdescribed.

Dr. Gillespie- claimed thatobjectsof thiskind were

made

so inten- tionally,

and

that the flakes are simply the refuse orwastematerial.

260.

—

^Stemless

'OiirWildIndians,p. 256.

•Gille.spi.;,Dr.W.^;Jour.Anth.Inst. Gt. Br.andIrd., vol. VI, p. 260.