accountability: governmental 133;
democracy 154n23; liberal democratic/
neo-classical tradition 135; service programmes 133–4
actor network theory 77
Adorno, T. see ‘Frankfurt School’
aesthetics: globalization 149–50 (see also Jameson, F.); knowledge, availability of 151 (see also Scott, J.); modernism 150 (see also Harvey, D.); need for 91–2 Agrawal, A.: assumptions of 46; commons
scholarship, focus of 45–6, 49; in political science 25
analysis: assumptions of social 143–4; case studies, focus on 45–6, 136; discourse 80, 86–7, 97–8,106–8; inductive 143;
Marxist, challenges to 64; neo-classical 9, 149; rational choice 5; scientifi c inquiry, call for 46; social, comparative 137, 143–4; see also comparative analysis; see also historical analysis; see also statistical analysis
anti-development 98
Arrow, K.: impossibility theorem, and Sen 118 assets, capital see capital assets
Baland, J-M. and Platteau, J-P.: against commons, privatization of 43; case studies, focus on 46; collective action, inequality 39; the commons and population control 38–9
Bates et al.: historical analysis with formal modelling 138, 141; methodology as ‘problem driven’ 140; theory construction 140
Bawtree, V. see Rahnema, M. and Bawtree, V.
bio-power see Foucault, M.
Booth, D.: ‘bridging themes’, importance of 138; changes in development studies
77; Corbridge, critique by 69, 71; on dependency 68–9; diversity in research 138; ‘impasse’ debate 68–71; Marxism, questioning of 68–9, 77; of Peet, critique by 69
Bourdieu, P.: Marxism, questioning of 77;
‘social capital’ 11, 129; structuralist/
historicist theorizing of 11, 129 Brass, T.: critique on 76; postmodernism
21–2; of Scott, critique by 73, 76; of Wolf, critique by 73
Brigg, M.: critique of post-development scholars 95
bureaucracy: infl uence of 2–3, 49, 79, 85, 88–9, 99, 106, 108, 115; as unit of analysis 144
Campbell, J.L. and Pederson, O.K.:
historical institutionalists viz. rational choice theory 138; scholarship, elite infl uence 142
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA): discourse, viz. Ferguson 107–8; Lesotho, portrayal of 99 (see also Ferguson, J.); participatory strategies 127; policy linkages 1–2
capabilities 2, 23, 34, 110–14, 116–17, 129; viz. participatory approaches 123,130; see also Sen, A.
capital accumulation: as Western ‘global’
strategy 88; Marxism, focus on 53, 68;
newly industrializing countries 60–1;
capital assets: entitlement 114; neo- classical infl uence on 123–4; poverty, as lack of 123–4, 130; social 11, 37, 113, 126, 129, 149 (see also social capital); in sustainable livelihoods approach 123–5, 129 (see also sustainable livelihoods approach); types of 124–5
capitalism: commons scholarship and 33, 38–9; contradictions in 61, 67, 70; dependency theory 55–6, 68;
development 3, 20, 88–93, 106;
‘Fordism’ to post-Fordism 61;
Foucault 84; the green revolution 54–5;
ideological commitment to 10, 114, 119;
market-based adaptation 61; Marxism 17, 52–4, 59–60, 66–8, 76; neo-Marxism 61 (see also ‘regulation school’); peasant struggle 74, 92–3, 154n24; Point Four doctrine 88–9; post-development 85, 93, 95, 107, 132–3; postmodernism 20, 150; ‘regulation school’ 61; rise of 52–3, 57–8; social order 61, 63, 67; world systems theory 57–9
cash crops: Lesotho 99 (see also Ferguson, J.); structural adjustment 6–7 cash transfers 127
central state planning: against 80, 122 Chambers, R.: dependency, literature 160n80; diversity in research 2, 138;
empiricism, fi eld-based 121–2; viz.
historical materialism 122; Marxism, neo-classical theory, alternatives to 121–2, 129; participatory research methodology 110–11, 121–9; on poverty 123, 130; PRA 122–5, 127–30; the SLA 123–30; ‘two cultures’ 122;
class: consciousness 52, 67, 84;
dependency 55–6, 59; focus, shifting from 67–8, 71, 83–4; history 33, 54, 70, 147; Marxism 17, 20, 52, 54–5, 58, 63–4, 68–9, 76; postmodernism 20;
‘regulation school’ 61; relations 60, 70, 72–3, 84, 113
collective action: commons scholarship, tension within 45; critiques of 46–8; viz.
entitlement scholarship 35–6, 40–1, 43, 48–9; individuals and 32–5; inequality 38–9, 154n24; in journals 48–9; neo- classical approaches, critiques of 49;
new institutional theory 34, 38, 118;
post-development 98; and resources 35, 39; scholarship, interests of 34–6, 45, 48–9; public services 135; theory 17, 34 collective responsibility: client culture
134; Sen, social commitment to 119 Collingwood: history, viz. research 141–2 colonialism: decolonization 88; dependency
theory 59; discourse 87; effect of 3, 55, 57, 59, 74, 115; European 55, 57, 87;
overcoming 17; and the World Bank 99;
see also post-colonialism
common pool resources: viz. common property regimes 34–5; defi nition of 34–5; and entitlement 40–1, 43;
management of 43–7; and poverty 41–2
common property: arguments for 32;
and collective action 35–6, 38, 40, 45; viz. common pool resources 34–5;
entitlement 35–6, 40, 43–4; literature, tensions 47; manipulation of 41–2;
marginalized groups and 42–3, 74;
neo-classical theory, critique 44, 49; positivism 46; and poverty 44;
privatization of 43–4; regimes 33–5, 38, 40–1, 43; and resource conservation 32–3, 42; returns of 42; rules, importance of 34
commons scholarship: critiques of 44–6;
focus of 24–5, 34–8, 40–2, 48–9; shifts in 33, 45; tensions within 25, 40, 44–50 commons, tragedy of the see tragedy of the
commons
communism: ideology/theory of 17–18;
and nationalism 18, 89 comparative analysis 46, 137–8;
development of 16, 46, 137–40, 143–7;
disagreement on 15–16, 136, 141, 144–5;
examples of 144–5, 147–8; historical processes 143–4 (see also historical analysis); ‘incorporated comparison’
144; individual viz. national context 144;
lack of 15–16, 76, 78, 148; types of 145;
see also analysis; see also statistical analysis
Corbridge, S.: activists of the ‘New Right’ 106; critique of ‘Capitalist World Development’ 69; discourse analysis 86, 102–3; of Ferguson, critique by 102; Foucault, biopolitics 102;
governmentality 102–3; neo-classical theory 106; Peet, critique by 69; of post-development theorists, critique by 22, 94, 96–7; (post-)Marxism, Booth, critiques of 69, 71
core, the: in dependency theory 55–6, 68;
and Third World ‘other’ 87; in world systems theory 57–9
Davies, S.: adaptation strategies 125;
idiosyncratic ‘shocks and stresses’
130
debt crisis: background 7; and
development 9; and neo-liberalism 6–7 decolonization 88
democracy: and development 2, 150; and neo-classical economics 135, 149; Sen on 23, 110, 115, 118–19, 129–30; and service provision 133–4; social 147, 150;
viz. social inequality 154n23
Department for International Development (DFID): discourse 103; Indo-British Rainfed Farming Programme 103;
intellectual and institutional hegemony 106; ‘knowledge for development’ 2;
people ‘at the centre of development’
110–11, 126; policy linkages 1;
‘Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheet’ 126; structure, emphasis on 126;
UNDP 110
dependency theory: viz. capabilities approach 130; capitalism 55–7, 59; viz.
Chambers/participatory approaches 122, 130; core 56; colonialism 59; critiques of 56–7, 59–60; debate on 55–7, 136;
Frank, A.G. 55–6; history 56–7; Latin America 56; with Marxism 62, 68–9, 130; neo-Marxism 61; periphery 56;
post-development 86; theory 55, 137 depoliticization: of development 22, 100;
through discourse 100; in scholarship 85
Derrida: deconstruction 65–6; viz. Foucault 66, 68; language, as unstable/violent 64–6; postmodernism 21, 52, 110; and post-structuralism 19–20; and Saussure 64; and ‘signifi ers’ 64–5; see also
‘Frankfurt School’
development: agendas 3, 22, 104, 108; comparison within 130, 137, 144–8; discourse 12, 22–3, 89, 108, 136–7; diversity of 86, 94, 138; and the environment 90; evaluation of 97, 121, 127–9; fragmentation 15–16, 21, 54–5, 136, 148–50; and freedom 23, 80, 82, 84, 109–11, 113, 115–21, 151; geopolitical interests 88–9 (see also Point Four doctrine); human (measurements of) 56, 111–13, 122–5, 147–8 (see also capabilities); ideology 1–3, 13, 17, 22, 121–2; impasse 68; local focus 11–12, 15–16, 71–3, 90–2 126–9; as
‘machine’ 100–1; moral commitment of 15, 91; as nationalist project 18; and neo-classical theory 3, 4, 6, 8–12, 22, 35, 106, 121, 130, 132, 136, 149, 151;
normalization in 22, 89–90, 95, 128; viz.
post-development 67, 86, 88–98, 107, 149; and power 85, 102, 108, 121–2, 142
(see also power); and praxis 93, 150;
re-orientation of 1, 8, 13, 60, 93, 121–2, 132, 136; re-politicization of 13, 136;
representation of 88–90, 94–98, 100, 102, 104, 107; Sen on see Sen, A.; and the World Bank 1–3 88–9, 94, 99, 102, 112, 129, 133–4; women in 90; see also anti-development; see also development studies; see also post-development developmental state literature 60–1; on
state intervention 145–6
development studies: agendas 3, 22, 104, 108; changes in 1, 60–1, 77, 86;
comparative viz. local 145–9 (see also comparative analysis); discourse in 34, 80, 89–108, 136–7; and grand theory 17–19; 55, 67, 76, 130, 132; and history 132–3, 138, 140–4, 146–8; impasse 50, 68, 98; legitimization of 105; and political criteria 13, 142; political science 148–9; positivism in 28, 97, 121, 138, 141, 149; power in 12–13, 20, 102, 108, 122, 142; PRA 122 (see also Participatory Rural Appraisal);
questioning of 13, 20, 22, 80, 86–8, 90–100, 103, 127, 130, 135–8, 141, 144–5, 148–51 (see also post- development); rational choice 34–5, 117–18, 136, 138; research interests of 2, 13–14, 105, 122; self-awareness in 108; Sen on see Sen, A.; trends in 1, 15, 48, 121, 132–3, 149; see also anti- development; see also development; see also post-development
discourse: academic 48–9, 92, 99, 101, 105–6; analysis 86–7, 108; bureaucratic 102–3; and CIDA 107–8; and citizen participation 131; depoliticizing 85, 100; of development 12, 23, 79–80, 85, 88–9, 94, 96, 99–103, 106–7; and DFID 103; empowering the US through 95; empowerment 131; globalization 120; and history 25–8; on Lesotho (see Ferguson, J.); as ‘machine’ 101–2; and normalization 22, 89–90, 92, 95; of participatory methodologies 131; policy 79–80, 103, 107–6; positivist 25–6;
post-colonial 87; post-development 92–8, 132–3, 107; postmodernism 19–20, 66, 81, 83–5, 110, 117 (see also postmodernism) public 110, 116–18, 120, 130; reconciling 107–8; Sen on 110–11, 116–18, 120, 130; social construction of language 62, 64–7, 79,
85, 95–7, 107; of the state 60, 85, 95, 103; ‘Third World voices’ in 67, 92, 102;
trivializing 107; and the World Bank 89, 107–8
donors: infl uence of 1–2, 15; participatory approaches and 122, 126, 128; service provision of 134
Easterly, W.: on planning viz. searching, knowledge 105
economics: classifi cation and 51, 111–12, 149; critique of 55, 90; development 22–3, 80; viz. hermeneutic/social theory 13, 15, 112, 122, 149; neo-classical 4–5, 8, 38, 90, 149 (see also neo-classical theory); post-development 80; prestige of 4, 90; and rationality 130, 152n3; see also new institutional economics Edwards, M.: disembodied empiricism 137 empirical study: on capitalism and
dependency 56; on commons governance 33–4, comparative 144, 146; and
‘Frankfurt School’ 64; methodological trends in 16, 146; new directions in 77, 146–7; positivism 28–9, 112, 139–40, 141; Sen 111; survey methodologies 112; World Development Report 10 empiricism: assumptions and defi nition
of 29; common property research 34; directions in research 77, 121;
disembodied 137 (see also Edwards, M.); fi eld-based 121–2; of Marxism and neo-classical theory 121; positivism 28–9; PRA/the SLA 121; tensions regarding 48–9, 130
employment creation programmes 127 empowerment: discourse 95; participatory
research methodologies 128, 131;
entitlement: commodity bundle 114; and common property 42–4; viz. collective action approach 35–6, 38, 40–1, 43, 48–9; to healthcare 134; history, in scholarship 35–6, 44; and individual choice 114, 134; and inequality 38, 40–1, 154n24; journal literature on 48–9;
on poverty 43–4, 112–3; viz. PRA/the SLA 111; and public action 115–16; viz.
rational choice 35; Sen on 110–121, 129;
and social welfare policies 134–5; types of 114
environment: Escobar on 90, 97; and famine 114; Hardin, G., on 31–3;
increased academic focus on 77;
viz. Marxism 19; and Millennium
Development Goals 132; and new institutionalism 25, 33–6; and poverty 123; Sen on 113–14, 117, 119, 123; as undervalued 90
environmental diversities see Sen, functionings
Escobar, A.: bureaucratic discourse 85, 92;
viz. Corbridge 94; viz. Corbridge et al.
102; critiques on 94–98; development, as geo-political 88; ‘Encountering Development’ 88; environment 90; viz.
Esteva and Prakash 95; viz. Ferguson 85, 98–9, 100–1, 104, 107; on Foucault 90, 95–6; marginal resistance 92; neo- classical economics 90; peasants as economic factors 90; Point Four doctrine 88–9; post-development 90; poverty 96; and relativism 97; viz. Spivak 92;
translocal capital, local cultures 93;
as trivializing 96; Western agenda, development as 79, 89–90; women in development 90
Esteva, G.: development, as geo-political 88; viz. Ferguson 98–9, 100–1; Western agenda, development as 79; West’s role, exaggeration 95; see also Esteva, G. and Prakash, M.S.; see also Prakash, M.S.
Esteva G. and Prakash, M.S.: viz.
development 92, 94, 101; development as global project 91; viz. Ferguson 100–1; ‘meta-narrative’ of post- development 107; romanticism,
relativism of rural/local life 96–7; ‘social majorities’ 91; ‘social minorities’ 90–1;
see also Esteva, G.; see also Prakash, M.S.
Evans, P.: comparative analysis 147;
comparative institutional tradition of 16; and ‘Embedded Autonomy’ 145;
peripheral economies 145; predatory viz.
developmental states 146; state capacity types of 146 (see also Kohli, A; see also state, the); state-society relations 145–6 (see also state, the; see also Weber); viz.
Weber 146
family: distribution within see Sen, functionings; labour 53, 76; Marx 53, 84; regulation of sexuality/power 82, 84;
poverty assessments 121
famine: Bengal famine 115; British government 115; cash transfers 127;
China ‘Great Leap’ famine 66, 115;
increased academic focus on 77;
famine (continued)
India, prevention of 115; Sen 114–6 (see also Sen, famine)
Fanon, F.: post-colonialism 87; ‘Wretched of the Earth’ 87;
Ferguson, J.: ‘The Anti-Politics Machine’
103–4; Corbridge et al., critique by 102, 106; Mosse, critique by 102; critiques of 101, 108; development discourse 85, 106; development as a ‘machine’
100–1; elites 104; viz. Escobar 85, 98–9, 100–1; viz. Esteva and Prakash 98–9, 101; imperialism/‘counter-hegemony’
105; Lesotho 98–100, 107; neo-classical theory 105; morality 105; political economy 99–100; power, bureaucratic 85, 107; and representation 102, 104–5;
and scholarship 104–5; Thaba-Tseka livestock rehabilitation project 158n58 Fine, B.: alternative social science 12;
ambiguity, viz. World Bank, social capital 11, 129, 149; interdisciplinary 13; neo-classical theory 12; scholarship, degradation of 149;
fi scal policy reforms: and liberalization 6, 106 fi sheries: management of 42; see also
Tragedy of the Commons Flyvbjerg, B.: contextualized social
science, call for 142; generalized theory in social science 14; ‘Making Social Science Matter’ 14, 148; natural science viz. social science 26, 149; value- rationality, movement away from 148 focus group discussions: and PRA
interviews, replacement with 122; and the SLA 125
Fordism see post-Fordism
foreign aid: and CIDA policy linkages 1;
and Point Four Doctrine 88; and poverty 132; poverty as justifi cation for 132 Foucault: biopolitics 102; bio-power 81–2,
95; Brigg on 95; viz. Corbridge et al.
102; criminality 82–3; viz. Derrida 66, 68; discourse 66, 102–3; ‘episteme’
66; freedom 150–1; governmentality 102–3; ‘The History of Sexuality’
82; and liberalism 110; ‘Madness and Civilization’ 81, 83; viz. Marxism 83;
post-development 80; postmodernism 19–21, 68, 110; post-structuralism 19, 52; power 84, 95; power of observation 82, 89; prison 82, 90–100; relativism 150–1; Sarup on 83–4; viz. scientifi c language/methodology 66; sexuality,
regulation 82; ‘serious speech acts 66;
viz. Spivak 84; theoretical formulas viz.
perspectives 150–1; theory of action, lacking 84; rise of ‘treatment’ and classifi cation 88; and the welfare state 157n51
Frank, A.G.: 55–6
‘Frankfurt School’ 64
Gasper, D.: choice, freedom 119;
consequences 119; of Sen, critique by 118–19, 130;
gender: rise in development studies 77; in the Human Development Index 113; and Marxism 68; Millennium Development Goals 12, 132; and post-colonialism 87;
in structuralism 71
generalizability: debates around 24–31, 141–8; as development approach 90;
viz. historical analyses 14, 36–8, 137–8, 141–8; and hypothetic-deductive models (neo-classical/rational choice theory) 5, 139–40, 149; and positivism 29, 139–41, 148; and social sciences 46–7, 139–42 Giddens, A.: local experience, focus on
72–3, 77; ‘practical’ viz. ‘discursive’
consciousness 157n48; theory as
‘structuration’ 70
global development network: goals 1 globalization: adaptation to 120, 129, 147;
and aesthetic production 149–50 (see also Jameson, F.); and comparative study 145; development 107; developmental state literature 60; discourse on 120;
embeddedness of 9; and governments 4, 18–19; and ‘knowledge for development’
2; and post-development 107; resistance to, public 92, 120, 129 (see also liberalization); rise of 18–19, 77 (see also liberalization); Sen on 120, 129; of western values 20, 120
‘good society’: liberal defi nition of 109–10; Sen’s defi nition of 116, 130 governmentality: see also Foucault, M.;
bureaucratic power 102–3; biopolitics 102; Corbridge et al. 102
Graaff, J.: and development 101; Ferguson, critique of 101–2;
green revolution: capitalism 54–5;
dependency debate 52; resistance to 76 Habermas, J.: bias, overcoming 110;
critical theory 64; viz. Foucault 84; see also ‘Frankfurt School’