CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
3.4 Instrument of the Research
To collect data, the instrument of this research was writing test which will be applied in pre-test and post-test. Both pre-test and post-test, the researcher asked the students to write an analytical exposition text correctly.
3.5 The Procedure Collecting Data
In collecting the data, the researcher collects the data with the following procedures:
3.5.1 Pre-test
Pre-test held in the first meeting. The researcher gave pre-test to the students to find out their skill in writing an Ananlytical Exposition text and to find out the students' knowledge. The procedure of pre-test as follow:
The researcher gave greeting to the students to open the class and the researcher introduces herself in front of the students. After that the researcher gave some instructions to the students what the students have to do. Then the researcher gave the students blank paper that providing an instruction to write an analytical exposition text. The researcher gave 30 minutes to explore their ideas in the paper sheet. Finally The researcher collected the student’s pre-test paper sheets and the researcher gave greeting to close the class.
3.5.2 Treatment
After giving the pre-test, the researcher gave some treatments to the students in the classroom. The procedure of this treatment was the researcher gave back first the students’ work in pre-test that have been corrected by the researcher. After that, the researcher applyed the treatments based on the students’ error in pre-test. The treatment was given for four times, each meeting will be run for 60 minutes. The researcher also gave some material of writing analytical exposition text.
3.5.2.1 First Meeting
In the first meeting, the researcher opened the class by saying greeting, praying and asking students’ condition. Besides, the researcher asked students readiness to learn. In the while teaching activity, the researcher would introduce and explained the material, it was about Analytical exposition text. Then The researcher began the class presentation. It aims to catch the students’ interest when learning process taking place. The researcher asked the students to make tenth group. The researcher would gived material about analytical exposition text.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.2.2 Second Meeting
In the second meeting, the researcher opened the class by saying greeting, praying and asking students condition besides, and the researcher asked students
readiness to learn. The students began to focus on the learning process. The researcher showed a video to the students to have students’ more enthusiasts than the first meeting in learning process.
In this meeting, the researchers played the YouTube video of “The Importance of English “and asked students to watch the YouTube video. The researcher asked the students to make an analytical exposition text based on the content of YouTube video. The students made paragraph individually and point out one of the students to read the an analytical exposition text in pront of their frieds.
The researcher and the students would discuss and check the answers.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students’ difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.2.3 Third Meeting
In the third meeting, the researcher opened the class by sayimg greeting, praying and asking students condition besides, and the researcher asked students readiness to learn. The students began to focus on the learning process.
In this meeting, the researcher played the YouTube video of “The Importance of library “and asks the students to watch the YouTube video. The researcher asked the students to made an analytical exposition text based on the YouTube video. The students made paragraph individually and point out one of the
students to read the Analytical Exposition text in front of their friends. The researcher and the students would discuss and check the answers.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students’ difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.2.4 Fourth Meeting
In the fourth meeting, the researcher opened the class by saying greeting, praying and asking students’ condition. The researcher asked students readiness to learn. The students begin to focus on the learning process.
In this meeting, the researcher played the YouTube video of “The Importance of Education “and asked the students to watch the YouTube video. The researcher asked the students to make an analytical exposition text based on the YouTube video. The students would made paragraph individually and point out one of the students to Read the Analytical Exposition text in front of their friends. The researcher and the students discussed and check the answer.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students’ difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.2.5 Fifth Meeting
In the fourth meeting, the researcher opened the class by saying greeting, praying and asking students’ condition. The researcher asked students readiness to learn. The students begin to focus on the learning process.
In this meeting, the researcher played the YouTube video of “The Importance of breakfast “and asked the students to watch the YouTube video. The researcher asked the students to make an analytical exposition text based on the YouTube video. The students would made paragraph individually and point out one of the students to Read the Analytical Exposition text in front of their friends. The researcher and the students discussed and check the answer.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students’ difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.2.6 sixth Meeting
In the fourth meeting, the researcher opened the class by saying greeting, praying and asking students’ condition. The researcher asked students readiness to learn. The students begin to focus on the learning process.
In this meeting, the researcher played the YouTube video of “The Importance of technology “and asked the students to watch the YouTube video. The researcher asked the students to made an analytical exposition text based on the YouTube video. The students will made paragraph individually and point out one of
the students to Read the Analytical Exposition text in front of their friends. The researcher and the students discussed and check the answer.
In the end of the meeting, before closing the class, firstly the researcher asked the students’ difficulties during the teaching and learning process. If it might there are some questions concerning with the materials that asked to the students to evaluate their comprehension of todays’ material. The researcher also given to motive students to always practice their English. Finally the researcher closed the class greeting or Salam.
3.5.3 Post-test
After doing treatment, the researcher gave the post-test to the students to know the improvement of their writing skill in Analytical Exposition Text after applying video. The test that would be given in post-test will be same with the test in pre-test.
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis
There are five components presented in the analytical scoring rubric for writing, for example: content, organization, vocabulary, language use, mechanics.
The researcher uses analytical scoring rubric to analyze the data related to the students’ writing Ability.
3.6.1 Analytical scoring rubric of the students’ writing skill Table 3.2 the Analytical Scoring Rubric45
Score Level Criteria
Content 30-27
Excellent to very good: through development of thesis, relevant to assigned topic, have varieties of topic; the numbers of grammatically true sentences are among piece of paper.
26-22
Good to average: limited development of thesis, mostly relevant to topic but lack detail, the number of grammatically true sentences about a half piece of paper.
21-17
Fair to Poor: little substance, in adequate development of topic,
16-13
Very poor: does not show knowledge of subject, or not enough to evaluate.
Organization 20-18
Excellent to very good: ideas clearly stated, well organized, logical sequencing, cohesive.
17-14
Good to average: loosely organized but main ideas stand out, limited support, logical but incomplete sequencing.
45J.B. Heaton, Writing English Language Tests, Longman Handbook for Language Teachers (London and New)
13-10
Fair to poor: ideas confused or disconnected, lacks logical sequencing and development.
9-7
Very poor: does not communicate, no organization or not enough to evaluate.
Vocabulary 20-18
Excellent to very good: effective word/diction choice and usage, word form mastery, appropriate register.
17-14
Good to average: occasional errors of word/ diction choice and usage but meaning not obscured.
13-10
Fair to poor: frequent errors of word/
diction choice and usage, meaning confused.
9-7
Very poor: essentially translation, little knowledge of English vocabulary, diction, word form, not enough to evaluate.
Language use
25-22
Excellent to very good: few errors of agreement/ tense/ number/ word order/
articles/ pronouns/ preposition.
21-18
Good to average: several errors of agreement/ tense/ number/ word order/
articles/ pronouns/ preposition but meaning seldom obscured.
17-11
Fair to poor: frequent errors of negation/
agreement/ tense/ number/ word order/
articles/ pronouns/ preposition, meaning confused.
10-6
Very poor: dominated by errors, does not communicate or not enough to evaluate.
Mechanics 5
Excellent to very good: demonstrates mastery of conventions, few errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing.
4
Good to average: occasional errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing but meaning not obscured.
3
Fair to poor: frequent errors of spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing, poor handwriting, and meaning confused.
2
Very poor: no mastery of convention, dominated by errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, paragraphing, not enough to evaluate
Total score 1-100
(Data’ source: The Analytical Scoring Rubric)
3.6.2 The classification of students’ score into five levels:
Table 3.3 Classification students’ score
No. Classification Score
1. Very good 86-100
2. Good 71-85
3. Fair 56-70
4. Poor 41-55
5 Very poor ≤ 40
(Dirjen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, 2005:2)46
3.6.3 Scoring the students’ writing of pre-test and post-test.
𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑅𝐸 =𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡′𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝜲 𝟏𝟎𝟎
3.6.3.1 To get the mean of students’ writing score uses the formula:47
𝛸 = ∑𝛸𝘪 𝘯 Where:
Σ : Total of Individual Score X : Mean
n : Number of Cases (students)
46Dirjen Pendidikan dasar dan menengah, Peraturan directorat jendral pendidikan dasar dan menengah tentang:penilaian perkembangan anak didik ( Jakarta: Dep diknas, 2005), p. 2.
47Syofian Siregar, Statistik Parametrik Untuk Penelitian Kuantitatif (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2015), p. 137.
3.6.3.2 To get the class percentage of the students’ score the researcher used the formula:48
𝛸 = 𝘍
𝘕 100%
Where:
P = percentage F = frequency
N = total of number of sample.
3.6.3.3 Finding out the difference of the mean score between pre-test and post-test by calculate the T-test value using the following formula:
𝛸 = 𝐷
√
2 (Ʃ𝐷)₂
𝘕 𝘕 (𝘕‒ 1) 𝐷 T = test of significance
D = the mean score of difference (X1-X2) ΣD = the sum of the total score
ΣD2 = the square of the sum score of difference N = the total sample.49
3.7.7 The formula of questionnaire
48AnasSudijon, PengantarStatistikPendidikan (Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada, 2006), p. 43.
49Gay L.R. Educational Research, Competencies for Analysis and Application second edition, p. 331
3.7.7.1 Calculating the rate percentage of the students’ score to know their interested learning exposition text through thematic progression by using the following formula:
𝑃 = 𝐹
𝑁× 100 % Where:
P : percentage F : frequency
N : total number of sample50
50LR.Gay, Education Research Competencies for Analysis and Application, Second Edition (New York: Charles E.Merrill Publishing Company, 1981), p. 331.
44
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two sections, the section deals with the finding of the research and the discussions of the research. The findings of the research cover the description of the result of data collected through test that can be discussed in the section below.
4.1 Findings
The findings of this research deal with the classification of students’ pre-test and post-test. To find out the answer of the research question in the previous chapter, the researcher gave a test that was given twice. A pre-test was given before treatment to know the students’ writing ability in analytical exposition text before giving them the treatment, while post-test was given after treatment to know the students’ writing ability after giving treatment and the result of the post-test of this research can answer the question of this research that aims to find out youtube video as teaching media that be able to improve the students’ writing ability in analytical exposition text at the second grade students of SMAN 3 Parepare.
4.1.1 Students’ Writing Ability in Analytical Exposition Text of SMAN 3 Parepare This part covers the result of data analysis about students’ writing ability in analytical exposition of SMAN 3 Parepare:
4.1.1.1 The students’ score in pre-test
The pre-test had done before implementation of you tube video. It was conducted on Thursday, July 25th, 2019. The students were assigned to write analytical exposition text. The researcher found out the result of the students’ pre-test based on the scoring rubric of writing analytical exposition text which are content, organization,
45
grammmar, and mechanics, as well as vocabulary before giving treatment through you tube videos which were analyzed and resulted in the information as shown in the following table:
Table 4.1 The Students’ Score in Pre-Test Based on Aspects of Writing No Students
Aspects
Total
C O L V M
1. A1 16 8 7 5 2 38
2. A2 16 9 9 5 2 41
3. A3 16 10 9 5 2 42
4. A4 17 10 9 5 2 43
5. A5 16 7 8 5 2 38
6. A6 17 9 8 7 2 43
7. A7 17 11 10 6 2 46
8. A8 13 8 8 5 2 36
9. A9 17 9 8 5 2 41
10. A10 16 9 9 5 2 41
11. A11 14 8 7 5 2 36
12. A12 14 8 7 5 2 36
13. A13 15 7 8 6 2 36
14. A14 15 7 8 6 2 36
15. A15 15 7 8 6 2 36
16. A16 13 7 7 5 2 34
17. A17 15 10 8 8 2 43
18. A18 17 10 9 9 2 47
19. A19 15 7 7 5 2 36
20. A20 18 10 9 9 2 48
21. A 21 17 11 8 9 2 47
22. A22 18 9 10 8 2 47
Total ∑=891
(Data’ source: the Students’ Score in Pre-Test)
Table 4.1 shows that most of the students’ score in pret-Test based on scoring rubric of writing The table shows that most of the students got 30-50 scores or classified as very poor or poor.
Where :
C : Content O : Organization V : Vocabulary L : Language Use M : Mechanics
After knowing the students’ score in pre-test based on scoring rubric of writing, the following table are students’ score to find out the mean score:
Table 4.2 the students’ score in pre-test based on scoring rubric of writing
No Students
Pre-test of the students (X1) Max
Score
Score (X) X2 Classification
1. A1 100 38 1444 Very poor
2. A2 100 41 1681 Poor
3. A3 100 42 1764 Poor
4. A4 100 43 1849 Poor
5. A5 100 38 1444 Very poor
6. A6 100 43 1849 Poor
7. A7 100 46 2116 Poor
8. A8 100 36 1296 Very poor
9. A9 100 41 1764 Poor
10. A10 100 41 1764 Poor
11. A11 100 36 1296 Very poor
12. A12 100 36 1296 Very poor
13. A13 100 36 1296 Very poor
14. A14 100 36 1296 Very poor
15. A15 100 36 1296 Very poor
16. A16 100 34 1156 Very poor
17. A17 100 43 1849 Poor
18. A18 100 47 2209 Poor
19. A19 100 36 1296 Very Poor
20. A20 100 48 2304 Poor
21. A21 100 47 2209 Poor
22. A22 100 47 2209 Poor
∑=891 ∑X12= 36517 (Data’ source: the Students’ Score in Pre-Test)
Based on the table above, writing score before giving treatment by using “youtube videos” activities, twenty-two students in fair classification, ten students in very poor classification, twelve students in poor, no one student in very good and good classification. Total score in pre-test was 891. It could be seen that almost of the XI IPA2 students’ writing skill was low. Because most of students gained poor score.
The following are the process of calculation to find out the mean score and the standard deviation based on the calculation of students’ score in pre-test of the table 4.2.
Firstly, the researcher calculated the mean score of the pre-test:
M = ∑𝑋𝑥
𝑁
M = 891
22
M = 40,5
So, the mean score (Xx) of pre-test 40,5.
Based on the result of the pretest, the data showed that the mean score of pretest was 40,5. From that analyzing, it could be seen that almost of the all of the students’
writing ability was still low because most of students gained poor score.
Secondly, the researcher calculated the standard deviation of the pre-test:
𝑆𝐷 =√∑ 𝑋𝑥2− (∑ 𝑋 𝑥)2 𝑁 𝑁 − 1
𝑆𝐷 =√36517 − 8912 22 22 − 1
𝑆𝐷 = √36517−
793881 22
21
𝑆𝐷 = √36517 − 36085,5 21
𝑆𝐷 = √431,5 21
𝑆𝐷 = √20,55 𝑆𝐷 = 4,53
So, the result of the standard deviation of the pre-test is 4,53.
After determining the mean score (X1) of pre-test was 40,5 and standard deviation (SD) of the post-test was 4,53, it could be seen that the students’ writing ability were in a poor category.
4.1.1.2 The students’ score in post-test
Meanwhile, the students’ score on post-test would be presented in the following table:
Table 4.3 the Students’ Score in Post-Test Based on Aspects of Writing No Students
Aspects
Total
C O L V M
1. A1 25 19 17 10 4 75
2. A2 22 17 17 11 4 71
3. A3 23 19 17 10 4 73
4. A4 24 17 17 11 4 73
5. A5 23 17 17 10 4 71
6. A6 23 17 17 15 4 76
7. A7 22 17 17 13 4 73
8. A8 22 17 16 15 4 74
9. A9 23 19 17 10 4 73
10. A10 21 17 17 17 4 77
11. A11 22 17 17 15 4 75
12. A12 23 17 17 16 4 77
13. A13 25 19 16 11 4 75
14. A14 21 20 15 12 4 75
15. A15 25 18 16 20 3 82
16. A16 23 17 17 15 4 76
17. A17 22 16 17 15 4 74
18. A18 24 17 17 15 4 77
19. A19 25 19 16 20 3 83
20. A20 24 17 17 19 4 81
21. A21 21 17 17 11 4 70
22. A22 23 17 17 10 4 72
Total ∑=1653
(Data’ source: the Students’ Score in Post-Test)
Table 4.2 shows that most of the students’ score in post-Test based on scoring rubric of writing The table shows that most of the students got 70-90 scores or classified as good .
Where :
C : Content O : Organization V : Vocabulary L : Language Use M : Mechanics
After knowing the students’ score in post-test based on scoring rubric of writing, the following table are students’ score to find out the mean score:
Table 4.4 the Students’ Score in Post-Test No Students
Post-test of the students (X2)
Max Score Score (X2) X2 Classification
1 A1 100 75 5625 Good
2 A2 100 71 5041 Good
3 A3 100 73 5329 Good
4 A4 100 73 5329 Good
5 A5 100 71 5041 Good
6 A6 100 76 5776 Good
7 A7 100 73 5329 Good
8 A8 100 74 5476 Good
9 A9 100 73 5329 Good
10 A10 100 77 5929 Good
11 A11 100 75 5625 Good
12 A12 100 77 5929 Good
13 A13 100 75 5625 Good
14 A14 100 75 5625 Good
15 A15 100 82 6725 Good
16 A16 100 76 5776 Good
17 A17 100 74 5476 Good
18 A18 100 77 5929 Good
19 A19 100 83 6889 Good
20 A20 100 81 6561 Good
21 A21 100 70 4900 Good
22 A22 100 72 5184 Good
∑=1653 ∑X22= 124447 (Data’ source: the Students’ Score in Post-Test)
The table above showed that there was an improvement of students’ score after giving treatment by using “you tube videos” activities, nineteen students in good classification, three students in very good classification, and no one student in poor and very poor classification. It means that the students writing ability has improved by using “you tube videos” in analytical exposition text significantly. The total score in post-test is 1653. It proved that there were increasing of students’ score in post- test.
M = ∑𝑋𝑥
𝑁
M = 1653
22
M = 75,14
So, the mean score (X2) of post-test is 75,14
Based on the result of the posttest, the data showed that the mean score of post-test was 75,14. From that analyzing, it could be seen tha the 21 students’ writing ability was good because there was an improvement of students’ score Twenty-one students in good classification, no one students in fair classification, student in poor, very poor, and very good classification.
The second, to get the standard deviation of the post-test, used formula:
𝑆𝐷 =√∑ 𝑋𝑦2− (∑ 𝑋 𝑦)2 𝑁 𝑁 − 1
𝑆𝐷 =√124447 − 16532 22 22 − 1
𝑆𝐷 =√124447 −
2732409 22 21
𝑆𝐷 = √124447 − 124200,41 21
𝑆𝐷 = √246,59 21 𝑆𝐷 = √11,74
𝑆𝐷 = 3,43
So, the SD of the post-test is 3,43.
After determining the mean score (X2) of post-test was 75,14, and standard deviation (SD) of the post-test was 3,43, it could be seen that the students’ writing skill were in a good category.
4.1.1.3 The result of the pre-test and post-test
The result of the pre-test and post-test showing in the following table.
Table 4.5 the Mean Score and Standard Deviation of the Pre-Test and Post-Test
Test Mean Score Standard Deviation (SD)
Pre-test 40.5 4.53
Post-test 75.14 3.43
(Data’ source: the mean score and standard deviation of the pre-test and post-test) The data in table 4.5 indicates that there was an improvement while doing pre-test up to post-test. In pre-test had score 40.5 and the post-test score increased become 75.14.
The standard deviation of pre-test was 4.53 while the standard deviation of the post- test was 3,43.
As the result, the mean score of the post-test was greater than the mean score in pre- test. It meant that the students’ writing skills had improvement after doing the learning process that used in the class.
4.1.1.4 The rate percentage of the frequency of the pre-test and post-test
The following table shows the percentage of the frequency in pre-test and post-test.