July 1-15

36

Table

C - 1 .

(continued) August 1-15

Direction

September

1-15

0-30 16.3

31-60 12.8

61-90 33.7

91-120 8 . 1

121-150 4.7

151-180 10.5

181-210 4.7

211-240 4.7

241-270 2.3

2'71-300

0 . C

301-330

1 . 2

331-359

1 . 2

Table C - 1 . (continued) September 16-30

Direction 1961 1962

1963

1964

1965

1966 1967 1968

October

1-15

Table C-1. (continued) November 1-15

Direction 1961

December 1-15

Table

C - 1 .

(continued) December 16-31

Direction 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968

0-30 8.5 10.4 9.6

0.0

7.5 5.3 2 . 2 14.3

31-60 2 2 . 1 3 . 2

0.0 0.0

4.3 5.4 1 2 . 1

61-90 4.3 6.3

1.1 0.0

5 . 3 5.3

0.0

12.1

91-120

0.0

3 . 1

1.1 0 . 0

5.3 9.6

1.1

6:6

121-150 4.3 3 . 1 2 . 1 3.5 19.2 11.7 2.2 7.7

151-180 'i.4 5 . 2

^{1 .}

8 . 2 6.4 20.2 6.5 4.4

181-210 14.9 6 . 3 9.6 15.3 5.3 2

8.6

5.5

211-240 26.6 1 2 17.0 2 2 4.3 5.3 8.6 6.6

241-rjO 21.3 20.8 24.5 24.7 16.0 3 . 2 2 5.5

271-300 6 . 4 15.6 13.8 29.4 16.0 3 . 2 22.6 8.8

301-330 2 . 1 8 . 3 14.9 8 . 2 10.6 7.5 10.8 13.2

331-359 2.1 6.3 2.1 1 . 2 4.3 3.2 10.8 3.3

,--.

(U."

"Z

rlW

.

I

"2

?

C;

- a?" NZ - ?" "5 - C-" Ne

?

C;

- 9"

N 0

- - '?' "

10

-

?? "-' - 5":

me

- C-t

m 3 m rl

-

mm

.

I N 0

- ^5":

^NO

^- - ?t

N rl

- - I":

N ri

- - "":

ri 0

- ^{,--. v'": ri2} -

I?: ri 0

- - N. ":

N 0

- ^{O? ":}

^{N rl}

- - I ":

N 0

- - ? ":

N 0

- - 09":

ri 0

-

^{t- w m ri}

Table C-3. Average semi-monthly maximum temperatures (numbers in parentheses are range) at Kure Atoll, 1961-68.

F IU

January Februau March April May June

- - - - -

A

~-r

" 2

I-r

-

w 4)

"43 wq,

cum iDf cok COZ CU C- a, 0 rl 0 w r(

"q, "?@?

?C;

"'q, ?@? Iq,

(U.?

Cc=Y

cow mm m m \DO 30 con mc-

L-b t-.b-

t-2

l-\&

t-b r-b

C-& t-a-

m w m m m 03 m

Y@?

".@? a?@?

yy "9@? ??j ?@? "9'

mo 00. rlC- ow mcu om w f CU C-b "3: cok cob

Ck

cob co& coz

w n 0

t;

o

m

I?'

0 0

n w 1-1 m

.

I rl t-

CO - - - - - - -

0 m 01 w CO m 3 \\0 rl

. ?q, 19

a?@? %@?

?@? ?OF) Y?'

cum u\+ cu~ am om rim mo 4- cob cob cob cos cob cob 03% cob

- - - - - - -

'm 5 w 'a m t- m m m

"'q, "q, Clq, "'q, tq, -!? ?? ??'

wo mi^ cuw ma mu, wo cut- rlh corn cob

crib

corn

Table C-4. Average semi-monthly minimum temperatures (numbers in parentheses are range) at Kure Atoll, 1961-68.

_f

January February March April May June

Table C-4. (continued)

J u l y

August September October

73.3 70.7 (64-76) (62-74)

November December

Table

C-5.

Semi-monthly r a i n f a l l ( i n i n c h e s ) a t Midway A t o l l , 1963-68.

J a n u a r y February March A p r i l May J u n e

1963

3 . 2

3.5 1.5

^{1 . 7 3 . 9}

9.3

2 . 8 0 . 5

1 . 4

0.1 0.1

1 . 4

1964 1 . 2 3 . 5

1 . 8

0 . 5

6.8

2.4

1.9

0 . 2 3 . 0 0.1 1 . 3

0.9

J u l y August September October November December

1963 1.3 5.3 3.7 0.3

0.4 2.7

3.8

2 . 4 9 . 2

1.7 1 . 6 0.4

SCIENTIFIC VISITS B i o l o g i c a l Surveys

Kure A t o l l r e c e i v e d minimal a t t e n t i o n from b i o l o g i s t s p r i o r t o POBSP s t u d i e s . I n t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h i s c e n t u r y o n l y two d e t a i l e d s u r v e y s were made--one i n

1915

and a n o t h e r i n 1923.

On 28 March

1915

L t .

W.B.

Munter o f t h e Coast Guard C u t t e r T h e t i s s p e n t about

5

h o u r s on Green I s l a n d . He r e c o r d e d

9

a v i a n and 2 mammalian e p e c i e s . From 16 t o 22 A p r i l 1923 t h e Tanager E x p e d i t i o n , a j o i n t v e n t u r e of t h e Bureau of B i o l o g i c a l Survey of t h e U.S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e and t h e B e r n i c e P. Bishop Museum, v i s i t e d t h e a t o l l . Led by D r . Alexander Wetmore, t h e e x p e d i t i o n c o l l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of most b i o l o g i c a l

groups. Most of t h e d a t a e x c e p t b i r d o b s e r v a t i o n s were s u b s e q u e n t l y pub- l i s h e d . D r . Wetmore k i n d l y permitted me t o u t i l i z e h i s b i r d o b s e r v a t i o n s and p u b l i s h t h o s e r e c o r d s h e r e . Ten a d d i t i o n a l a v i a n s p e c i e s were added t o t h e Kure c h e c k l i s t .

A n e a r l i e r e x p e d i t i o n s e n t t o t h e Northwestern Hawaiian I s l a n d s by t h e U.S. Bureau of B i o l o g i c a l Survey was unable t o l a n d a t Kure when it v i s i t e d t h e a t o l l on

18

September 1918.

However, L t . John T . Diggs of t h e U.S.S. Hermes r e p o r t e d

5

a v i a n s p e c i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e f i r s t White Tern, f l y i n g around t h e s h i p .

I t was n o t u n t i l 34 y e a r s a f t e r t h e Tanager E x p e d i t i o n t h a t t h e a t o l l was a g a i n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y surveyed. On

5

^{J u n e}

1957 K a r l W . Kenyon and Dale W . Rice of t h e United S t a t e s F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e ( t h e s u c c e s s o r t o t h e Bureau of B i o l o g i c a l Survey) s p e n t a b o u t

9

h o u r s a s h o r e and made de- t a i l e d b i r d and s e a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . One y e a r l a t e r , on

9

May, Rice a g a i n v i s i t e d t h e a t o l l , but r e s t r i c t e d h i s a c t i v i t i e s t o t h e beach. These men a l s o made a e r i a l s u r v e y s on

9

and 2 1 December

1956;

1 2 February,

1 4

May,

18

December 1957; and

14

A p r i l , 2 May, and 28 J u n e

1958.

No new a v i a n s p e c i e s were r e c o r d e d .

The n e x t t o l a s t v i s i t p r i o r t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e L O M s t a t i o n was

3

t o

8

October

1959.

Chandler S . Robbins, Thomas C . Horn, Horace F. Clay, and a team o f Navy p e r s o n n e l l a n d e d on Green I s l a n d t o improve t h e h a b i t a t f o r b r e e d i n g a l b a t r o s s . A s e r i e s of

18

t r a i l s c o n n e c t i n g t h e open c e n t r a l p l a i n w i t h t h e beach was b u l l d o z e d . During t h i s p e r i o d Clay c o l l e c t e d v a s c u l a r p l a n t s and Robbins e s t i m a t e d b i r d p o p u l a t i o n s . T h i s was t h e f i r s t of s i x t r i p s t h a t Robbins, of t h e United

S t a t e s F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , made t o Kure p r i o r t o POBSP s t u d i e s . During each s t a y he e s t i m a t e d a v i a n p o p u l a t i o n s and banded a t o t a l of 3,445 b i r d s ( ~ o b b i n s , 1 9 6 6 ) . Three a d d i t i o n a l a v i a n s p e c i e s were r e c o r d e d d u r i n g t h e s e v i s i t s .

James Hunt, a member of t h e United S t a t e s Coast Guard, banded 400 b i r d s of

5

s p e c i e s i n A p r i l and May 1961. He made no s y s t e m a t i c o b s e r v a t i o n s .

The o n l y o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y p r i o r t o t h e POBSP surveys was from 1 2 t o

14

September 1961 when t h e Harold J . Coolidge e x p e d i t i o n v i s i t e d Kure. P l a n t s and i n s e c t s were c o l l e c t e d and l i m i t e d b i r d o b s e r v a t i o n s were made.

I n t h e w i n t e r and s p r i n g of 1963 POBSP p e r s o n n e l v i s i t e d t h e a t o l l f o u r t i m e s b u t made s y s t e m a t i c b i r d o b s e r v a t i o n s on o n l y one v i s i t . F u l l t i m e POBSP o p e r a t i o n s began on

13

September

1963

and continued u n t i l

19

August 1965. Extended s u r v e y s were a l s o made from 17 A p r i l t o

6

October 1966,

4

May t o

9

J u l y 1967, and 2b May

1968

t o 20 J u n e

1969.

Robbins surveyed t h e a t o l l i n February

1966

and 1967 when POBSP p e r s o n n e l were n o t p r e s e n t . H i s o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e l i s t e d under POBSP r e c o r d s .

During POBSP s t u d i e s emphasis was p l a c e d on d e t e r m i n i n g what a v i a n s p e c i e s occurred, when t h e y o c c u r r e d , i n what number, i f and when t h e y bred, and on s t u d y i n g t h e d e t a i l e d b r e e d i n g b i o l o g y of s e l e c t e d s p e c i e s . To f a c i l i t a t e t h i s work, 60,282 b i r d s were i n d i v i d u a l l y marked w i t h numbered aluminum bands, t h u s a l l o w i n g us t o f o l l o w t h e l i f e h i s t o r y of i n d i v i d u a l s and t r a c e t h e i r movements. It i s t h i s work t h a t forms t h e major p o r t i o n of t h i s p a p e r . L e s s e r emphasis was p l a c e d on s t u d y i n g mammals and p l a n t s .

Table BS-1 l i s t s major b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s of Kure, Table BS-2 l i s t s minor b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s , and T a b l e s BS-3 and

4

l i s t t h e POBSP s u r v e y team.

Other S c i e n t i f i c V i s i t s

Hydrographic s u r v e y s were made by t h e U.S.S. Lackawanna i n

1867,

t h e U.S.S. Tanager i n 1924, and t h e U.S.S. O g l a l a i n

1936.

These t r i p s were d i s c u s s e d i n t h e H i s t o r y S e c t i o n . The Lackawanna s u r v e y produced Hydrographic O f f i c e C h a r t

4

which showed Green I s l a n d i n c o r r e c t l y a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y r e c t a n g u l a r i n shape. The l a t t e r two s u r v e y s c o r r e c t e d t h i s m i s t a k e a s shown i n t h e r e c e n t United S t a t e s Coast and G e o d e t i c Survey C h a r t 4177.

Geodetic markers were e s t a b l i s h e d on Green I s l a n d i n June:

October, November

1959

and d u r i n g

1961

by t h e United S t a t e s Hydrographic O f f i c e , United S t a t e s Coast and Geodetic Survey, and t h e Army Map S e r v i c e . I have no d e t a i l s of t h e s e v i s i t s . A s t u d y o f t h e marine geology of t h e a t o l l was conducted by T.S. Chamberlain, M.G. Gross, G.V. K e l l e r , and J . I . Tracey, J r . , from 29 August t o

7

September

1965.

R e s u l t s of t h i s work were p u b l i s h e d by Gross,

&.

(1969) and K e l l e r ( 1 9 6 9 ) . Thomas F. Dana r e p o r t e d on t h e c o r a l s of Kure [Dana ( 1 9 7 1 ) ] a s a r e s u l t of h i s work a t t h e a t o l l w i t h S c r i p p s I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography

i n September

1968

and w i t h t h e POBSP i n 1969.

I n t r o d u c t i o n

P r i o r t o POBSP s t u d i e s t w e n t y - s i x a v i a n s p e c i e s were r e - corded from Kure A t o l l t h r o u g h t h e combined e f f o r t s of Munter (1915), Wetmore ( m s . ) , Kenyon and Rice ( 1 9 5 8 ) , and Robbins ( 1 9 6 6 ) . These o b s e r v e r s r e c o r d e d f o u r t e e n of t h e f i f t e e n b r e e d i n g s p e c i e s , a l l s i x of t h e common non-breeding s p e c i e s , and s i x r a r e o r

a c c i d e n t a l s p e c i e s . The POBSP recorded an a d d i t i o n a l f o r t y s p e c i e s and one h y b r i d ; a l l b u t one, t h e S o o t y Storm P e t r e l ,

Table BS-1. Major b i o l o g i c a l surveys of Kure A t o l l .

Date of Survey Personnel Resultant P u b l i c a t i o n s and Manuscripts

1915

March 28 1923 A p r i l 16-22

1958

May

9

1959 October 3-8

1960 March 28

1961 January 19-21

T h e t i s :

L t . W.H. Munter

Edward L. Caum David T. Fullaway Chapman Grant D i t l e v Thaanum USFWS:

*

Karl W . Kenyon Dale W .

ice

Dale W . Rice, USFWS

Chandler S. Robbine, USFWS Horace F. Clay, University

of Hawaii

Thomas C. Horn, USFWS Chandler S. Robbins, USFWS Cdr. Edward P. Wilson, U.S.

Navy

Chandler S. Robbins, USFWS Cdr. Edward P. Wilson, U.S.

Navy

Munter

(1915),

P i l s b u r y (1917).

Bryan, e t a l . (1926), Christophersen and Caum ( 1 9 3 1 r ~dmondson

- -

e t a l . (1925), Fowler and B a l l (1925), Wetmore (1925, ms.).

Kenyon and Rice

(1958, 1959),

Kenyon (ms.), Rice (1960a), Rice and Kenyon (1962).

Kenyon (ms .), Rice and Kenyon (1962), Rice (1960a, b, pers. c o r r . ) .

Clay (1960), Robbins (1966).

Robbins (1966).

Robbins (1966).

T a b l e BS-1. ( c o n t i n u e d )

Date of Survey P e r s o n n e l R e c u l t a n t P u b l i c a t i o n s and Manuscripts U1 o

1 9 6 1 September 12-14 Harold S . Coolidge Expedi- B u l t e r and Usinger (1963), Lamoureux (1961), t ion :

-

Udvardy (1961), Udvardy and Warner ( 1 9 6 4 ) .

George D . B u l t e r , Jr., U n i - v e r s i t y of Arizona

Edward C. J e s t e s , U n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii

C h a r l e s H. Lamoureux, Uni- v e r s i t y of Hawaii

A . S t a r k e r Leopold, U n i - v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a Miklos D.F. Udvardy, TJniver-

s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia William Usinger, U n i v e r s i t y

of C a l i f o r n i a

Martin J . Vitousek, Univer- s i t y of Hawaii

Ronald L. Walker, 3 a w a i i F i s h and Game

Richard E . Warner, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a

David Woodside, riawaii F i s h and Game

1962 February

2-4

USFWS:

-

Chandler S . Robbins Robbins (1966)

P a u l A . S t e w a r t

August

6-8

Chandler S. Robbine, USFWS Robbins (1966)

Table BS-1. ( c o n t i n u e d )

Date of Survey P e r s o n n e l R e s u l t a n t P u b l i c a t i o n s and Manuscripts

1963 February

3-7

USFWS:

Chandler S . Robbins John Waters

May 8-10

-

POBSP:"

Robert W . McFarlane Fred C . S i b l e y

1963

^September

¹³

t o Various POBS? p e r s o n n e l

1965

~ u g u s t

19

November 1 2 t o =:

December

16

T. James Lewis

1966

January

16-18 m:

T. James Lewis Max C . Thompson

February 6-10 Chandler S . Robbins, USFWS Norman E . I-lolgersen

A p r i l

17

t o Various POBSP personnel October

6

December 3 0 t o POBSP:

1967 J a n u a r y

5

Lawrence N . Huber T. James Lewis

Robbins ( 1 9 6 6 ) .

T h i s p a p e r .

Amerson (1968), Clapp and Woodward (1968), F l e e t (ms.), K e p l e r (1957,

1969),

Maa ( 6 8 S i b l e y and McFarlane (1968), S t e e l e (1967), Tsuda (1956), Wirtz (1908, ms.

),

t h i s p a p e r .

This p a p e r .

T h i s p a p e r .

Robbins (ms. ), t h i s p a p e r . T h i s p a p e r .

This p a p e r .

Table BS-2. Minor b i o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s of Kure A t o l l .

Date of Survey P e r s o n n e l Nature of Survey R e s u l t a n t P u b l i c a t i o n s and Manuscripts

1918

September

18

USS Hermes O f f s h o r e observa- RG

45,

N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s Report of Com- L t . John T. Diggs t i o n s manding O f f i c e r USS Hermes t o Commandant

1 4 t h Naval D i s t .

1956

December

9

USFWS* A e r i a l A l d r i c h

-

e t

-

a l . (me.), Kenyon and Rice ( 1 9 5 9 ) .

December 2 1 USFWS A e r i a l Kenyon and Rice (1958,

1959),

Kenyon ( m s . ) .

1957 February 1 2 USFWS A e r i a l Kenyon and Rice (1959), Kenyon (ms . ) .

May

14

US FWS A e r i a l Kenyon and Rice (1959), Kenyon ( m s . ) .

December

18

USFWS A e r i a l Rice (1960b), Kenyon (ms.)

1958

A p r i l 14 USFWS A e r i a l Rice (1960b), Kenyon ( m s . ) .

May 2 USFWS A e r i a l Rice (1960b), Kenyon (ms

. ⁾ .

J u n e 28 USFWS A e r i a l Rice (1960b), Kenyon (ms.)

1959

September 26-28 Chandler S. Robbins, Offshore observa- Robbins ( m s . ) .

USFWS t i o n s

1960 March 25 Chandler S. Robbins, A e r i a l Robbins (me. )

.

USFWS

1963

J a n u a r y 17 Chandler S. Robbins, Banded Black- Robbins ( m s . ) , t h i s paper.

USFWS f o o t e d a l b a t r o s s

*

United S t a t e s F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e

Table BS-2. (continued)

wl

Date of Survey Personnel Nature of Survey Resultant Publications and Manuscripts

^C

1963 January 27