The Level of Parasitic Infestation of Caligus sp. in Grouper Transported from
purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of the infection of Caligus s.p., parasite in Grouper from October to December 2016.
Materials and Method
The research was conducted for three months from October to December 2016 located in Konawe Regency, Kendari. Data were collected by interviewing and field observation and then laboratory examination.
Interview Method
Interview method is a way of collecting data used to obtain information directly from the source.
Interviews have been acknowledged as an important data collection and information technique in the development of information systems. An interview is a direct conversation with specific goals using a planned question and answer format.
Field observation and sampling
Observation is a data collection tool that is done by observing and recording systematically the observed symptoms of fish behavior at the time of swimming. Samples of fish taken for examination are fish in living conditions or in near-death condition so it is still feasible for laboratory examination.
Samples of fish were taken randomly, but the sick fish were preferred or have pathological abnormalities, which will then be done by laboratory examination.
Method of Parasite Examination
Fish samples were examined by 2 parts namely external and internal part, where the first examination started from the external part and then continued to the internal organs.
External Examination
1. Examined the abnormality of each targeted organ before surgery.
2. Begin examination of test samples on skin organs, fins, tails, anus, gills, eyes, and nose whether visible parasites and other abnormalities (such as lesions, ulcers or ulcers, haemorrhagic on the skin, cysts).
3. Take the target organ mucus, place it on the glass object contained sterile water then cover with a glass cover for under the microscope.
4. Identify parasites by matching observations under a microscope with the morphology of parasitic species.
5. Calculate the intensity of the parasite found on each target organ.
Internal Audit
Put the test sample with the right side facing upward, then cut the posterior portion of the inner cavity carefully not too deep when cutting, starting from the bottom in front of the curved anus following the spinal direction until before the pectoral fin.
Once open observe abnormal symptoms that occur on the target internal organs (liver, anus, stomach, kidney, limpha) by looking at changes in shape and color.
Cut with target organ using scissors work carefully to avoid damage and place on petri disk, take target organ slime and located on glass object sterile water then cover with cover glass to be under microscope by using enlargement 4 x 10,10 x 10.
Identify the parasites found by matching observations under a microscope with the identification books used. Calculate the intensity of the parasite found on each target organ.
Method of Analysis
The examination result of the test sample was analyzed descriptively by using the following calculation;
Prevalence
Intensity
Results and Discussion Results
Based on data analysis the number of prevalence obtained at the laboratory examination and the amount of intensity of the infecting parasite, total Prevalence and Intensity of Calas sp Parasites in October - December 2016 are presented in the following tables and graph:
Table 1.Total prevalence of Calas sp parasites in October-Desember 2016
Exporter October November December
Ir. Ramlan 0 9,5 10
M. Fuadzin 0 10,3 12,5
Hengky 0 50 7,7
PT. Global 0 100 5,9
CV. Rudiana 14,2 18,1 5,9
Table 2.Total intensity of Calas sp parasites in October-Desember 2016
Exporter October November December
Ir. Ramlan 0 13,5 12,5
M. Fuadzin 0 8,3 10
Hengky 0 2,3 14
PT. Global 0 3 7
CV. Rudiana 1,5 7 8
P October November December
Prevalence 3,174603 17,3913 8,791209
Intensities 1,5 6,583333 10,5
Figure 1. Total prevalence and intensity of Calas sp parasites in October-Desember 2016
Discussion Grouper Taxonomy
Grouper has 15 genera consisting of 159 species. Groupers belong to the Serranidae family,Epinephelinea subfamily, commonly known as groupers, rockcods, hinds, and seabasses. Grouper fish found in Indo-Pacific waters as many as 110 species and the waters of the Philippines and Indonesia
as many as 46 species are included in 7 genera Aethaloperca, Anyperodon, Cephalopholis, Cromileptes, Epinephelus, Plectropomus, and Variola (Marsambuana and Utojo, 2001).
The classification of groupers is as follows:
Klas: Pisces
Subkla: Teleostei
Order: Percomorphi
Sub Order: Percoidea
Division: Perciformis Family: Serranidea
Sub families: Epinephelinea Genus: Epinephelus
Species: Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) has beneficial properties to be cultivated due to its rapid growth and mass production, and the market demand for groupers is increasing. because of the changing consumer appetite of dead or frozen fish to live fish, thus encouraging the community to meet the demand of grouper fish market.
Grouper Morphology
The characteristics of grouper morphology are as follows (Wardana, 1994):
- The body shape is flat, ie the body width is smaller than the length and height of the body.
- Upper and lower jaws are equipped with pointed and strong teeth.
- Wide mouth, upward with the lower lip slightly protrudingupper lip.
- Round tail fin, single and elongated dorsal fin wherethe hard-fingered part is more or less the same as the soft fingers.
- The position of the abdominal fin is under the pectoral fin.
- Body covered with small fins are scaled stenoid.
Spreading and Habitat
According to Weber and Beaufort (1931), Indonesian waters, the population of the Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Pulau Baru and Ambon are quite large. Juvenile grouper usually inhabit coastal coral waters with a depth of 0.5 - 3 m, and move to deeper waters when reaching adult stage, ie at a depth of 7 - 40 meters. Usually this move takes place in the afternoon. Eggs and grouper larvae are pelagic (located in the water column). When the grouper reach juvenile stage, they become demersal and settle in the bottom of the pond when they mature (Tampubolon and Mulyadi, 1989).
Disease
Fish diseases may be defined as anything that causes a disruption of a function or structure of the body/partial body apparatus, either directly or indirectly caused by the occurrence of irregularities or anatomical abnormalities, the physiology of the body organs and the chemistry of bodily fluids or functions undergoing a change from normal conditions due to internal causes (external) and outside (external).
Fish disease in general is still a constraint that can cause decreased or loss of production and result in economic losses. Because the disease can cause stunt, longer maintenance period, high feed conversion, low density of stocking and death (Ghufran, 2004). In principle, the disease that attacks the fish does not just come, but through the process of relationship between three factors, namely environmental conditions (conditions in the water), host conditions (fish) and the presence of pathogenic bodies (disease). Thus the onset of the disease is an unsuitable interaction between the environment, the fish and the body / disease organism (Handayani, 2005).
Fish diseases can be caused by abiotic factors and biotic factors. Disease by abiotic factors is a disease caused due to decreased water quality, food poisoning and certain vitamin deficiencies in the diet.
While the disease by biotic factors is a disease caused by pathogenic organisms both parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses (Report Monitoring Disease Pest and Disease Map 2014).
Diseases caused by Parasites
Parasites are one of the factors that cause failure in the fisheries sector. Parasites usually attack more farmed fish than fish in the wild, it is because fish culture has a higher density. Parasites are defined as living organisms by extracting food from host organisms so that in general parasites can not live outside the host for long periods (Prayitno, 1996). The statement is in accordance with the opinion of Chong and Chao (1986) that the parasite is an organism that lives in or on the living organism and does not provide benefits to its host.
Agnes et al, (1995) stated that the parasite in fish viewed from the place of life on the fish body is divided into parasites that are ectoparasites and endoparasites. Ectoparasites are parasites that attack the skin, fins and gills. While the endoparasit is a parasite that attacks or lives in the intestines, kidneys, liver, muscles, flesh, brain. Parasites that cause disease in fish consist of parasite groups of animals (zooparasite), fungi or mold (fungi) and groups of algae (algae).
The types of ectoparasites that attack fish include: Argulus sp, Lernea sp, Ergasilus sp, Trichodina sp, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Costia sp, Myxosporidia sp, Dactylogyrus sp and Gyrodactylus sp, including Caligus sp. While the types of endoparasites that attack fish include: Pleistophora sp, Nosema sp, Glugea sp, Coccidia (Eimiria sp, Goussia sp), Telohania sp, Henneguya sp, Perkinsus sp, Myxobolus sp, Hexamita sp, Cryptobia (fish blood parasite) -type of the Acanthocephala Nematodes and the types of Crustacean classes (Dana and Alifuddin, 1995).
In principle, the disease that attacks the fish does not just come, but through the process of relationship between three factors, namely environmental conditions (conditions in the water), host conditions (fish) and the presence of pathogenic bodies (disease). Thus the onset of the disease is an unsuitable interaction between the environment, the fish and the body / disease organism (Handayani, 2005).
Caligus sp Classification ; Phylum: Arthopoda
Class: Crustaceans Order: Copepode
Subordo: Siphonostomatoida Family: Caligidae
Genus: Caligus
Species: Caligus sp Morphology
The length and width of the cephalotorax are the same, having a back shield as a cover 1.5 - 50 mm long, free swimming, multiply by way of spawning organs. The target organ is the Gills.
Figure 1. Caligus sp
Prevalence
From the Prevalence graph above shows that from October obtained prevalence or percentage of attack of Caligus sp parasite is 3.17%, whereas in November increased 17.39% while in December dropped to 10.5%. This shows that the percentage of fish infected with parasites Caligus sp was lower in December compared with November, this parasite was generally found in the gills, it is possible because groupers live in vast ocean waters so density is not too high, besides that these parasites live ectoparasit means living outside the fish host and not too dangerous for grouper life. This is evidenced by groupers sent live through Haluoleo Airport, Southeast Sulawesi, there is no death to reach the destination.
According to the fish farmers, they get grouper from fishermen around the waters of Southeast Sulawesi where, the waters of Southeast Sulawesi are still free from harmful Quarantine Fish Disease pest. In accordance with the statement (Handayani, 2005) the onset of the disease is an unsuitable interaction between the environment, fish and the body / organism of the disease.
Intensity
From the graph above shows that in October the number of parasites Caligus sp infecting groupers in averages was 1.5 parasites while in November was 6.58 parasites Caligus s.p that infected groupers and in December was 8.79 this intensity is still small and not including harm to fish because fish can still freely breathe freely although parasites does not provide benefits for the fish as its host. Besides, given the vast fish life in the waters and the condition of the free waters with the disease so it is still possible to survive, so also the number of population density is still low so competition in terms of food and oxygen competition is not there.
Conclusions
Southeast Sulawesi is a potential area because it has abundant fish resources, and grouper is an important economic fish. Therefore, it should be maintained and protected for the prosperity of people and specifically in Southeast Sulawesi. Since the waters of Southeast Sulawesi are still free from diseases that are harmful, it needs to be prevented and the outbreak of the disease it is the responsibility for all of us as fishing communities, stakeholders and fisheries and government entrepreneurs.
With the prevalence and intensity of infection of Caligus s.p parasite found in Grouper fish is still low, but we remain alert to the entry and spread of pests in the region of Southeast Sulawesi for the welfare and prosperity of the people can still be enjoyed by the community. It is recommended that it is necessary for fish businessmen in Southeast Sulawesi to coordinate and cooperate with related institutions especially quarantine officers for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases andfor fisheries entrepreneurs to use certified seeds in order to avoid spread of diseases originating from the broodstock or seed region.
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