List three factors that discourage blood clot formation.
1.
2.
3.
170 Chapter 13 Blood
Puzzle It Out:
Blood Clotting
Complete the following crossword puzzle to strengthen your knowledge of key concepts in blood clotting.
ACROSS
3. Rare disorder resulting from a deficiency of one of the clotting factors
5. Term for blood clotting 7. Another name for platelets 8. Stopping bleeding
10. A rough spot inside a blood vessel makes platelets become this
DOWN
1. Process of breaking up a blood clot
2. Adequate blood level of this mineral is required for clotting
4. A mass of platelets that forms a temporary seal on a vessel wall is called a platelet . 5. Fibers that are exposed when a vessel is injured 6. When a piece of a clot breaks off and circulates
through the bloodstream
7. Unwanted blood clot inside a vessel
9. The first thing a blood vessel does when cut.
11. Vitamin necessary for clotting
Fill in the Gaps:
Blood Types
Fill in the blanks to complete each of the following sentences. Choose from the words listed in the Word Bank.
(Hint: Not all the words will be used; also, words may be used more than once.)
AGGLUTINATION ANTIBODIES
ANTIGEN
HEMOLYSIS NEGATIVE
PLASMA
POSITIVE RED BLOOD CELLS
A
B O AB
1. Each red blood cell carries a protein called an , of which there are two types (A and B).
2. Plasma carries against the of the other blood types.
3. A transfusion reaction occurs when the antibodies of one blood type attack the cells of the other blood type, causing the cells to clump together; the process of producing large clumps of cells is called
.
4. During a reaction, red blood cells may burst; this is called .
5. Blood type is sometimes called the universal donor, although the term is not completely accurate. Reactions usually don’t occur because only the are being transfused.
6. Blood type is sometimes called the universal recipient, although this is not completely accurate either.
7. Many people also carry another antigen, called the Rh antigen; when this is the case, they are said to have
Rh- blood.
172 Chapter 13 Blood
Drawing Conclusions:
Rh Factor
Improve your understanding of what happens when a woman with Rh-negative blood becomes pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus by doing the following:
● First, highlight the correct word or phrase in the sentences underneath each of the following illustrations.
● Next, illustrate what is occurring by inserting symbols for Rh-negative blood, Rh-positive blood, and anti-Rh antibodies. Use arrows to indicate the movement of the blood and antibodies. Finally, draw any reaction that may occur.
A.The first pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus is (normal)(complicated).
B.During delivery, or miscarriage, the fetus’ blood often (separates from)(mixes with) that of the mother, thus introducing (Rh antibodies)(Rh antigens) into the mother’s bloodstream.
C.The mother’s body responds by forming (anti-Rh antibodies)(Rh antigens).
D.If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, the (anti-Rh antibodies)(Rh antigens) in her body can pass through the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, causing (hemophilia)(agglutination).
HEART 14
The structure of the heart allows it to serve as two distinct pumps. One side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs while the other side propels oxygenated blood throughout the body. The heart is unique in other ways as well. For example, it consists of muscle found nowhere else in the body. What’s more, cardiac cells can generate and transmit electrical impulses spontaneously. Learn more about the characteristics of this vital organ by completing the activities in this chapter.
Conceptualize in Color:
Heart Layers
Test your knowledge of the layers of the heart’s wall and the pericardium by coloring the figure as suggested.
● Endocardium: Light pink
● Myocardium: Dark pink
● Fibrous pericardium: Orange
● Serous pericardium: Light blue
● Place green Xs in the pericardial space.
● Draw a bracket linking the layers that make up the serous pericardium.
176 Chapter 14 Heart
Puzzle It Out:
Cardiac Terms
Complete the following crossword puzzle to test your knowledge of terms used in the study of the heart.
ACROSS
1. The heart’s inner layer
4. The study of the heart and the treatment of related disorders
5. Thin layer of squamous epithelial cells covering the heart’s surface
7. Space between the lungs and beneath the sternum where the heart resides
9. Pointed end of the heart
10. Two lower chambers of the heart
12. Phase of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles contract
13. Heart’s middle layer
DOWN
2. Unique ability of the cardiac muscle to contract without nervous stimulation
3. Where the great vessels enter and leave the heart 6. Double-walled sac surrounding the heart and root
of the great vessels
8. The period of cardiac muscle relaxation 11. Two upper chambers of the heart
Drawing Conclusions:
Heart Structures
Color the heart structures in the following figure; use the colors suggested or choose your own. Then identify each of the heart’s four valves (noted by the letters A through D in the figure) and describe the function of each; use the spaces provided.
● Right atrium: Dark blue
● Right ventricle: Light blue
● Left atrium: Light red
● Left ventricle: Dark red
● Interatrial septum: Orange
● Interventricular septum: Yellow
● Tendinous cords (chordae tendineae): Black
● Papillary muscle: Brown
Heart valves and functions:
A.
B.
C.
D.
C D A
178 Chapter 14 Heart
Illuminate the Truth:
Heart Valves
Highlight the correct word or phrase in each of the following sentences.
1. (Nerve impulses) (Pressure changes within the heart) trigger the opening and closing of the heart’s valves.
2. A heart valve that fails to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction is called (incompetent) (stenotic), and the condition it causes is called valvular insufficiency.
3. (Valvular stenosis) (Regurgitation) is a condition resulting when a heart valve becomes narrowed, such as from scar tissue.
4. The mitral valve consists of (three) (two) cusps or leaflets.
5. The pulmonary and aortic valves are also called (semilunar) (tricuspid) valves.
6. The valves regulating flow between the atria and the ventricles are called (atrioventricular) (semilunar) valves.
7. The semi-rigid, fibrous connective tissue encircling each valve is called the (skeleton) (epicardium) of the heart.
8. Tendinous cords called chordae tendineae work to (pull the valves open when the heart contracts) (keep the tricuspid valve from inverting during ventricular contraction).
Drawing Conclusions:
Heart Sounds
When heart valves close, they produce vibrations that can be heard with a stethoscope on the body’s surface. In the following figure, identify the areas where each valve can be heard by coloring the circles as suggested; then fill in the name of each valve.
2
3 4 1
● Pulmonic area: Blue ● Mitral area: Yellow ● Tricuspid area: Green ● Aortic area: Orange