MACFADYENA DC

Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) A. Gentry, Brittonia 25:236. 1973

Liana; outer bark thin, gray, forming minute straight longitudinal fissures; stems terete, often with interpetio-

Sob* , .r s»

Fig. 493. Jacaranda copaia

Fig. 494. Jacaranda copaia, large pilose staminodium and smaller glabrous style

766 DICOTYLEDONEAE

lar glandular fields (very conspicuous on young stems) with a slight ridge above glands, glabrous or minutely pubescent; tendrils terminal, trifid, hooked (rarely rudi- mentary); pseudostipules ovate, striate, ca 5 mm long, sub- persistent. Leaves bifoliolate; petioles 1-5 cm long; peti- olules 0.5-2.5 cm long; leaflets ovate-elliptic, acuminate at apex, rounded or obtuse to truncate or subcordate at base, 4-14(16) cm long, 0.7-5(7) cm wide, glabrous or weakly puberulent on midrib or throughout below, with sunken scurfy scales on both surfaces and with a few, round, sunken glands below on either side of midrib,

± entire and somewhat undulate. Inflorescences of 1-3 flowers, mostly in simple dichasia, terminal; flowers with a lemonlike aroma; calyx thin, glabrous, 7-8 (18) mm long, the margin truncate or wavy; corolla yellow-orange, often pale yellow on tube, funnel-shaped, 5-9 (10) cm long, the lobes ca 2 cm long, minutely ciliate; nectar guides on 3-lobed lip, faint, minutely glandular, with darker yellow-orange lines extending to base of tube;

stamens with the upper pair 2.1-2.4 cm long; filaments shortly glandular-puberulent at point of attachment to tube (ca 5 mm from base); staminodium 0.5-1.5 cm long;

pistil 2.8-3.8 cm long; ovary minutely papillate; disk doughnut-shaped, conspicuous; style ca 3 cm long; stig- mas 2, broadly spatulate. Capsules linear, flattened, 60-108 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, tapered to acute at apex, blunt at base; valves thin, dark-colored, with a faint medial ridge, otherwise ± smooth, lepidote; replum thick, woody; seeds 5.5-6 cm wide, ca 1.5 cm long, opaque except for lateral margins, these deeply lacerate.

Croat 10224,14062, 14645.

Occasional but locally common in areas of the older forest. Flowers mainly from March to June; individuals flower in a single brief burst. The peak of seed release occurs in the dry season.

The species may be recognized by its trifid tendrils, which are shaped like a cat's claws. It differs from other species of bignoniaceous vines in its habit of growth:

juvenile plants are appressed to the trunks and branches they climb; when the plant becomes established, it branches freely, often dangling, and the leaves are larger and free.

Mexico to Argentina; West Indies. Gentry (1973b) reported the species to be most common in tropical dry forest, but few of the collections he cited were from regions of tropical dry forest. In Panama, known prin- cipally from premontane moist forest in the Canal Zone and Panama, also from drier parts of tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Panama, and Darien, and much less commonly from premontane wet forest in Panama and Darien.

MART I NELL A Baillon

Martinella obovata (H.B.K.) Bur. & K. Schum. in Mart., Fl. Brasil. 8(2):161, pi. 84. 1896

Liana; branches terete, finely striate, with minute gland- tipped trichomes, the nodes with broad interpetiolar ridges; tendrils trifid, the arms hooked; pseudostipules

replaced by small branches or branch scars. Leaves bifoli- olate, glabrous except minutely puberulent on veins below; petioles usually at right angles to branchlets, 2-7 cm long; petiolules 4-6 cm long; leaflets ± ovate, abruptly acuminate to ± falcate-acuminate, cordate at base, 7-21 cm long, 4-15 cm wide, with round glands scattered along midrib below; major veins often darker than surface (lighter on young leaves). Inflorescences usually axillary flexuous racemes, sweetly aromatic, rarely terminal; pedicels slender, ca 1.5 cm long; calyx to 2 cm long, usually 3-lobed at anthesis, minutely glandular- puberulent or glabrous, with a few impressed glands, the lobes short, abruptly acuminate, 5-9 mm long; corolla bilabiate, 5-7 cm long, the tube curved, white at base, pale violet-purple above, sparsely glandular-lepidote outside above, the lobes dark violet-purple, densely glandular-lepidote; nectar guides on lower 3-lobed side of corolla; tube below point of staminal attachment and base of filaments with short glandular pubescence; sta- mens probably held against 2-lobed side of corolla, the longer pair 1.5-1.7 cm long; anther thecae divaricate, 2.5-3 mm long; staminodium 1-2 mm long; pistil 3.5-3.7 cm long; ovary linear, 4 mm long, sparsely lepidote or puberulent. Capsules brown, linear, 55-80(130) cm long, ca 1.9 cm wide, glandular-lepidote, inconspicuously puberulent, especially along margin; seeds 1-1.7 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, the wings thin. Croat 14658.

Rare; seen only in the forest near Armour Trail 500.

Flowers sporadically throughout the year, especially in the rainy season, in extravagant bursts of flowering that last about a month. The fruits are released from April to September.

The species may be recognized in sterile condition by the trifid tendrils, the long-petiolate, glossy leaves, the prominent, linear, interpetiolar ridges, and the tendency for the petioles and petiolules to bend or twist (Gentry,

1973b).

Belize to Brazil and Bolivia. In Panama, known from wetter parts of tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, San Bias, Panama, and Darien, from premontane wet forest in Chiriqui, Colon, and Panama, and from tropical wet forest in Panama.

See Fig. 495.

PACHYPTERA DC.exMeisn.

Pachyptera kerere (Aubl.) Sandw., Recueil Trav.

Bot. Neerl. 34:219. 1937

P. foveolata DC; Tanaecium zetekii Standl.

Liana; stems and petioles ± striate, the young stems sometimes ± square, the nodes with glandular fields and an interpetiolar ridge above glands; tendrils trifid;

pseudostipules vertically 3-seriate, acute, to 7 mm long.

Leaves 2- or 3-foliolate; petioles 0.9-7.1 cm long, with glandular fields at apex; terminal petiolules 1.5-6.1 cm long, the lateral ones 0.5-3.2 cm long; leaflets ovate to elliptic, acuminate, slightly cordate at base, 10-22 cm long, 4-12 cm wide, glabrous or minutely puberulent below especially on veins, sometimes very sparsely glan-

Fig. 495. Martinella obovata

.

Fig. 496. Pachyptera kerere

768

DICOTYLEDONEAE

dular throughout. Inflorescences short axillary racemes, densely flowered; calyx 10-16 mm long, often with 2 shallow lobes, one lobe slightly longer and emarginate, short-puberulent, sometimes with conspicuous plate- shaped glands in apical half; corolla 5-10 cm long, white, the tube slender, puberulent outside, glabrous inside except densely glandular-pubescent below point of stami- nal attachment, bent somewhat about midway, the lobes 5, ± obovate, glandular-tomentose, with sunken brown glands on lower side near base, the upper 3 lobes erect, the lower 2 recurved; stamens included; filaments fused to corolla tube more than half their length, the longer pair 1.9-2.1 cm long, the shorter pair 1.4-1.6 cm long, the thecae divaricate, 2-4 mm long, densely white-villous;

pistil 4.5-4.8 cm long; ovary flattened-cylindrical, 2-3 mm long, minutely papillose; style with 2 broad stigmas held at level of longer set of stamens. Capsules ± oblong, attenuate at both ends, 10-18(25) cm long, 2-3.8 cm wide, raised along median with a minute medial rib, minutely puberulent and with scattered, sunken, plate- shaped glands; seeds thick, wingless, opaque, 2.5 cm long and ca 3.5 cm wide, thickened below and tapered to knifelike edge. Croat 8704, 11085.

Occasional, usually in areas near the shore where the seeds are water dispersed, but sometimes in areas at con- siderable distance from the shore. Flowers sporadically throughout the year, mostly from September to April, with a few long-lived flowers at a time. Mature fruits have been seen from April to July.

The species is recognized by its white flower with pubescent anthers, the three-seriate pseudostipules, and the glandular field on the upper surface of the petioles near the apex.

The interpetiolar glandular areas are sometimes eaten away on the stems. Presumably this is done by insects that feed on the glands.

Belize to Amazonian Brazil. In Panama, known from wetter parts of tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, Panama, and Darien, from premontane wet forest in Colon, Darien, and Panama, and from tropi- cal wet forest in Colon and Darien.

See Fig. 496.

PARAGONIA Bur.

Paragonia pyramidata (L. C. Rich.) Bur., Vidensk.

Meddel. 1893:104. 1894

Liana; trunks to 8-9 cm diam; outer bark corky, rough- ened, ± peeling; inner bark light brown, soft; stems terete, with interpetiolar ridges at nodes; tendrils bifid or trifid; pseudostipules lanceolate, sharply pointed, 2-7 mm long. Leaves bifoliolate; petioles 1-4.5 cm long, with large, sunken, plate-shaped glands on upper surface near apex; petiolules 0.7-4.7 cm long; leaflets ovate, obovate, or elliptic, abruptly acuminate and sometimes down- turned at apex, mostly obtuse to rounded at base, 8-24 cm long, 3-13 cm wide, often puberulent on veins below, minutely glandular-lepidote, subcoriaceous, usually drying grayish-green. Inflorescences broad terminal

panicles of many flowers; branches puberulent; flowers imperial purple to dark orchid (drying brown); calyx campanulate, truncate or slightly lobed, 5-9 mm long, somewhat warty and gland-dotted; corolla 2-7 cm long, densely velvety outside with moniliform trichomes except at base, glandular and moniliform-pubescent on lobes and throat inside, the tube glabrous inside except at base, constricted near base, fused to filaments; stamens set among short white bristles, the longer pair 1.6-1.9 cm long, the shorter pair 1.2-1.5 cm long; staminodium short;

pistil ca 2 cm long; ovary linear, ca 5 mm long, strongly lepidote. Capsules linear, to 50(61) cm long and 1.5 cm wide, subterete or somewhat flattened with an obscure longitudinal rib, minutely bumpy; seeds 0.8-1.5 cm long, 3.5-4.5 cm wide, rounded and translucent on lateral margins. Croat 7896, 10161.

One of the most common bignoniaceous vines on the island. Flowers in extravagant bursts lasting about a month, abundantly in the dry season and erratically throughout the yeai. Most mature fruits are seen from February to May.

Because of its flower color, it may be confused at a distance with several other species. The high canopy vines can be easily observed along the shore, but, as with other vines of the family, only the fallen flowers are usually seen in the forest.

The species is most easily confused vegetatively with Ceratophytum tetragonolobum, but can be distinguished from that species by having simple or bifid tendrils and by lacking intepetiolar glandular fields (Gentry, 1973b).

C. tetragonolobum has glandular fields and trifid tendrils.

Mexico to Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru. In Panama, wide- spread in tropical moist forest; known also from premon- tane wet forest in the Canal Zone, Code, Panama, and Darien and from tropical wet forest in Colon, Panama, and Darien.

PHRYGANOCYDIA Mart, ex Bur.

Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bur. ex K. Schum.

in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 4(3b):224, f. 89H. 1894 Liana; trunk usually 5-7 cm diam, conspicuously swollen to ca 9 cm at nodes; outer bark soft, gray-brown; stems terete, striate when dry, with the interpetiolar ridge in- conspicuous; tendrils simple, spoon-shaped, with glandu- lar fields at apex; pseudostipules inconspicuous when young, stalked and with spreading forks in age. Leaves bifoliolate; petioles 0.6-3.3 cm long; petiolules 0.5-3 cm long; leaflets ovate to ovate-elliptic, bluntly acuminate, obtuse to rounded at base, 8-14 (22) cm long, 3-10.5 (11) cm wide, thick, essentially glabrous, lepidote, with clus- ters of glands at base above, drying gray; midrib some- times conspicuously arched. Panicles short, terminal or upper-axillary, of few flowers; calyx spathaceous, 2.5-4 cm long; corolla tubular-funnelform, 4.5-9 cm long, bilabiate, glabrous except for sparse minute glands especially outside, the lobes 5, lavender, the upper 2 broader than long, united to about middle and often overlapped at margin, the lower 3 free, the tube white-

pubescent only near staminal attachment; nectar guides on lip, dark lavender, fading into tube; stamens included, the longer pair 1.8-2.1 cm long, the shorter pair 1-1.3 cm long, the thecae divaricate, each 3.5-4.5 mm long;

staminodium 2-3 mm long. Capsules linear, 35-40(53) cm long, ca 2.5 cm wide, blunt on both ends, densely lepidote, the medial ridge faint; seeds thin, ca 2 cm long, 4.5-5 (7) cm wide, the seminiferous area 1 cm wide, the margins scarious. Croat 6089, 8272.

An abundant canopy vine in all parts of the forest.

Flowers throughout the year in short bursts of few flow- ers, perhaps more abundantly from June to September.

The fruits mature throughout the year, each in about 2 months.

Sterile recognition characters include the weakly winged petiolules and the terete, smooth, light-gray twigs (Gentry, 1973b).

Seed release occurs throughout the year (Gentry, 1973b).

Panama to Brazil. In Panama, known principally from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, San Bias, Code, Panama, and Darien; known also from premontane moist forest in the Canal Zone and Panama, from premontane wet forest in Colon, Darien, and Panama, and from tropi- cal wet forest in Colon and Darien.

See Fig. 497.

PITHECOCTENIUM Mart, exMeisn.

Pithecoctenium crucigerum (L.) A. Gentry, Taxon 24:123. 1975

P. echinatum (Jacq.) Baillon

Liana; stems 6-8-angled, becoming ribbed in age, gla- brous, whitish-lepidote; tendrils trifid or twice-trifid;

pseudostipules 4 at each node, linear-oblong, to 9 mm long. Leaves 2- or 3-foliolate; petioles and petiolules 2-6 cm long, puberulent, lepidote; leaflets ovate, abruptly acuminate, round to cordate at base, 7-14(18) cm long, 6-10(14.7) cm wide, sparsely puberulent to glabrous and glandular-lepidote above and below, with several round glands in vein axils at base of leaf below, usually ciliate; veins at base 5-7. Racemes terminal, bracteate, to 20 cm long; all exposed parts sparsely to densely to- mentose; flowers moderately few, with a musky odor;

calyx campanulate, truncate, 1-1.5 cm long, the teeth 5, minute, chiefly submarginal; corolla white, yellowish in age, 4-6 cm long, 5-lobed, bilabiate, the lobes longer than broad, reflexed at maturity, the tube prominently curved above base, with minute, moniliform trichomes espe- cially on lobes and tube outside; stamens held against 3-lobed side of corolla, the longer pair just below throat,

1.7-2.1 cm long, the shorter pair 1.2-1.7 cm long; stami- nodium less than 1 mm long, inserted near base of corolla tube; pistil 3.3-3.5 mm long; ovary short-cylindrical, 5-6 mm long, swollen at middle, with both simple and multicellular trichomes; style with the 2 lobes about as broad as long. Capsules oblong, heavy, densely spiny, to 32 cm long, 6-8 cm wide; replum thick, bearing elon- gate perforations along margin; seeds ca 4 cm long and

126.

BIGNONIACEAE/PLEONOTOMA

769

10 cm wide, the tan, ± opaque body radiating into a very broad, transparent wing. Croat 5804, 7022.

Occasional in the forest; common locally, often cover- ing entire treetops. Flowers mainly in May and June, with the flowers long-lasting. The fruits mature during the following dry season (February to April).

The seeds of this species are the best fliers I know.

To watch the seeds make their slow, irregular trip to the ground is always amazing.

Because of its hexagonal twigs it is confused only with Amphilophium paniculatum, but may be distinguished by its lack of pubescence, its much-branched tendrils, its bent, white corolla, and its large echinate fruits.

Mexico to Argentina; West Indies. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, San Bias, Panama, and Darien, from premontane moist forest in the Canal Zone and Panama, from pre- montane wet forest in Chiriqui and Panama, and from tropical wet forest in Colon and Darien.

See Fig. 498.

PLEONOTOMA Miers

Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort.

Soc. London 3:184. 1863

Liana, glabrous except for pubescence on leaflet midribs and veins below and pilose on axils near base of leaflet below; young stems square; tendrils long, trifid near apex;

pseudostipules long, forked. Leaves 3-ternate, or 2-ternate with a tendril or tendril scar; petioles 2.1-6.7 cm long;

terminal petiolules 1.2-6.5 cm long; leaflets ovate to elliptic, sometimes falcate, acuminate, obtuse to rounded and sometimes inequilateral at base, 5-15(16) cm long, 2.5-8.5(9.5) cm wide, weakly viscid when dried, usually with a few, round, scattered glands. Racemes short, ter- minal, on short lateral branches; pedicels to 1.5 cm long;

calyx campanulate, 6-9 mm long, truncate, minutely toothed; corolla 7-10 cm long, pale yellow throughout or with the lobes white, the tube moderately slender with a few large glands at apex, pubescent inside just below point of staminal attachment, the lobes pubescent and glandular with a few scattered larger glands; stamens included, the longer pair 2.6-2.8 cm long, slightly shorter than style, the shorter pair 1.7-1.9 cm long, the thecae divaricate, to 5 mm long; staminodium 4-5 mm long, inserted ca 2 cm from base of corolla tube. Capsules linear-oblong, acuminate at both ends, to 22 (30) cm long and 2.8 cm wide, glabrous, viscid at least on drying;

seeds ca 1.2 cm long and 3.7(5) cm wide, the lateral mar- gins ± rounded, the wings ± opaque. Croat 7876, 7997a.

Uncommon, in the forest and along the shore. Flowers in the middle to late dry season. The fruits mature a year later in the dry season.

The only bignoniaceous vine with bicompound leaves.

Costa Rica to Venezuela; Trinidad. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, San Bias, Los Santos, Panama, and Darien and from premontane wet forest and tropical wet forest in Panama and Darien.

Fig. 497. Phryganocydia corymbosa

M

.',, ''-=«::-,'

i ^: W#t

Fig. 498. Pithecoctenium crucigerum

.-

126.

BIGNONIACEAE/TABEBUIA

771

SPATHODEA Beauv.

Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Fl. Oware 1:47. 1806 African tulip tree

Cultivated tree, 7(25) m tall, pubescent throughout, especially rufous-tomentose on lower leaf surface, inflo- rescence branches, and calyces; pseudostipules foliaceous, ovate-cordate, 3 cm long, 2 cm wide. Leaves pinnate, 3-19-foliolate, to 50 cm long; petioles 3-7 cm long;

petiolules obsolete or to 2 mm long; leaflets ± elliptic, abruptly acuminate, acute to rounded at base, 7-13 cm long, 4-7 cm wide. Racemes terminal, corymbiform;

flowers large, showy; calyx spathaceous, to ca 6 cm long, the lobes curved inward; corolla broadly campanulate, asymmetrical, more deeply cleft on one side, to ca 13 cm long, red-orange, the lobes ovate, the margin yellow and undulate; stamens directed inward toward calyx, often exserted between lowermost lobes like the style;

anther thecae divaricate, 8 mm long; ovary narrowly oblong, minutely papillate. Capsules ± oblong, flattened, smooth, acuminate at apex, obtuse at base, 6-11 (21) cm long, 4-5 (6) cm wide, splitting open on one side; replum perforated, loose at base; seeds ca 2 cm long and 3 cm wide, the wings transparent, the margin smooth. Croat 5177.

Cultivated in the Laboratory Clearing. Flowers throughout the year.

The species is easily recognized by its large, red-orange flowers and oblong capsules with winged seeds.

Native to tropical West Africa; cultivated throughout the American tropics.

STIZOPHYLLUM Miers

Stizophyllum riparium (H.B.K.) Sandw., Lilloa 3:462. 1938

Adenocalymma flos-ardeae Pitt.; S. flos-ardeae (Pitt.) Sandw.

Liana; trunk smooth; outer bark soft; stems terete and striate to squarish and hollow in age, lacking interpetiolar glands; stems, petioles, petiolules, and inflorescence branches with short rufous pubescence; tendrils simple or weakly trifid; pseudostipules small. Leaves 2- or 3-foliolate; petioles 2-11 cm long; terminal petiolules 3.2-7.2 cm long, the lateral petiolules 0.7-4 cm long;

leaflets ovate to obovate, acute to acuminate, usually cordate and sometimes inequilateral at base, 3-20 cm long, 2-12 cm wide, sometimes sparsely hispid above, with short dense pubescence on veins above and below and with pellucid dots and conspicuous round glands throughout, dentate to entire. Racemes short, axillary or terminal; calyx campanulate, 1-1.6 cm long, densely rufous-puberulent, sparsely glandular near apex; corolla 3-5 cm long, cream-colored, papillose-puberulent and sparsely glandular-lepidote outside; stamens included, the longer ones 1.5-1.8 cm long, the shorter ones 1.1-1.2 cm long, the thecae divaricate, 2-2.5 mm long; stami- nodium 3-5 mm long, inserted ca 1 cm from base of corolla; pistil 2.7-3.1 cm long; ovary linear, tetragonal, to 4 mm long, glandular-lepidote. Capsules elongate- linear, somewhat flattened, elliptical in cross section, 30-60 cm long, 7-8 mm broad, somewhat glandular- lepidote and with dense, short, rufous puberulence; seeds 4-5 mm long, 13-24 cm wide, the wings membranaceous, brown, weakly demarcated. Croat 10200.

Seedlings common. One fertile collection was made by J. D. Hood (1040) in 1933. Flowers mostly from April to November, with few, long-lived flowers at a time. Seed release is aseasonal (Gentry, 1972).

The species has been confused with Stizophyllum perforatum (Cham.) Miers (now called 5. longisiligum

(Veil.) Burr, ex Baillon), which grows only in Brazil.

The species is recognized by the pellucid dots and conspicuous round glands on the leaf surfaces.

Mexico to Peru and Bolivia. In Panama, known from tropical moist forest in the Canal Zone, Bocas del Toro, San Bias, Chiriqui, Panama, and Darien, from premon- tane moist forest in Panama, and from premontane wet forest and tropical wet forest in Colon, Panama, and Darien.

TABEBUIA Gomes ex DC.

Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl., Biol. Centr.-Amer.

Bot. 2:495. 1882 Guayacan

Tree, 15-40(50) m tall, to 1.5(2) m dbh, usually lacking prominent buttresses, glabrous except for minute, simple or stellate trichomes in vein axils of leaflets below and on a few flower parts; outer bark thick, deeply fissured

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TABEBUIA

Flowers pink; leaflets and calyces densely whitish-glandular-lepidote, never with trichomes, with plate-shaped glands at least in lower leaflet axils; fruits with a smooth surface T. rosea (Bertol.) DC.

Flowers yellow; leaflets with stellate trichomes below, at least in axils, lacking plate-shaped glands in axils; fruits with a rough surface:

Leaflets often 7, pubescent only in axils of lateral veins below; calyx pubescent with sparse, thick, stellate trichomes; fruits ± lepidote, with conspicuous irregular ridges and tubercles T. guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.

Leaflets rarely 7, pubescent throughout below, at least along veins; calyx woolly-pubescent with shorter stellate and longer barbate or simple trichomes; fruits at least sparsely stellate- pubescent, lacking conspicuous ridges and tubercles T. ochracea (Cham.) Standl. var. neochrysantha A. Gentry