BAB V TATA LAKSANA
H. MESIAL TEMPORAL LOBE SYNDROME
Mesial temporal lobe syndrome dijumpai pada anak berusia lebih dari 10 tahun, lebih sering pada perempuan. Umumnya pasien memiliki riwayat kejang demam dan riwayat kejang dalam keluarga. Semiologi temporal lobe syndrome dapat berupa kejang fokal sederhana, parsial kompleks, kejang fokal umum, atau gabungannya. Kejang fokal sederhana dapat berupa gejala gangguan autonom dan/atau psikis, atau gangguan sensoris, misalnya fenomena penciuman dan pendengaran. Umumnya terdapat gejala epigastrium. Kejang parsial kompleks kadangkala berupa tiba-tiba diam diikuti gerakan automatisme oromotor atau automatisme lainnya selama lebih dari satu menit. Pascaserangan anak tampak bingung dengan orientasi yang berangsur pulih.
Gambaran EEG dapat normal atau terdapat asimetri gelombang irama dasar dan gelombang paku tajam lambat di daerah temporal. Gelombang epileptiform tidak selalu tampak di daerah temporal. Pemeriksaan MRI memperlihatkan sklerosis daerah hipokampus. Gambaran histopatologi memperlihatkan gambaran hilangnya neuron serta gliosis di daerah tersebut. Pilihan obat antiepilepsi adalah karbamazepin, asam valproat, fenitoin, atau topiramat. Kasus yang tidak terkontrol dengan obat perlu dipertimbangkan untuk dilakukan bedah epilepsi pada daerah hipokampus yang mengalami sklerosis (peringkat bukti 1, derajat rekomendasi A).
-70-
Daftar pustaka
1. Combs SE, Pearl PL. Classification and definition of seizures and epilepsy syndromes in childhood. Dalam: Wheless JW, penyunting.
Epilepsy in children and adolescents. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell;
2013. h. 17-36.
2. Aicardi J, Ohtahara S. Severe neonatal epilepsies with suppression-burst pattern. Dalam: Roger JM, Bureau C, Dravet PG, Wolf TP, penyunting.
Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Edisi ke-4.
Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext; 2005. h. 39-50.
3. Yamatogi Y, Ohtahara S. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with supression-bursts, Ohtahara syndrome: its overview referring to our 16 cases. Brain Dev. 2002;24:13-23.
4. Ohtahara S, Yamatogi Y. Ohtahara syndrome: with special reference to its developmental aspects for diferentiating from early myoclonic encephalopathy. Epilepsy Res. 2006;70:58-67.
5. Beal JC, Cherian K, Moshe SL. Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies:
Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;47:317-23.
6. Pellock JM, Hrachovy R, Shinnar S, Baram TZ, Bettis D, Dlugos DJ, dkk. Infantile spasms: A US consensus report. Epilepsia 2010;51:2175- 89.
7. Go CY, Mackay MT, Weiss SK, Stephens D, Webber TA, Ashwal S, dkk.
Evidence-based guideline update: medical treatment of infantile spasms.
Report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2012;78:1974-80.
-71-
8. Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1773- 8.
9. Hrachovy RA, Frost JD Jr, Glaze DG. High dose, long-duration versus low-dose, short-duration corticotropin therapy for infantile spasms. J Pediatr. 1994;124:803-6.
10. Yanagaki S, Oguni H, Hayashi K. A comparison study of high-dose and low-dose ACTH therapy for West Syndrome. Brain Dev. 1999;21:461-7.
11. Hrachovy RA, Frost JD Jr, Kellaway P. A controlled study of a ACTH therapy in infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 1980;21:631-6.
12. Hancock EC, Osborne JP, Edwards SW. Treatment of infantile spasms.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD001770.
13. Hrachovy RA, Frost JD. Infantile epileptic encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;20:408-25.
14. Arzimanoglou A, French J, Blume WT, Cross JH, Ernst JP, Feucht M, dkk. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a consensus approach on diagnosis, assessment, management, and trial methodology. Lancet Neurol.
2009;8:82-93.
15. Hancock E, Cross JH. Treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD003277.
16. Conry JA, Ng YT, Paolicchi JM. Clobazam in the treatment of Lennox- Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1158-66.
17. Ng YT, Conry JA, Drummond R. Randomized, phase III study results of clobazam in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. 2011;77:1473-81.
18. Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: additional information from crossover study. J Clin Neurol. 2009;24:509-12.
19. Kostov K, Kostov H, Tauboll E. Long-term vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;16:321-4.
20. Shahwan A, Bailey C, Maxiner W, Harvey AS. Vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy in children: More to VNS than seizure frequency reduction. Epilepsia. 2009;50:1220-8.
21. Medina M, Bureau M, Hirsch E, Panayiotopoulos C. Childhood absence epilepsy. Dalam: Bureau M, Genton P, Dravet C, Delgado-Escueta A, Tssinari C, penyunting. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Edisi ke-5. Montrogue: John Libbey Eurotext; 2005. h.
277-295.
-72-
22. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, dkk.
Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:790-9.
23. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, Hirtz DG, Dlugos D, Masur D, dkk.
Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia.
2013;54:141-55.
24. Wirrell EC, Camfield CS, Camfield PR, Gordon KE, Dooley JM. Long- term prognosis of typical childhood absence epilepsy: remission or progression to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology. 1996;47:912-8.
25. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalized unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomized controlled trial. Lancet.
2007;369:1016-26.
26. Mantoan L, Walker M. Treatment options in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011;13:355-70.
27. Bodenstein-Sachar H, Gandelman-Marton R, Ben-Zeev B. Outcome of lamotrigine treatment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand.
2011;124-32.
28. Levishon PM, Holland KD. Topiramate or valproate in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a randomized open label comparison.
Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:547-52.
29. Genton P, Gelisse P, Thomas P, Dravet C. Do carbamazepine and phenytoin aggravate juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?. Neurology.
2000;55:1106-9.
30. Baykan B, Altindag EA, Bebek N. Myoclonic seizures subside in the fourth decade in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70:2123- 9.
31. Geithner J, Schneider F, Wang Z. Predictors of long-term seizure outcome in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; 25-63 years of follow up. Epilepsia.
2012;53:1379-86.
32. Senf P, Schmitz B, Holtkamp M, Janz D. Prognosis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 45 years after onset: seizure outcome and predictors. Neurology.
2013;81:2128-33.
33. Ferrie C, Caraballo R, Covanis A, Demirbilek V, Dervent A, Kivity S, dkk. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a consensus view. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:236-40.
-73-
34. Caraballo R, Cersosimo R, Fejerman N. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a prospective study of 192 patients. Epilepsia. 2007;48:1054-61.
35. Covanis A. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a benign childhood autonomic epilepsy frequently imitating encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorder, or gastroenteritis. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e1237-43.
36. Caraballo R, Koutroumanidis M, Panayiotopoulos CP, Fejerman N.
Idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy of Gastaut: a review and differentiation from migraine and other epilepsies. J Child Neurol.
2009;24:1536-42.
37. Shahar E, Barak S. Favorable outcome of epileptic blindness in children.
J Child Neurol. 2003;18:12-6.
38. Verrotti A, Parisi P, Loiacono G, Mohn A, Grosso S, Balestri P, dkk.
Levetiracetam monotherapy for childhood occipital epilepsy of Gastaut.
Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;120:342-6.
39. Camfield P, Camfield C. Epileptic syndromes in childhood: clinical features, outcomes, and treatment. Epilepsia. 2002;43:27-32.
40. Ma CK, Chan KY. Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes:
a study of 50 Chinese children. Brain Dev. 2003;25:390-5.
41. Coppola G, Franzoni E, Verrotti A, Garone C, Sarajlija J, Operto FF, dkk. Levetiracetam or oxcarbazepine as monotherapy in newly diagnosed benign epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS): an open-label, parallel group trial. Brain Dev. 2007;29:281-4.
42. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. A randomized controlled trial of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:311-8
-74-
BAB VII