The procedure conducted by a researcher in order to collect data as well as to investigate the data that has been obtained is called method of research. According to Kothari (2004: 1), research is “the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem”. Further, he explains the systematic method of research, which includes as follows.
“Enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solutions(s) towards the concerned problem or in certain generalisations for some theoretical formulation”
Likewise, Kasiram (2010: 4) defines research as “an activity which aimed to get the truth about a problem through scientific method”. Therefore, in doing the research, the researcher has to consider the method of research that will be used, because it is a scientific way to find, obtain, and analyze the data. To gain the objective and systematic method of research, plans and procedures is needed.
Creswell (2009) proposes three plans and procedures called research designs. The three types of research designs are qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research. Creswell (2009) describes qualitative research as “exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem”. Meanwhile, quantitative research is “a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables”, and mixed methods research is “an approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms”.
1.8.1 Type of Research
The type of research describes what kind of the research conducted in the research. This research employs the descriptive qualitative research. According to Richards and Schmidt (2010: 164), descriptive research is “an investigation that attempts to describe accurately and factually a phenomenon, subject or area”.
Further, he says that surveys and case studies are examples of descriptive
research. Meanwhile, Creswell (2009) states that qualitative research is “a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem”. He explains that in this type of research, the process of research includes “emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant‟s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data”.
Meanwhile, Kothari (2004: 3) says that qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. This research applies descriptive qualitative research because the aims of this research are to describe the phenomena of categories of cultural words and foreignization and domestication strategies to translate the cultural words found in Jejak Langkah and Footsteps. Furthermore, a library research is employed in this research. According to Nazir (1988: 111), library research is a research when the researcher collects the information, which is relevant to the topic of the research from books, journal, dissertation, thesis, scientific research and another written source whether electronic or printed.
1.8.2 Data Sources
Data play as important role in the research. Without data, the research cannot be organized. According to Arikunto (1993: 117), data are all the facts and numbers, which can be made into materials to find information. Data themselves
can be in the form of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Further, Arikunto (1993: 114) states that the source data refers to the object from which the data are obtained. The source data of this research are Indonesian novel Jejak Langkah and its English version Footsteps. Thus, the data of this research are taken from the words, which contain cultural connotation found in the novel.
There are two types of data called main data and supporting data. Main data is the data which is analyzed. Meanwhile, supporting data is the data which is used to support the analyses (Kesuma, 2007: 26). The main data of this research is cultural words found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s Jejak Langkah and its English translation, Footsteps. Jejak Langkah was first published in 1985 by Hasta Mitra publisher. However, the researcher will use the novel published by Lentera Dipantara publisher in 2007. The novel consists of 738 pages. Meanwhile, the English version entitled Footsteps was published in 1990 by Penguin Books Australia Ltd. It consists of 480 pages. The cultural words which are repeatedly mentioned with the same meaning in TT will be only taken once. However, it will be relisted when the terms have different meaning.
1.8.3 Data Collection Technique
Data collection technique is very important to be considered in conducting a research. Some errors done in the process of data collection will make the process of analysis difficult. According to Creswell (2009), there are four basic types of data collection technique in qualitative research. They are observation, interview,
document, and audio-visual material. In this research, the data will be collected through examining document. Therefore, the technique employed is document technique.
The data of this research will be collected from the Indonesian and English version of Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s novel. To collect the data, some steps are implemented in this research. Firstly, the Indonesian novel is examined to find the cultural words. Then, the English version is identified to find the cultural words translation. After finding the research data, in the last step, the researcher collects and records the data in the table to identify and classify the data based on categories of cultural words and foreignization and domestication strategies.
1.8.4 Data Analysis Technique
In analyzing the data, this research will apply descriptive analysis technique.
According to Ratna (2010: 336), descriptive analysis is a technique that explains and analyzes the data. After collecting the data, there are some steps to do the analysis. Firstly, to produce the data analysis, the data comparison between Indonesian cultural words and their English translation will be organized. Then, the researcher will classify the data into relevant categories of cultural words and analyze it based on the procedure used to translate the cultural words, which tends to be foreignization or domestication. The last step, the researcher will draw the conclusions based on the result of the research.