THE NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST OF PERU CHRONOLOGICAL COLUMN

T h e high degree of simUarity throughout coastal Peru in the centuries before the beginning of the present era makes it feasable to present the dates available from the north coast as far north as Chicama Valley and the central coast southward to Ancon on one chronological column. Discussion of late preceramic times wUl range as far south as Engel's (1963) work

in the VaUey of Asia. Bird (1948) has provided much of the information on the preceramic culture of the Chicama and Vfru Valleys in the north. Most of the content of the coastal Chavin or Cupisinque Phase of this same region is the work of Larco Hoyle (1941, 1945b), who also has reported on grave goods of the Salinar-Puerto Moorin Phase (1944). T h e reports of

23 the Vfru Valley project In 1946 and 1947 by W. C.

Bennett (1950), CoUier (1955), Ford (1949), Strong and Evans (1952), and WUley (1953) have been used.

TeUo (1943) and Carrion Cachot (1948) deal with the Chavin Phase sites of Moxeke, Sechin, and Pallka in Casma. Uhle (1913) and WUley and Corbett (1954) have described work in the Ancon and Supe shell heaps. Excavations at Las Haldas are by Ishida, et al. (1960). Engel (1956) has reported on work at Curayacu.

Radiocarbon dates for the Vini VaUey sequence are discussed by CoUier (1955, pp. 24-26). In general, the radiocarbon dating for the Peruvian coast is almost as contradictory as that for the Lower Mis- sissippi Valley, but there are fewer assays involved.

Out of 23 avaUable, ten (43 percent) agree with the calendrical limits for the phases used here, and thirteen (57 percent) do not (table 13, pp. 39-40).

As in Mesoamerica, agriculture was practiced by the people living along the Peruvian coast a number of centuries before ceramics appeared. WhUe the sea continued to provide a major part of the food supply, bottie gourds, a species of squash, lima beans, pepper, jack beans, and probably achira seem to have been cultivated. Cotton makes its appearance about 3000 B.C. and seems to be crossed with an Asiatic variety with 13 chromosomes (Kidder, Lumbreras, and Smith, 1963, p. 92). Stonework was very crude, prin- cipally the manufacture of large rough flakes knocked off beach cobbles. Maize has been dated back to 1200 B.C. and it is now clear that this was an impor- tation from highland Mesoamerica, where its evo- lution has been demonstrated.

For the dating of the earliest ceramics on the Peru- vian coast, I have foUowed Matos (1962, and personal communication), who places the early pottery at Ancon at 1700 B . C , a few centuries after the earliest ceramics at Kotosh in the highlands. The resemblances are close. This interpretation views the period of initial plain ceramics in Viru Valley and Las Haldas (dated at 1200 B.C.) as a result of stimulus diffusion.

The increasing importance of agriculture as a way of life, undoubtedly due to the arrival of maize, is shown by the fact that principal sites began to be located away from the beach, back up the alluvial valleys, where there is arable land capable of being irrigated.

Stone masonry buUdings had already been in use in preceramic times, but the first appearance of religious architecture is about 800 B.C By the beginning of the Classic coastal Chavin, Guafiape-Cupisnique

Phase (800-400 B . C ) , modest adobe flat-top pyramids are being constructed in north coast valleys, but in Casma Valley the large and complex pyramids are comparable to the highland Chavin site. The temple structures at Moxeke and Sechin are decorated with large sculptures in clay, and stele-lUce stones have human figures engraved on them in Chavin style.

Coastal Chavin ceramics have been well described and Ulustrated by Larco Hoyle (1941). Highly polished flat-base, stirrup-spout bottles are a typical form. Dec- orative techniques include wide-line incising, rocker stamping, brushing, and red painted areas zoned by incised lines. Already, there is a difference between domestic and religious ceramics, which becomes more pronounced in later phases.

Regional specialization of ceramics begins at the end of the Chavinoid Phase, about 400 B . C Larco Hoyle (1944) describes the north coast phase in Chi- cama as Salinar: it was named "Puerto Moorin" in Vini Valley. Vessel forms continue from the preced- ing Chavinoid Phase, as does zoned red decoration.

White-on-red painted decorations and bottles with spouts and flat bridges mark this horizon. T h e popu- lation of the flat valley floors where crops may be irrigated was increasing rapidly.

Izumi and Terada (1966) have recentiy published descriptions of three early phases investigated on the Rio Tumbes, just south of the Ecuador-Peru frontier.

Although the writer shall not present a chronological column for that region, the material is of great interest for comparative purposes.

The earliest phase, marked by San J u a n Coarse Incised ware (op. cit., pi. 25a), features broad-line incising with simple motifs, including the paneling of horizontal lines suggestive of Valdivia Incised. Red slip was also present. A radiocarbon date of 1830ib 130 B.C. (sample BC42, op. cit., p. 71) seems to be about right.

The Pechiche Phase has two dates: 370±130 B . C ; and 850dbl20 B . C (op cit., p. 71). This phase saw the introduction of white-on-red painting, negative painting, painting after firing, engraving, and pedestal bases for bowls.

The Garbanzal Phase shows many features shared with the RegionaU Developmental phases of Ecuador.

On the basis of these resemblances, it should date between 500 B . C and A.D. 500, but the four dates obtained from the top level of the Pechiche site in Garbanzal context, cluster about A.D. 1000-1100. The probable reasons for these apparent errors are discussed by the authors (op. cit., pp. 71, 73).

T A B L E 1

SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O ANTHROPOLOGY V O L U M E 11

—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Ohio chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those from which examples were selected for inclusion on chart 1. ( R C designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

Ihart 1

u o c

i 1/3 V Q

a

1 from C pace

* ^ '•—1

•a ° _{P J4}

0 %

S^

"0 13 >

P E R I O D

Ohio Hopewell- Late Adena

Ohio Early Adena

Vinette i

Archaic

Ohio Hopewell- Late Adena

LAB. N O .

o w u - 6 2 c-136 M-928 c-139 c-214 M-650 o w u - 5 1 M-974

M-929 c-759 c-942 c-760 c-923

M - 1 9

c-192 v-981 M-586

M-561

c-874 M-194 M-908 M-570

UCLA-679A

U C L A - 6 7 9 B

ucLA-688 M-1075

M - 9 0 9

R E F E R E N C E

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p . 346 Libby, 1955, p . 94 R C , 1961,vol. 3, p . I l l Libby, 1955, p . 95 Libby, 1955, p . 94 R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p . 345 R C , 1961, vol. 3, p p . 116-117

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p . I l l Libby, 1955, p . 99 Libby, 1955, p . 104 Libby, 1955, p . 99 Libby, 1955, p . 104 R C Dates Assoc, Inc., 1958

Ritchie, 1962, p . 584 Ritchie, 1962, p . 584 Ritchie, 1962, p . 584

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Libby, 1955, p . 100 RG Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

RG Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p . 341 R C , 1965, vol. 7, p . 341 R C , 1965, vol. 7, p . 338 R C , 1962, vol. 4, p. 189 R C , 1961,vol. 3, p . 113

S I T E

M c G r a w Site Hopewell M d . G r o u p Hopewell M d . G r o u p Hopewell M d . G r o u p Cowan Creek M d . Rocky Fork Lake M o u n d City Cresap M d .

Clough M d . MS27 Toepfner M d . MS27 Toepfner M d . Drake M d .

Oberlander No. 2 H u n t e r

Orient

Bland Cave

Florence M d . Pt. Peninsula Gaines M d . Wagner Merk M d . M c G r a w

M c G r a w M c G r a w Gaines M d . Gaines M d .

C U L T U R E

O h i o Hopewell O h i o Hopewell O h i o Hopewell Ohio Hopewell L a t e Adena Ohio Hopewell Ohio Hopewell Late Adena

Early Adena Early A d e n a Early Adena Early Adena Early Adena Early Adena

Vinette i Vinette i Vinette i

Archaic

Late Adena O h i o Hopewell Late Adena L a t e Adena Ohio Hopewell Ohio Hopewell Ohio Hopewell L a t e Adena L a t e Adena

D A T E

A.D. 435

± 1 6 6

1 B.C.

± 2 0 0 A.D. 120

± 2 0 0

9 4 B.C.

± 2 5 0

A.D. 4 4 1

± 2 5 0

A.D. 6 0

± 2 0 0 A.D. 178

± 5 3

7 0 B.C.

± 1 5 0

1 7 0 B.C.

± 2 0 0

7 0 0 B.C.

± 1 7 0

8 3 0 B.C.

± 4 1 0 219 B.C.

± 1 7 5

4 2 7 B.C.

± 1 5 0

2 5 0 B.C.

± 2 5 0

9 9 8 B.C.

± 1 7 0

8 5 2 B.C.

± 6 8

1 0 4 3 B.C.

± 3 0 0 1080 B.C.

± 2 5 0 A.D. 525

± 2 5 0

2 3 0 B.C.

± 3 0 0

2 5 B.C.

± 2 0 0

A.D. 9 0

± 2 0 0

A.D. 1 4 0

± 8 0

A.D. 1 9 0

± 8 0 A.D. 280

± 8 0

A.D. 3 9 0

± 2 0 0 120 B.C.

± 2 0 0

TABLE 1.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Ohio chrorwlogical column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those from which examples were selected for inclusion on chart 1.—Continued

Bl CU CO

M CO

»2

s

Omitte

ali

O a o to c

' • i j

V V) C4

O H

J 2

t witl jreemen

.3 o a

P E R I O D

Ohio Early Adena

Vinette i

Ohio Hopewell- Late Adena

Vinette i

Archaic

LAB. N O .

M-517 M-518 M-519 M-520 M-521 M-975 M-976

M-640 w - 5 4 3 Y-1171

c-126

ucLA-685

ucLA-679c

M-1432

o w u - 6 1

c-137

c-794

Y-582

Y-583

R E F E R E N C E

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

RG Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 116 R C , 1961,vol. 3, p. 116

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 183 Ritchie, 1962, p. 584 R C , 1963, vol. 5, pp.

331-332

Libby, 1955, p. 94

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 338

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 341

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 130

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 346

Libby, 1955, pp. 94-95

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 160

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 161

S I T E

Toepfner M d . Toepfner M d . Toepfner M d . Toepfner M d . Toepfner M d . Cresap M d . Cresap M d .

Morrow Orient Morrow

Drake M d .

McGraw

Green Point

McGraw

Hopewell M d . Group

Hunter

Lagoon Pond

C U L T U R E

Early Adena Eiu-ly Adena Early Adena Early Adena Early Adena Early Adena Early Adena

Vinette i Vinette i Vinette i

Late Adena

Ohio Hopewell

Middle Woodland

Ohio Hopewell

O h i o Hopewell

Vinette i

Preceramic

D A T E

350 B.C.

± 2 0 0 330 B.C.

± 2 0 0 250 B.C.

± 2 0 0 400 B.C.

± 2 0 0 460 B.C.

± 2 0 0 240 B.C.

± 2 0 0 290 B.C.

± 1 5 0 570 B.C.

± 2 5 0 763 B.C.

± 2 2 0 630 B.C.

± 1 0 0 A.D. 782

± 1 5 0 (too late) 230 B.C.

± 8 0 (too early) A.D. 440

± 8 0 (too late) 530 B.C.

± 1 2 0 (too early) A.D. 481

± 6 5 (too late) 335 B.C.

± 2 1 0 (too early) 2450 B.C.

± 2 6 0 (too early) A.D. 920

± 7 0 (too late) A.D. 520

± 6 0 (too late)

T A B L E 2.

SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y ^{VOLUME 11} -Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Illinois chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with th£ chronology are cited, as well

as those from which examples were selected for inclusion on chart L (RC designates the journal. Radiocarbon.)

c o

P E R I O D

Illinois Hopewell

LAB N O .

A - S O A

A - 8 0 B

M-560 M ^ 5 3 M-20 M-378 M-579 M-378 M-758 M-183 c-152 M-164

M-15 M-439 M ^ 4 3 M-444 M^t45 M-446 M-545 M-548 M-558 M-559 M-578 M-580

R E F E R E N C E

R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 60 R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 60 R C Dates Assoc. Inc.,

1958

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 179 R G Dates Assoc. Inc.,

1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 177 R C , 1961, vol. 3, pp.

111-112

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 112 R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Libby, 1955, p. 95 R C Dates Assoc. Inc.,

1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1961, vol. 3, pp.

111-112

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 180 R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 112 R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 112 R G Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 176 R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 177 R C , 1959, vol. l , p . 177

S I T E

Dickison Dickison Rutherford M d . Liverpool M d . H a v a n a Steuben K u h n e Steuben

McDougal H a r t m a n M d .

Pool H a v a n a Knight Pool Steuben Bedford Bedford Bedford Bedford M d . Steuben Steuben Wilson M d . Wilson M d . K u h n e K u h n e

C U L T U R E

Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell

Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell

D A T E

A.D. 5 0

±350

130 B.C.

±200

A.D. 425

±200

A.D. 480

±200

250 B.C.

±250

A.D. 290

±250

260 B.C.

±250

A.D. 300

±350

320 B.C.

±200

A.D. 210

±250

386 B.C.

±250

A.D. 250

±300

550 B.C.

±300

160 B.C.

±200

A.D. 20

±250

A.D. 10

±250

A.D. 230

±250

A.D. 400

±250

A.D. 50

±200

60 B.C.

±200

1 B.C.

±200

50 B.C.

±200

A.D. 280

±200

A.D. 160

±300

TABLE 2.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Illinois chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chrorwlogy are cited, as well as those from which examples were selected for inclusion on chart 1—Continued.

3hart ;s Omitted from ( r Lack of Space

rt ' ^ Q

Valid n Chart Dating o I Phase ] lent with . Agreeir es not in Dat

P E R I O D

Illinois Hopewell

LAB N O .

M-759 M-760 M-1038 M-1039 M-1040 M-1041 M-1154 M-1155 M-1161 M-1487

M-256

L ^ 3 1 c

M^WO

M-4'41

M ^ 8 9

M-714

M-1160

M-1355

R E F E R E N C E

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p . 112 R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 112 R C , 1962, vol. 4, pp.

186-187

R C , 1961, vol. 4, p. 187 R C , 1962, vol. 4, p . 187 R C , 1962, vol. 4, p. 187 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 231 R C , 1963 vol. 5, p . 231 R, 1963, vol. 5, p . 233 R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 131

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1959, vol. 1, p. 21

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p . 112

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1962, vol. 4, p. 187

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 233

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p . 6

S I T E

Renchville M d . Caterpillar M d . K a m p M d . K a m p M d . K a m p M d . K a m p M d . Snyders Snyders Klunk M d . Snyders

Weaver

Twenhafel

Steuben

Irving

Snyders

Klunk M d .

C U L T U R E

Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell Illinois Hopewell

Illinois Hopewell

D A T E

4 0 B.C.

± 2 0 0 6 0 B.C.

± 1 5 0 A.D. 190

± 2 0 0 A.D. 10

± 1 5 0 3 0 B.C.

± 1 5 0 A.D. 140

± 1 5 0 A.D. 6 0

± 7 5 A.D. 2 3 0

± 7 5 A.D. 175

± 7 5 A.D. 100

± 1 2 0 3 5 0 B.C.

± 2 5 0 (too early) A.D. 5 1 0

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 6 2 5

± 2 0 0 (too late) A.D. 6 7 5

± 2 0 0 (too late) A.D. 7 7 0

± 2 5 0 (too late) A.D. 6 4 0

± 1 5 0 (too late) 9 2 0 B.C.

± 7 5 (too early) A.D. 600

± 1 1 0 (too late)

2g SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y VOLUME 11 TABLE 3.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Georgia coast chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited,

as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RG designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

— ti

o

c o

^ CO

« fl « fl

« 6 £ w,-

ates gree ith] atin hart

Q < ^ Q O

P E R I O D

Deptford

Stallings Island- Plain Fiber

Archaic

Stallings Island- Plain Fiber

LAB N O .

c-933

M-39 Gxo-345 M-236 O-1047 M-1278 M-267 Gxo-343 M-1112 M - l U l M-1109

M-1279 M-1277

O-1046

R E F E R E N C E

R C Dates Assoc.

Inc., 1958 R C Dates Assoc.

Inc., 1958 Stoltman, 1966, p. 872

RG Dates Assoc.

Inc. 1958

Bullen, 1961, p. 104 R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 134

R C Dates Assoc.

Inc., 1958 Stoltman, 1966, p. 872

R C , 1963, vol. 5, pp. 239-240 R C , 1963, vol. 5, pp. 239-240 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 239

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 134

R G , 1965, vol. 7, p . 134

Bullen, 1961, p . 104

S I T E

Booger Bottom

Sapelo Is.

R a b b i t M o u n t Dulany Bilbo Stallings Is.

Refuge R a b b i t M o u n t BUbo

BUbo Bilbo

Stallings Is.

BUbo

C U L T U R E

Deptford

Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Stallings Is.

Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Plain Fiber Plain Fiber

Preceramic Preceramic

Plain Fiber

D A T E

154 B.C.

± 1 4 0 1750 B.C.

± 2 5 0 2515 B.C.

± 9 5 1820 B.C.

± 2 0 0 2175 B.C.

± 1 1 5 1780 B.C.

± 1 5 0 970 B.C.

± 2 0 0 2500 B.C.

± 1 3 5 1780 B.C.

± 1 2 5 1870 B.C.

± 1 2 5 1750 B.C.

± 1 2 5 2750 B.C.

± 1 5 0 2500 B.C.

± 1 5 0

3550 B.C.

± 1 1 5 (too early)

TABLE 4.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the north Florida chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RC designates the journal. Radiocarbon.)

Chart 1

c c

is Show

4mt

i _ Agrt [lase hart

ot in ithP on C c ? he Q S Q

P E R I O D

Yent

Orange

Tick Island

Archaic

Tick Island

Archaic

LAB N O .

1-1366 1-1367 1-1916 1-1464 1-1464

M-215 M-394

G-596 G-598 G-597 M-1014

G-600

G-599

M-264

R E F E R E N C E

Personal comm.

Ripley Bullen Personal comm.

Ripley Bullen Personal conam.

Ripley Bullen Personzd comm.

Ripley Bullen Personal comm.

Ripley Bullen R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Bullen, 1961, p . 104 Bullen, 1961, p . 104 Bullen, 1961, p . 104 R C , 1962, vol. 4, p . 192

Bullen, 1961, p . 104

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

S I T E

Crystal River Crystal River Crystal River Crystcil River Crystal River

Gotten J - 5 , Zone 9, Chattahoochee R.

Palmer Palmer Palmer

Summer Haven

Palmer

Bluffton

C U L T U R E

Yent Yent Yent Yent Yent

Late Dec. Fiber Transitional

Early Dec. Fiber Early Dec. Fiber E<u-ly Dec. Fiber Tick Island

Preceramic

Early Dec. Fiber

Preceramic

D A T E

A.D. 80

± 1 3 0 A.D. 200

± 1 3 0 30 B.C.

± 1 0 0 A.D. 350

± 2 1 0 A.D. 530

± 1 2 5 1070 B.C.

± 2 0 0 1200 B.C.

± 2 5 0 1400 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1625 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1275 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1380 B.C.

± 2 0 0 2150 B.C.

± 1 2 5 2100 B.C.

± 1 2 5 (too early) 750 B.C.

± 5 0 0 (too late)

TABLE 5.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Mobile Bay-Florida northwest coast chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RC designates the journcil, Radiocarbon.)

Dates Shown on Chart 1

Dates not in Agreement with Phase Dating on Chart 1

P E R I O D

Santa Rosa

Bayou L a Batre

Archaic

Deptford

LAB N O .

M-822

M-823

M-824

GX-I55

R E F E R E N C E

Personal comm.

Bruce Trickey Personcd comm.

Bruce Trickey Personal comm.

Bruce Trickey

R C , 1965, vol. 7, pp. 48-49

S I T E

Bryant's Landing

Alligator Lake

C U L T U R E

Hopewell

Bayou La Batre

Preceramic

Deptford

D A T E

90 B.C.

± 1 5 0 1140 B.C.

± 2 0 0 2150 B.C.

± 2 5 0

625 B.C.

± 8 0 (too early)

30 SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O ANTHROPOLOGY

TABLE 6.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Louisiana chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the well as those utilized on chart 1. (RC designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

VOLUME 11 chronology are cited, as

t, ci J3 o

town on

P E R I O D

1

o u

• >

1 i>

o C H ^

4-)

•p PL|

CL, o

LAB N O .

0-24 0-25 0-148 0-143

M-1196 M-1197 M-1199 M-1198 0-49

M-243 O-30

L-195 L-114 0-66 L-272 M-216 M ^ 0 3 Schatzman Schatzman 0-41 G-578 G-579 G-580

R E F E R E N C E

Greengo, 1964, p. 104 Greengo, 1964, p . 104 Greengo, 1964, p . 104 Greengo, 1964, p. 104

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 240 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 240 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 241 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 241 R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R G Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Ford and Webb, 1956, p. 121

Ford and Webb, 1956, p . 121

Ford and Webb, 1956, p. 122

R G Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Ford and W e b b , 1956, p . 121

R G Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Ford and Webb, 1956, p. 122

Ford and W e b b , 1956, p. 121

Haag, pers. comm. (un- published H u m b l e Oil) Haag, pers. comm. (un- published Humble Oil) Haag, pers. comm. (un- published Humble Oil)

S I T E

Thornton Thornton Mabin M a n n y

Helena Crossing Helena Crossing Helena Crossing Helena Crossing Magnolia M d .

Big Oak Is.

Tchefuncte

Poverty Point Jaketown Poverty Point Poverty Point Jaketown Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Jaketown

Linsley Site, 16 O r ^ O Linsley Site, 16 O r - 4 0 Linsley Site, 16 O r - 4 0

C U L T U R E

Troyville TroyvUle Troyville Troyville

Marksville Marksville Marksville Marksville Marksville

Tchefuncte Tchefuncte

Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point Poverty Point

D A T E

A . D . 540

± 1 0 0

A . D . 530

± 1 0 0 A.D. 650

± 1 0 0 A.D. 690

± 1 0 0 A.D. 210

± 7 5 150 B.C.

± 7 5 A.D. 20

± 7 5 A.D. 325

± 7 5 A.D. 120

± 1 0 0 270 B.C.

± 2 0 0 250 B.C.

± 1 1 0 910 B.C.

± 1 0 0 400 B.C.

± 8 0 1200 B.C.

± 1 2 0 710 B.C.

± 8 0 880 B.C.

± 3 0 0 900 B.C.

± 2 5 0 389 B.C.

± 2 0 0 735 B.C.

± 2 1 0 610 B.C.

± 1 1 0 1900 B.C.

± 1 3 0 1600 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1750 B.C.

± 1 2 0

TABLE 6.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Louisiana chronological column. Dales rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RC designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)—Continued

— rt O

be tin

V rt X OH

e

ree

'Z

o c tes Q rt

P E R I O D

s

.id

LAB N O .

M-383

0-7

0-26

0-71

0-77

O-104

c-143

c-154

O-80

O-90

O-102

O-107

0-123

R E F E R E N C E Ford and Webb, 1956, p . 120

M c l n t i r e , 1958, p. 107

Greengo, 1964, p . 104

Mclntire, 1958, p. 107

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Ford and Webb, 1956, p. 120

Ford and Webb, 1956, p . 120

Mclntire, 1958, p. 107

M c l n t i r e , 1958, p. 107

Mclntire, 1958, p. 107

S I T E

Manny

Perdue Ridge

Thornton

River Aux Chenes

Miller

Crooks

Bynum

Magnolia M d .

Metairie Ridge

Loutre Ridge

Magnolia M d .

C U L T U R E Troyville

Troyville

Marksville

D A T E

470 B.C.

± 3 0 0 (too early) 800 B.C.

± 1 1 0 (too early) A.D. 770

± 1 0 0 (runs off chart) A.D. 20

± 1 1 0 (too early) A.D. 1090

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 960

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 792

± 2 5 0 (too late) A.D. 674

± 1 5 0 (too late) A.D. 1050

± 1 0 0 (too late) 370 B.C.

± 1 1 0 (too early) A.D. 510

± 1 0 0 (too late) 250 B.C.

± 1 1 0 (too early) A.D. 900

± 1 0 0 (too late)

324-788 O - 69 - 4

32 SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y VOLUME 1 1 TABLE 6.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Louisiana chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well

as those utilized on chart L (RC designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)—Continued

Chart 1 iting on It with Phase Dc Dates not in Agreemer

P E R I O D

4-1 O

a

> P

O PH CL,

LAB N O .

c-150

c-151

M-218

O - 1 2 A

0-28

o ^ 2

0-76

o-lOl

ucLA-687

0-46

R E F E R E N C E

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

RG Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

M c l n t i r e , 1958, p . 107

Ford a n d W e b b , 1956, p . 121

Ford a n d W e b b , 1956, p. 121

Ford a n d Webb, 1956, p. 121

Mclntire, 1958, p . 107

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p . 339

Ford a n d Webb, 1956, p. 121

S I T E

Tchefuncte

Little Woods

Liberty Bayou

Tchefuncte

ST-12

O r - 7

Jaketown

C U L T U R E

Tchefuncte

Poverty Point

D A T E

A.D. 1317

± 1 5 0 (too late) A.D. 717

± 2 5 0 (too late) A.D. 380

± 2 5 0 (too late) 825 B.C.

± 1 1 0 (too early) A.D. 50

± 1 1 0 (too late) A.D. 1150

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 520

± 1 0 0 (too late) 1850 B.C.

± 1 2 0 (too early) 750 B.C.

± 9 0 (too early)

200 B.C.

± 1 1 0 (too late)

TABLE 7.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Valley of Mexico chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement are cited, as well as those utilized on chart L (RC designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

_ t x:

fl o

tes Shown

rt Q

V X OH

4->

'%- g 2

sa

Agre< gon

.S-B

l «

tes

0 rt

P E R I O D

„ T

•>rt c

o rt J3 3

'4-1

-4-1

< c

•-"^rt

T 6 " 0

0 .y

,1 Arboli

» T

»rt 0 fl

oti

1 Arboli i-ii ijq

LAB N O .

Y-644 st-162 UCLA-609 Y-437 UCLA-610 M-1283 M-1118 M-663 UCLA-611

M-662 Y-1629 Y-1626 M-661 M-660 Y-1627 Y-1628

c-203

c-422

c ^ 2 3

c-190

c-199

R E F E R E N C E

R C , Supp., 1960, vol. 2, p. 57

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 344 RG Supp., 1959, vol. 1, pp. 161-162

RG, 1965, vol. 7, p. 344 R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 249 R C , 1964, vol. 6, pp.

13-14

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 344

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Tolstoy and Guenette, 1965, p. 91

RG Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

R C Dates Assoc. Inc., 1958

Tolstoy and Guenette, 1965, p. 91

Libby, 1955, pp. 128-129

Libby, 1955, p. 129

Libby, 1955, pp. 129-130

Libby, 1955, p. 129

Libby, 1955, p. 128

S I T E

Oztoyahualco Teotihuacan Calle de los Muertos Tlalpam

Plaza de la Luna Pyramid of the Sun Oztoyahualco Pena Rock Quarry Plaza de la Luna

Zacatenco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco

Pyramid of the Sun

Atetelco

Sun Temple

Tlatilco

C U L T U R E

Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan 11 Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan 11 Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan i Teotihuacan in

Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco Tlatilco

Teotihuacan

Teotihuacan 11

Teotihuacan

Tlatilco

D A T E

A.D. 20

± 8 0 A.D. 230

± 6 5 A.D. 150

± 8 0 A.D. 25

± 6 0 A.D. 200

± 8 0 A.D. 80

± 7 5 A.D. 145

± 1 2 0 90 B.C.

± 2 0 0 A.D. 250

± 8 0 500 B.C.

± 2 5 0 810 B.C.

± 1 6 0 410 B.C.

± 1 2 0 990 B.C.

± 2 5 0 575 B.C.

± 2 5 0 710 B.C.

± 5 0 480 B.C.

± 6 0 484 B.C.

± 5 0 0 (too early) 294 B.C.

± 1 8 0 (too early) 1474 B.C.

± 2 3 0 (too early) 4440 B.C.

± 3 0 0 (too early) 1457 B.C.

± 2 5 0 (too early)

TABLE 8,

SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y VOLUME 1 1

—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the Chiapas chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RG designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

art 1 1 on Ch

.fl m

^ 0

4-> fl M C

« i £ ^Z

u «j - . 3 a

a bo.a ci xi

P E R I O D

Chiapa vii

Chiapa iii

Chiapa i and ii

LAB N O .

GrN-1589 M-977

GrN-1524

GrN-1512 L-427 GrN-774 M-978 GrN-1172

GrN-1056

GrN-1525

R E F E R E N C E

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 364

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 120

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 364

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 363

R C S u p p . , 1959, vol.1 p. 22

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 363

R C , 1961, vol. 3, p. 120

Dixon, 1959, p. 41

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 363

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 364

S I T E

Chiapa de Corzo Santa M a r t a Cave

Chiapa de Corzo

Chiapa de Corzo Chiapa de Corzo Chiapa de Corzo Santa M a r t a Cave Chiapa de Corzo

Chiapa de Corzo

C U L T U R E

Proto-Classic Classic

Chiapa ii a n d iii

Chiapa i, ii Chiapa i, ii Chiapa i Chiapa i Chiapa i, ii

Chiapa i

Chiapa i, n

D A T E

A.D. 30

± 4 5 A.D. 80

± 2 0 0 560 B.C.

± 4 5 1060 B.C.

± 5 0 780 B.C.

± 1 5 0 1060 B.C.

± 1 5 0 1330 B.C.

± 2 0 0 935 B.C.

± 6 0 420 B.C.

± 6 0 (too late) 220 B.C.

± 5 0 (too late)

TABLE 9.—Radiocarbon dates used for

Chart

fl o

lown

tes

P E R I O D

Conchas

Cuadros

LAB N O .

w-836 w-837

Y-1151 Y-1166 Y-1154 Y-1150 Y-1167

establishing the Soconusco, Guatemala chronological column. (RG designates the journal,

R E F E R E N C E

R C , R C ,

R C , R C , R C , R C , R C ,

1960, vol. 2, p. 181 1960, vol. 2, p. 181

1963, vol. 5, p. 333 1963, vol. 5, p. 333 1963, vol. 5, p. 333 1963, vol. 5, p. 333 1963, vol. 5, p. 333

S I T E

La Victoria La Victoria

Salinas La Blanca Salinas La Blanca Salinas La Blanca Salinas La Blanca Rio Naranjo

C U L T U R E

Conchas ii Conchas ii

Cuadros Cuadros Cuadros Cuadros Cuadros

Radiocarbon.)

D A T E

200 B.C.

± 2 4 0 130 B.C.

± 2 4 0 765 B.C.

± 1 0 5 814 B.C.

± 9 0 928 B.C.

± 1 0 5 978 B.C.

± 1 0 5 790 B.C.

± 7 0

TABLE 10.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the north coast of Colombia chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart 1. (RC designates the journal, Radiocarbon.)

—'

J 3 fl

o J

ates She

on Chart 1

'4-1

Q rt

0L|

.£

4->

c g

)t in Agr

u Q

P E R I O D

M a l a m b o

Barlovento

Puerto Hormiga

Cupica

Malambo

Puerto Hormiga

LAB N O .

M-1176

Y-1318 Y-1317 w-743 w-739 w-741

1-1123 1-445 SI-152 si-151

M-1313

M-117

M-1175

M-1177

M-1178

SI-153

R E F E R E N C E

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p p . 248-249

Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1965, p. 53

R C , 1960, vol. 2, p. 180 R C , 1960, vol. 2, p. 180 R C , 1960, vol. 2, p. 180

Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1965, p. 53

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 17

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 248

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p . 248

R C , 1963, vol. 5, p. 249

Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1965, p. 53

S I T E

Malambo

Barlovento Canapote Barlovento Barlovento Barlovento

Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga

Cupica

Malambo

Puerto Hormiga

C U L T U R E

Malambo

Barlovento Barlovento Barlovento Barlovento Barlovento

Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga Puerto Hormiga

Cupica II

Malambo

Puerto Hormiga

D A T E

1120 B.C.

± 1 0 0 1560 B.C.

± 1 0 0 1940 B.C.

± 1 0 0 1190 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1520 B.C.

± 1 2 0 1030 B.C.

± 1 2 0 2552 B.C.

± 2 5 0 2925 B.C.

± 1 7 0 3020 B.C.

± 7 0 2870 B.C.

± 1 0 0 A.D. 1215

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 650

± 7 5 (too late) A.D. 60

± 1 0 0 (too late) A.D. 1600

± 7 5 (too late) A.D. 565

± 7 5 (too late) 3090 B.C.

± 7 0 (too early.

20 years)

36 SMITHSONIAN C O N T R I B U T I O N S T O A N T H R O P O L O G Y VOLUME 1 1 TABLE 11.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the coastal Ecuador chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the chronology are

cited, as well as those utilized on chart L

art 1

X fl o o c CO

Vi OJ

Dat(

P E R I O D

c _o

s

Q 19 fl o (U (i^

Ul Ul O X O

LAB N O .

M-734 si-49 M-1315 si-55 M-1316 si-52 M-1319 w-834 w-833

si-35 s i ^ 3 1307 SI-107

M-1317 si-83 SI-84R w-631 si-22 M-1322 si-84 w-630

R E F E R E N C E

Meggers, Evans, Estrada, 1965, p. 153

Meggers, Evans, Estrada, 1965, p. 149

S I T E

T a r q u i Esteros Esteros Esteros Esteros Esteros Esteros Esteros Esteros

Pepa de Huso Pepa de Huso V61iz

La Cabuya

Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia

C U L T U R E

Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia Bahia

Late Chorrera Late Chorrera Late Chorrera Machzililla-Chorrera

Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia A Valdivia B

D A T E

220 B.C.

± 2 0 0 350 B.C.

± 6 5 100 B.C.

± 1 2 0 480 B.C.

± 6 0 170 B.C.

± 1 2 0 400 B.C.

± 6 5 160 B.C.

± 1 2 0 250 B.C.

± 2 4 0 200 B.C.

± 2 4 0 575 B.C.

± 1 0 5 590 B.C.

± 1 2 5 850 B.C.

± 1 1 5 1370 B.C.

± 1 7 0 2530 B.C.

± 1 4 0 2580 B.C.

± 5 5 2590 B.C.

± 1 5 0 2500 B.C.

± 2 0 0 2500 B.C.

± 9 0 2670 B.C.

± 1 4 0 2440 B.C.

± 6 0 2100 B.C.

± 2 0 0

TABLE 11.—Radiocarbon dates used for establishing the coastal Ecuador chronological column. Dates rejected as not in agreement with the Chronology are cited, as well as those utilized on chart L—Continued

—

4-1 Ul

x: rt U fl o

bX5

_c n

Phase 1

It

_C-S

au

"^ c

bo _C

o c S Q

P E R I O D

•>

•'3

1

rt 3 •a

X2 O

s

LAB N O .

si-82 M-1318 si-80 M-1321 si-81 si-85 si-18 SI-16 w-632 si-69 si-78

SI-108

si-67

M-1320

si-112

si-20

si-71

R E F E R E N C E

Meggers, Evans, Estrada, 1965, p. 149

R C , 1965, vol. 7, p. 250

R C , 1964, vol. 6, p. 186

Meggers, Evans, Estrada, 1965, p. 149

S I T E

Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Valdivia Buena Vista Valdivia

La Cabuya

Valdivia

Buena Vista

C U L T U R E

Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia B Valdivia c Valdivia c

Machalilla c

Valdivia A

Valdivia A, B

Valdivia c

D A T E

2170 B.C.

± 6 5 2220 B.C.

± 1 4 0 2190 B.C.

± 6 0 2150 B.C.

± 1 4 0 2320 B.C.

± 6 0 2220 B.C.

± 6 5 2280 B.C.

± 1 0 0 2270 B.C.

± 1 0 0 2240 B.C.

± 2 0 0 1500 B.C.

± 5 0 2020 B.C.

± 6 5 1030 B.C.

± 1 6 0 (too late) 880 B.C.

± 4 5 (too late) 3200 B.C.

± 1 5 0 (50 years too early) 1400 B.C.

± 2 0 0 (too late) 855 B.C.

± 1 0 5 (too late) 2090 B.C.

± 5 5 (35 years too early)

Dalam dokumen A Comparison of Formative Cultures in the Americas (Halaman 44-63)