NOTES

FOR FURTHER STUDY

5.

6.

7.

a.

9.

10.

11.

12.

See G. von Rad, Old Testament Theology I, 175-187;

M. Noth, Exodus, Philadelphia: 1962; also A History of Pentateuchal Traditions, trans. B. W. Anderson, Englewood Cliffs 1972; B. W. Childs, The Book of The Theology of the Exodus Narratives, of Exodus:

Milwaukee 1966; E. W. Nicholson, Exodus and Sinai in History and Tradition, Richmond: John Knox, 1973;

S. Herrmann, Israel in Egypt, Naperville 1970.

So especially A. Harnack and the antisemitic

"Deutsche Christen" movement. R. Bultmann, though he denies being marcionistic, relegates the Old Testament to pre- and subchristian "Vorverstandnis"

in his articles, "The Significance of the Old Testa- ment for the Christian Faith," Anderson, op. cit., pp. 8-35, and "Prophecy and Fulfillment ,“Testermann, op. cit., pp. 50-75 (both translated from German originals); so also the articles of F. Baumggrtel, F. Hesse, C. Michalson, and J. Dillenberger in these two volumes. To assess the significance of the strong opposition to this position among all the remaining contributors to this volume, see De Vries,

"Basic Issues," pp. 17-19; also S. J. De Vries "The Early Years of Barth and Bultmann," Journal of The Methodist Theological School, 5/2 (1967), 22-29.

For what follows, see R. Grant, The Bible in The Church, A Short Histor y of Interpretation, New York, 1954; P. R. Ackroyd, et al., edd.,

History of the Bible, 3 vols., Camb

See S. Sandmel, We Jews and Jesus, New York 1965.

See art, "Ebionites," (G. Uhlhorn), NSHE, IV, 57.

Cf. W. Schmithals, Die Gnosis in Korinth, eine Unter- 2nd. ed. Gottingen, he New Tesament, I Cf. Bultmann,.ibid., II (1955), pp. 15ff.; R. E.

Brown, "*Othermep not of This Fold': The Johan- nine Perspective on Christian Diversity in the Late First Century," JBL 97 (1978), 5-22.

See art. "Canon of the NT" (F. W. Beare), E; I, 52ff.; J. Knox, Marcion and the New Testament, Chicago 1942; H. Lietzmann, The Beginnings of the

13.

Christian Church (New York 1937), pp. 333-353.

Cf. A. C. McGiffert, A History of Christian Thought, I (New York-London, 1932), 246ff.; J. L. Gonzalez, A History of Christian Thought, I (Nashville-New York, 1970) 268ff.; J. Pelikan, The Christian Tra- dition, A History of the Development of Doctrine, I

(Chicago 1971).

14. See art. "Justin Martyr"(N. Bonwetsch), NSHE, VI, 282ff.

15. See art.

IX

; 38ff.

"Philo of Alexandria" (0. Zbckler), w, 16. See G. Vermes, "Bible and Midrash: Early Old Testa-

ment Exegesis," Cambridge History of the Bible, I, 199-231; H. L. Strack, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (Philadelphia 1945), pp. 201ff.; A. G.

Wright, The Literary Genre Midrash, New York 1967.

17. Cf. B. Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages, Oxford:1952.

18. Cf. J. T. McNeill, The History and Character of Calvinism, Oxford: 1954, pp. 212-214.

19. See H. Bornkamm, Luther and the Old Testament, trans.

E. W. and R. C. Gritsch, ed. V. I. Gruhn, Philadel- phia 1969.

20. See J. Steinmann, Richard Simon et les origins de l'exkgkse biblique, Bruges, 1960; Cf. H. J. Kraus, Geschichte der historischkritischen Erforschung des Alten Testaments (2nd ed., Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1969),

PP

. 65-70.

21. Cf. G. H. Tavard, "Tradition in Theology," J. F.

Kelly, ed., (Notre Dame:

P e r s p e c t i v e s

Fides Publishers, 1976), pp. 84ff.

22. Cf. 0. Cullmann, Vatican Council II; The New Dir- ection. Essays selected and arranged by J. D.

Hester, New York 1968.

23. See Kraus, op. tit - _*a aoff.; S. J. De Vries, Bible and Theology in The Netherlands (Wageningen lm pp. 7ff., 22ff., 45-87.

24. cf. Kraus, *. cit., pp. 425-433; J. Smart, "A Mat-

37

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

ter of Life or Death," The Divided Mind of Modern Theology (Philadelphia 1967), pp. 206ff.

Egyptian dominance over Palestine ended ca. 1200 B.C., and, apart from occasional raids lse that of Pharaoh Sheshonq (= Shishak, I Kings 14:25f.), was never restored until, very briefly, in the time of Necho I (609-604 B.C.). Once David subdued the Transjordanian kingdoms (II Samuel 10, 12), Israel remained safe on its eastern border until the Aramean raids of the ninth century and the Assyrian and Babylonian conquests of the eighth centuries, respectively. That is to say, once inimical groups like the Philistines and Edomites had been either assimilated or brought under vassalage, David's kingdom was able to enter a period of relative se- curity and international peace lasting for two or three centuries.

For details concerning the growth of the various Old Testament documents one should consult the ma- jor works on Introduction. See now particularly the innovative, comprehensive treatment offered in B. S. Childs, An Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979), where a complete list of similar works is given.

See art. "Jew" (R. Posner), EJ, X, 22ff: "Jewish Identity" (A. Hertzberg), EJ, X, 53ff.; art. "Jew, Jews, Jewess" (J. A. Sanders) E, II, 897ff.

Cf. art. "Israel, Names and Associations of" (A.

Haldar), z,

^II

, 765f.

For details, cf. P. R. Ackroyd, Exile and Restor- ation, Philadelphia

1968.

See E. Mary Smallwood, Jews Under Roman Rule, Leiden: Brill,

1976;

cf. also E. Schiirer, A His- tory of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus, N.

N. Glatzer, ed., New York 1961; S. Safrai and M.

Stern, edd., The Jewish People in the First Cen- a, 2 ~01s. Assen: van Gorcum, 1974-.

Cf. the classic study of W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen, New York and Lon- don,

1896;

also S. V. McCasland, "New Testament Times: The Graeco-Roman World," IB, 7, 75ff.

Christianity changed from a persecuted sect to a 38

vrivileaed state-religion after the time of the emperor-Constantine, Z.D. 313 (Edict of Milan).

Subsequently the church developed a centralized hierarchy, with the See of Rome taking over ele- ments of imperial authority at the collapse of the city in the mid-fifth century.

33. Cf. 0. Cullmann, Christ and Time; The Primitive Christian Conception of Time and History, Rev. ed., London 1962; C. H. Dodd, The Apostolic Preaching and its Development, Chicago 1937.

34. Cf. Richard Gutteridge, The German Evangelical Church and the Jews 1879-1950, Oxford: Blackwell, -76; especially Chap. V, "The Niiremberg Laws and their Effect upon the Evangelical Church, 1935- i938" (pp. 152ff). The Evangelical Church was paralyzed when facing the duty of witnessing against the immorality of Nazi antisemitism by a traditionalistic maintenance of the two-realms doctrine, leading it to the pretension that poli- tical matters were none of her concern. It was not until the Nazis interfered with the internal church matter of enforcing the so-called "Aryan Clause" against pastors of Jewish descent that formidable opposition arose within the church.

The church was always concerned to protect Jewish church-members, and especially pastors, but had little to say about the plight of the Jewish peo- ple as a whole. The Nazis were very effective in playing off the latter against the former, enti- cing the church authorities into leaving the non- Christian Jews in their hands at the price of lay- ing off the non-Aryan church members.

35. See the burgeoning literature on the Holocaust experience, especially as interpreted by Elie Wiksel; cf; H. J. Cargas, Harry J. Cargas in Con- versation with Elie Wiesel, New York: Paulist Press, 197 ; 6 Consuming Fire: En- counters with Elie Wiesel and the Holocaust, At- lanta: John Knox, 1979; E. L. Fackenheim, God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Reflections, New York: New York University Press, 1970.

36. Cf. J. Barr, Fundamentalism (Philadelphia: For- tress,

1978) PP

. 36ff.

37. The song of Deborah in Judges 5 is likely the

39

38.

39.

40

41.

42. New York,

^1962-65,

tr. D. M. Stalker

43. Wolff, "Gerhard von Rad als Exeget," pp.

g-20

in H. W. Wolff, ed., Gerhard von Rad, Seine Bedeutung fTIr die Theologie, Drei Reden von H. W. Wolff, R.

Rendtorff, W. Pannenberg, Munich 1973

44.

45.

46.

earliest (a 1250 B.C.), additions to Daniel the latest

(164

B.C.), literary materials contained within the canonical Old Testament. However, the bulk of this was composed between ca. 950 B.C. (J) and

350

B.C. (completion of the Pezateuch, the Prophets collection, most of the Writings).

The story of the transmission of the biblical text is lonn and involved; cf. S. Talmon, "The Old Testament Text," P. R. Ackroyd, ed., The Cambridge Histor

m, I, 159ff., E. Wiirthwein, The Text of the Old Testament, Oxford 1957.

Two vols., trans. J. A. Baker, Philadelphia

1961- 1967

Tr. S. Neuijen, Wageningen,

1958;

2nd. ed.

1969

M. Burrows, An Outline of Biblical Theology, Phila- delphia

1946;

L. H. Koehler, Old Testament Theo- -, Philadelphia 1957; 0. Procksch, Theologie des Alten Testaments, GRtersloh 1950.

Cf. G. F. Hasel, Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Deba.te, Grand Rapids: Eerd- mans, 1972; W. Eichrodt, Theology of the Old Testa- ment, I (Philadelphia

196x

512-520 ("The Problem of Old Testament Theology")

New York: Harper,

1978

Literary studies concerning the Old Testament were stimulated by the writings of Robert Lowth (d.

1787)

and especially scholars of the German Roman- ticistic movement such as Johann Gottfried Herder (d.

1803).

Throughout the nineteenth century it was much the vogue to approach the Bible, and espe- cially the Old Testament, in terms of its aesthe- tic apneal. This approach continues to inspire

nothing more than admirable human literature must now be set aside, its beauty as literature needs to continue to be studied and admired, as in the re- cent writings of Luis Alonso-Schbkel and James Muilenburg (see particularly the latter's Commen- tary on Second Isaiah in IB). -

47.

Cf. J. Barr, Fundamentalism, pp. 3lOff. ("Objectiv- ity").

48. See

the impressive argumentation of W. Zimmerli in his article, "Promise and Fulfillment," C. Wester- mann, ed., Essays on Old Testament Hermeneutics pp. 89-122. A number of present-day systematicians are responsive to this call (notably H. Diem

in

Germany, H. Berkof in Holland), but they are still very much in the minority.

--.-

such books as P. C. Sands, The Literary Genius of the Old Testament, Oxford 1926, and C. A. Dinsm;;e, The English Bible as Literature, Boston 1931. - though the Romanticistic bias that the Bible is

40 41

Chapter I

The Transcendence and Immanence of God