Figure 1-10. a) SEM and TEM image of prepared sulfur-TiO2 yolk-shell hierarchical nanostructures, b) Capacity retention of sulfur-TiO2 cycled at 0.5C, in comparison with bare sulfur and sulphur-TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles, c) Charge/discharge capacity of sulfur-TiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures cycled at various current rates from 0.2 to 2 C. Reproduced with the permission from ref. 50 (Copyright 2013 Nature Publishing Group).
understanding structure-property relationships and returning to the synthesis process for better materials. The connecting theme among all the materials research in this work is the ultimate enhancement of LIBs by applying surface modification methods, and the detail objectives in this thesis are shown as follows:
1. Synthesis of Surface-Modified Nanomaterials
1) To develop scalable methods to produce morphology controlled TiO2, Li4Ti5O12, and MoS2 as potential anode materials, such as, nanosheet-based spheres TiO2, porous Li4Ti5O12 and so on. A relation between different experimental parameters and the morphology of prepared samples was established.
2) To explore feasible and energy-efficient ion-exchange methods to modify the surface of TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 nanostructures for potential anode application. The influence of these treatments on the crystal structure and morphology of these materials were investigated.
3) To investigate the enhanced effect of TiO2 phase on the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 nanocomposite. In addition, the underlying mechanism of TiO2 second phase was revealed and discussed.
4) To develop kinds of hierarchical nanomaterials (Li4Ti5O12/MoS2, TiO2/MoS2) with high electrochemical performance in LIBs. Different substrates, including Li4Ti5O12
nanosheet arrays and MoS2 nanospheres were used in the various systems.
2. Morphology and Structural Characterization
The morphology of obtained samples was characterized with scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The phase structure
was determined by X-ray diffraction. The surface element composition was measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. And the specific surface area of the obtained samples was calculated using the nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements.
3. Electrochemical Performance Evaluation
Lithium ion battery performance tests were carried out with a half-cell configuration using CR-2032 coin cells. Li foil was used as both the counter and reference electrode. The electrodes were assembled in an Argon-filled glove box.
Galvanostatic discharge/charge tests were performed using an Arbin-BT 2000 measurement system at different current densities at various temperatures (25, 55 °C and so on). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry studies were carried out on a CHI650E electrochemical workstation.
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