39
eTable 15. LASSO coefficients, high-dose dispensing, prescription opioid phase (2006-2009), primary analysis
Provision category Provision Coefficient
PDMP Access What professionals have access to the PDMP data: None 2.44
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow prescribers to access: Former patients 1.3
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow dispensers to access: Former patients 0.83
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: Gifts 0.5
PDMP Access Does the law allow out-of-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: Active investigations 0.34 PDMP Admin Does the law require or permit PDMP to release de-identified data for research or education: Yes 0.29 PDMP Admin Is the PDMP permitted to report suspicious or statistically outlying prescribing, dispensing or purchasing
activity: Professional licensing report 0.28
PDMP Admin Does the law require evaluation of the PDMP: Yes 0.23
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: Grants 0.23
PDMP Report What drug schedules are required to be reported to the PDMP: Federal Schedule II 0.21 PDMP Admin Is the PDMP required to report suspicious or statistically outlying prescribing, dispensing or purchasing:
Law enforcement report 0.2
PDMP Admin Is the PDMP required to report suspicious or statistically outlying prescribing, dispensing or purchasing:
Professional licensing report 0.17
PDMP Report How often must dispensers report data to the PDMP: Every 7 days 0.14
PDMP Access Does the PDMP allow delegates to access data: Yes 0
Pain Management Clinic Does the law require that a medical director be physically present at the pain clinic: Yes -0.01
PDMP Admin Does the law require the PDMP to have an advisory/oversight board: Yes -0.02
Pain Management Clinic
What criteria is used to determine if a practice is subject to the PMC law: Specific percentage of patients
being treated for pain -0.03
PDMP Access Does the law allow in-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: Subpoena -0.07
PDMP Admin How long does the law allow PDMP data to be stored by the administrating agency: 5 years or more -0.09 PDMP Access
Does the law allow out-of-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: Warrant, judicial finding of
probable cause -0.19
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: None -0.25
PDMP Admin How long does the law allow PDMP data to be stored by the administrating agency: Between 2 to 5 years -0.32 PDMP Access Does the law allow in-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: No restrictions -0.33
PDMP Report How often must dispensers report data to the PDMP: Every 28 days or more -0.47
41
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: Charging fees -0.66
PDMP Admin Is the PDMP required to report suspicious or statistically outlying prescribing, dispensing or purchasing:
Prescriber/dispenser report -0.71
No initial prescription opioid limits limits were enacted between 2006 and 2009 so these provisions were excluded. Only provisions with non-zero coefficients identified by the LASSO model are shown and were subsequently included in the random forest models however after rounding coefficients could be displayed as zero.
eTable 16. LASSO coefficients, high-dose dispensing, heroin phase (2010-2012), primary analysis
Provision category Provision Coefficient
PDMP Access What professionals have access to the PDMP data: Medical examiner or coroner 0.5
PDMP Access What professionals have access to the PDMP data: None -0.65
PDMP Admin Which state agency or department is responsible for operating the PDMP: Consumer protection agency -0.23 PDMP Admin Which state agency or department is responsible for operating the PDMP: Department of Health/HHS -0.28 PDMP Admin Which state agency or department is responsible for operating the PDMP: Law enforcement 0.22
PDMP Access Does the PDMP allow delegates to access data: Yes -0.07
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow dispensers to access: None 0.09
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow dispensers to access: Prospective patients 0.8 PDMP Report Does the state require dispensers to check the PDMP before dispensing: New patients only -0.07 PDMP Access Does the law allow in-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: Subpoena -0.03 PDMP Access Does the law allow in-state law enforcement to access PDMP data: No restrictions -0.57 PDMP Report Does the state require prescribers to check the PDMP before prescribing: Every patient, every time -0.16 PDMP Admin Does the law require or permit PDMP to release de-identified data for research or education: Yes 0.21 Pain Management Clinic What are the pain clinic physicians requirements: No misdemeanors relating to prescription drugs or
controlled substances
-0.16 Pain Management Clinic Which PMC professionals are explicitly authorized to dispense: Licensed physician 1.57 Pain Management Clinic Does the law require PMC sites to keep patient records: 7 years -0.4 Pain Management Clinic Does the law require pain management certification: Every 2 years -1.11 Pain Management Clinic What are the owner requirements: Certification in pain management -0.58 Pain Management Clinic Are PMC professionals required to have any specific controlled substance training: Yes -0.46 PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: Appropriation provisions 0.38
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: Charging fees -0.27
PDMP Admin How does the law provide funding for the PDMP: None -0.04
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow prescribers to access: Former patients 0.75
PDMP Access Whose PDMP data does the law allow prescribers to access: None 0.62
PDMP Admin Is the PDMP required to report suspicious or statistically outlying prescribing, dispensing or purchasing:
Law enforcement report
0.19