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Planning Care Using Nursing Diagnoses

CHAPTER 2THE NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING CARE USING NURSING DIAGNOSES

care process and standards for professional performance, pro- viding impetus and support for the development and use of nursing diagnosis in the practice setting. Finally, NANDA In- ternational (formerly North American Nursing Diagnosis As- sociation) initiated research and intensified the work (ongoing for more than 30 years) of identifying client problems and needs for which nurses are accountable.

The linkage of nursing diagnoses to specific nursing interventions and client outcomes led to the development of a number of standardized nursing languages, for instance, the Omaha System, Clinical Care Classification (formerly Home Healthcare Classification), Ozbolt Patient Care Data Set (now retired), and Perioperative Minimum Data Set. The purpose of these languages is to help ensure continuity of appropriate cost-effective nursing care for the client regardless of setting.

This is accomplished in part through enhanced communica- tion, standardization of the process of evaluating the care pro- vided, and facilitation of documentation.

Today, NANDA-I continues the development of nurs- ing diagnosis labels (Table 2.1), which are complemented by the Iowa Intervention Project: Nursing Interventions Classi- fication (NIC) and the Iowa Outcomes Project: Nursing Out- comes Classification (NOC). NIC directs our focus to the content and process of nursing care by identifying and stan- dardizing the care activities nurses perform, and NOC describes client outcomes that are responsive to nursing in- tervention and develops corresponding measurement scales.

Combined, these three standardized languages (NNN) form a single language describing client problems or needs, nurs- ing actions, and outcomes for evaluation of the care provided.

Assessment Nursing

Diagnosis Ev

aluation

Assessment Ev

aluation Inter

vention

Planning Inter

vention

Inter ven Planning tion

Ev aluation

Assessment

Nursing Diagnosis Nu

rsing Diagnosis

NURSE CLIENT

Figure 2.1 Diagram of the nursing process. The steps of the nursing process are interrelated, forming a continuous circle of thought and action that is both dynamic and cyclic.

TABLE 2.1 Nursing Diagnoses Accepted for Use and Research Through 2014

Activity Intolerance [specify level]

Activity Intolerance, risk for Activity Planning, ineffective Activity Planning, risk for ineffective Adverse Reaction to Iodinated

Contrast Media, risk for Airway Clearance, ineffective Allergy Response, risk for Anxiety [specify level]

Aspiration, risk for

Attachment, risk for impaired Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic Dysreflexia, risk for Behavior, disorganized infant Behavior, readiness for enhanced

organized infant

Behavior, risk for disorganized infant Bleeding, risk for

Blood Glucose Level, risk for unstable Body Image, disturbed

Body Temperature, risk for imbalanced Breast Milk, insufficient

Breastfeeding, ineffective Breastfeeding, interrupted

Breastfeeding, readiness for enhanced Breathing Pattern, ineffective

Cardiac Output, decreased Caregiver Role Strain Caregiver Role Strain, risk for Childbearing Process, ineffective

Childbearing Process, readiness for enhanced Childbearing Process, risk for ineffective Comfort, impaired

Comfort, readiness for enhanced Communication, impaired verbal Communication, readiness for enhanced Confusion, acute

Confusion, risk for acute Confusion, chronic Constipation

Constipation, perceived Constipation, risk for Contamination Contamination, risk for Coping, compromised family Coping, defensive

Coping, disabled family Coping, ineffective

Coping, ineffective community Coping, readiness for enhanced

Coping, readiness for enhanced community Coping, readiness for enhanced family Death Anxiety

Decision Making, readiness for enhanced Decisional Conflict (specify)

Denial, ineffective Dentition, impaired

Development, risk for delayed Diarrhea

Disuse Syndrome, risk for Diversional Activity, deficient Dry Eye, risk for

Electrolyte Imbalance, risk for Energy Field, disturbed

Environmental Interpretation Syndrome, impaired

Failure to Thrive, adult Falls, risk for

Family Processes, dysfunctional Family Processes, interrupted

(continues on page 6)

[ ] author recommendations

Herdman, T.H. (Ed.). Nursing Diagnoses—Definitions and Classification 2012–2014. Copyright © 2012, 1994–2012 NANDA International. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons Limited. In order to make safe and effective judgments using NANDA-I nursing diagnoses it is essential that nurses refer to the definitions and defining characteristics of the diagnoses listed in this work.

TABLE 2.1 Nursing Diagnoses Accepted for Use and Research Through 2014

(continued) Family Processes, readiness for

enhanced Fatigue Fear

Feeding Pattern, ineffective infant Fluid Balance, readiness for enhanced [Fluid Volume, deficient hypertonic/

hypotonic]

Fluid Volume, deficient [isotonic]

Fluid Volume, excess

Fluid Volume, risk for deficient Fluid Volume, risk for imbalanced Gas Exchange, impaired

Gastrointestinal Motility, dysfunctional Gastrointestinal Motility, risk for

dysfunctional

Gastrointestinal Perfusion, risk for ineffective

Grieving

Grieving, complicated Grieving, risk for complicated Growth, risk for disproportionate Growth and Development, delayed Health, deficient community Health Behavior, risk-prone Health Maintenance, ineffective Home Maintenance, impaired Hope, readiness for enhanced Hopelessness

Human Dignity, risk for compromised Hyperthermia

Hypothermia

Immunization Status, readiness for enhanced

Impulse Control, ineffective Incontinence, bowel

Incontinence, functional urinary Incontinence, overflow urinary Incontinence, reflex urinary Incontinence, stress urinary Incontinence, urge urinary Incontinence, risk for urge urinary Infection, risk for

Injury, risk for Insomnia

Intracranial Adaptive Capacity, decreased

Jaundice, neonatal Jaundice, risk for neonatal

Knowledge, deficient [Learning Need]

[specify]

Knowledge [specify], readiness for enhanced

Latex Allergy Response Latex Allergy Response, risk for Lifestyle, sedentary

Liver Function, risk for impaired Loneliness, risk for

Maternal-Fetal Dyad, risk for disturbed Memory, impaired

Mobility, impaired bed Mobility, impaired physical Mobility, impaired wheelchair Moral Distress

Nausea

Noncompliance, [ineffective Adherence]

[specify]

Nutrition: less than body requirements, imbalanced

Nutrition: more than body requirements, imbalanced

Nutrition: more than body requirements, risk for imbalanced

Nutrition, readiness for enhanced Oral Mucous Membrane, impaired Pain, acute

Pain, chronic Parenting, impaired

Parenting, readiness for enhanced Parenting, risk for impaired

Perioperative Positioning Injury, risk for Peripheral Neurovascular Dysfunction,

risk for

Personal Identity, disturbed Personal Identity, risk for disturbed Poisoning, risk for

Post-Trauma Syndrome [specify stage]

Post-Trauma Syndrome, risk for Power, readiness for enhanced Powerlessness [specify level]

Powerlessness, risk for Protection, ineffective Rape-Trauma Syndrome Relationship, ineffective

Relationship, readiness for enhanced Relationship, risk for ineffective Religiosity, impaired

Religiosity, readiness for enhanced Religiosity, risk for impaired Relocation Stress Syndrome Relocation Stress Syndrome, risk for Renal Perfusion, risk for ineffective Resilience, impaired individual Resilience, readiness for enhanced Resilience, risk for compromised Role Conflict, parental

Role Performance, ineffective Self-Care, readiness for enhanced Self-Care Deficit, bathing Self-Care Deficit, dressing Self-Care Deficit, feeding Self-Care Deficit, toileting

Self-Concept, readiness for enhanced Self-Esteem, chronic low

Self-Esteem, situational low Self-Esteem, risk for chronic low Self-Esteem, risk for situational low Self-Health Management, ineffective Self-Health Management, readiness for

enhanced Self-Mutilation Self-Mutilation, risk for Self-Neglect

[Sensory Perception, disturbed (specify:

visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, tactile, olfactory)]

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexuality Pattern, ineffective Shock, risk for

Skin Integrity, impaired Skin Integrity, risk for impaired Sleep, readiness for enhanced Sleep Deprivation

Sleep Pattern, disturbed Social Interaction, impaired Social Isolation

Sorrow, chronic Spiritual Distress Spiritual Distress, risk for

Spiritual Well-Being, readiness for enhanced Stress Overload

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, risk for Suffocation, risk for

Suicide, risk for

Surgical Recovery, delayed Swallowing, impaired

Therapeutic Regimen Management, ineffective family

Thermal Injury, risk for Thermoregulation, ineffective Tissue Integrity, impaired

Tissue Perfusion, ineffective peripheral Tissue Perfusion, risk for decreased cardiac Tissue Perfusion, risk for ineffective cerebral Tissue Perfusion, risk for ineffective

peripheral

Transfer Ability, impaired Trauma, risk for

Unilateral Neglect

Urinary Elimination, impaired

Urinary Elimination, readiness for enhanced Urinary Retention [acute/chronic]

Vascular Trauma, risk for

Ventilation, impaired spontaneous Ventilatory Weaning Response,

dysfunctional

Violence, risk for other-directed Violence, risk for self-directed Walking, impaired

Wandering [specify sporadic or continual]

CHAPTER 2THE NURSING PROCESS: PLANNING CARE USING NURSING DIAGNOSES