THE IMPLICATIONS OF ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (AEC) TO THE REGULATION OF COOPERATIVE SUPERVISION BY THE
C. The Politic of Law of Cooperative Supervision by Government on Law
oversight does not aim to reduce the independence of the cooperative, but rather maintain the existence of the cooperative to comply with their identity and be able to compete in a global world. If there is no supervision of the cooperative will lose direction and weak in a global competition.
C. The Politic of Law of Cooperative
Cooperative Law Politic of Law Period Explanation Law of the Republic
of Indonesia Number 14 of 1965
concerning Cooperatives
The Government may involve third parties in conducting surveillance
De-Officialisasi This law applies only 2 years, the
government began to involve third parties in the regulatory process
Part 2: Development and Supervision Article 55.
(1) In order to implement the provisions of Article 7 paragraph (1) This Act established the Directorate of Cooperatives as
organizational guidance / supervision of cooperatives and regulated by the President or on the authority of the Presidential Decree binding provisions of article 5 of this Act.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 1967 on the Basic Principles of Cooperatives
The role of
government towards cooperatives became stronger after the G 30S / PKI tragedy The government contributes to all activities of the cooperative.
Appears CAS (cooperative
Accounting Services)
De-officialisasi The authority of government include providing guidance, supervision, protection and facilities to the cooperative
CHAPTER XI: The Role of Government Article 37
The government is obliged to provide guidance, supervision, protection and facilities to enable him to carry out the Cooperative as well as Article 33 of Law 1945 and its description.
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 25 of 1992 concerning
Cooperatives
CAS removed, the Government is no longer a "super auditors". The government does not control, just
coaching.
Supervision carried out independently by member
Otonomi Start a shift, from officialisasi towards autonomy by eliminating the role of government in terms of supervision
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 Year 2012 concerning Cooperatives
Supervision is done internally by the members.
Otonomi In this law the government's role was minimal, especially in terms of supervision, because the goal is the independence of the cooperative.
The role of government (the Minister) examination, Article 98
From the table above it can be seen legal politics cooperative oversight by the Government in Law 25/1992 is leading to the independence of the cooperative, which makes the cooperative as a business entity independent and strong organization, capital, and business. But the thing to note here is the absence of the State's role in oversight, this shows that the lack of oversight by the government refers to the government orientation on the growth of
cooperatives in terms of quantity rather than on quality so that supervision is done loosely, ie by a body or organ formed by members of his own (Internal monitoring).1
When linked with the identity of cooperatives, the cooperative supervision of legal political shift by the government in accordance with the co-operative identity, namely the independence or autonomy of
22 Paulus Effendi Lotulung, 1993, above n. 20
the cooperative. Cooperative autonomy requires a very minimal role of government in the cooperative, which is just as regulator.
While the overall control is left entirely to member cooperatives.
The independence or autonomy indeed are ideal for today's cooperative, but more needs to be seen is the entry into force of the ASEAN Economic Community in Indonesia. AEC is a new challenge for cooperatives, cooperative existence is tested through the AEC.
As explained earlier that the idea of AEC was born on the 5th ASEAN Summit in Singapore in 1992 through the Framework Agreement on Enhancing ASEAN Economic Cooperation, the same year when the Law 25/1992 was born. However, in terms of a vulnerable time, presumably the former Act 25/1992 not estimate their economic integration AEC (2015), so that the substance of the regulations in Law 25/1992 not reflect any response to the AEC.
The absence of supervision by the government in the Law 25/1992 of the Law of weakness in the face of the AEC. This is due to the absence of external oversight of government can facilitate cooperative to be affected by globalization. In addition, a national cooperatives are also required to align with cooperatives across ASEAN.
Otherwise da supervision, it is prone to cooperatives will terpengauh by globalization and the loss of identity.
Cooperative oversight by the government aimed to ensure the cooperative can still exist amid-amid globalization AEC with no loss of identity or family values in the Cooperative.
In addition, the implementation of cooperative independence as stipulated in Law 25/1992 must be real cooperative conditions and readiness of the field, in the face of globalization specially AEC.
Conditions in the field are very diverse cooperative, not all cooperatives are ready to face the AEC. Based on data from the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, recorded 61 912 cooperatives currently inactive status and was dissolved by decree of the Minister of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises No. 114 / KEP / K.UKM.2 / XII / 2016 dated December 23, 2016. While the cooperative still active, amounting to 150 223 cooperatives have a different rank-different classifications.
Based on Minister of Cooperatives and SMEs No. 21 / Per / M.KUKM / IX / 2015 on Cooperatives rankings explained that cooperatives are ranked into four (4) categories / qualifications ie:
a. Cooperative with the qualification of
"Highly Qualified", with the title of AAA;
b. Cooperative with the qualification of
"Qualified", with the title of AAB;
c. Cooperative with the qualification
"Enough Qualified", with the title of ABB;
d. Cooperative with the qualification of
"Not Qualified", with the title of BBB.
The ranking is based on several indicators of assessment, namely: the institutional aspects of the cooperative;
aspects of the cooperative; the financial aspects of the cooperative; aspects of cooperative benefits for members;
cooperative beneficial aspects for society.
Thus the government can not identify the policy (political law) to the cooperative in the face of AEC. The government still must play a role in terms of surveillance, especially in the case of cooperative institutions. The government must ensure the cooperative can be run in accordance with their identity by not rule out the independence of the cooperative.
Supervision of cooperatives run by the government is the institutional sector including the establishment of an initial test of the cooperative. While the supervision of the business aspects and other aspects conducted independently by members or handed over to the umbrella organization of cooperatives, in this case Dekopin (Dewan Koperasi Indonesia). The delivery of the supervisory authority of the internal institutional aspects to Dekopin is a manifestation of the principle of independence of cooperatives as well as a chance to advance Dekopin.
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
AEC is very influential on cooperative arrangements in Indonesia. This is in accordance with the demands of regionalization want legal synergy and standardization. Law politics cooperative oversight by the government under Law 25/1992 was not able to answer the challenge of AEC that promote free trade based liberalism that demands standardization and maximum competence.
The absence of supervision accompanied by strict enforcement of government, organizing cooperatives cooperatives do not correspond to their identity so that cooperatives are not able to meet the standards and competencies maximum of AEC. Legal political oversight by the government cooperative ideal in order to face the AEC is to implement cooperative oversight of the governance carried out by the government and the cooperative movement container. The scope of cooperative oversight by the government and the container cooperative movement covers aspects of the cooperative that aspects of membership, institutional, business aspects, financial aspects, aspects of benefits to members, and aspects of benefit to the community.
Law No. 25 of 1992 concerning Cooperatives should be changed so that cooperatives are not eroded AEC challenge.
Cooperative policy upcoming government should regulate the authority and the jurisdiction of the cooperative movement in overseeing the cooperative. Supervision is done by promoting the strengthening of the cooperative that maintains the identity of cooperatives.
REFERENCES Journal Articles
W. , Mattli, „Explaining Regional Integration Outcomes', (1999) 6 1 Journal of European Public Policy Diangga, I Made, „Masa Depan UMKM
ASEAN,‟ (2016) 12 Majalah Masyarakat ASEAN
Books
A. Achary, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia, (London: Routledge, 2001)
A. Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe:
Social Purpose and State Power From Rome to Maastricht, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998)
Adolf, Huala, Aspek-Aspek Negara dalam Hukum Internasional, (Jakarta:
PT.Raja Grafindo Persada, 1996) Albanna C, Shofwan, ASEAN di
Persimpangan Sejarah: Politik Global, Demokrasi, dan Integrasi Ekonomi, (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2016)
Basah, Sjachran, Eksistensi dan Tolok Ukur Badan Peradilan Administrasi di Indonesia, (Alumni: Bandung, 1985) Borzel, Tanza A., Theorizing Regionalism:
Cooperation, Integration and Governance, Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism , (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, in prep, 2014)
Brierly, James leslie, The Law of Nations, (London: Oxford, 1972)
Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, (Oxford: University Press, 1979)
Chaniago, Arif, Perkoperasian Indonesia, (Bandung: Angkasa 1984)
Dewan Koperasi Indonesia, Koperasi Indonesia Menghadapi Abad ke-21, (Jakarta: Laksmi Studio 1997)
Dulfer, E. (Editor), International Handbook of Cooperative Organization, (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck, 1994) Gavin, Brigid and Philippe de
Lombaerde,”Economic Theories of Regional Integration”,(eds) in Farrel, Mary , Bjorn Hettne and Luk Van Langenhove, Global Politics of Regionalism: Theory and Practice, (London: Pluto Press, 2005)
Globalisation and Economic Regionalism: A Survey and Critique of the Literature, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR), (University of Warwick: Coventry, CV4 7AL, 2002)
Dirjen Kerjasama ASEAN Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, Hand Book of ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, (Dirjen Kerjasama ASEAN Kementerian Luar Negeri RI, 2015) Hatta, Mohammad, Kumpulan Pidato
Mohammad Hatta II, (Jakarta: Inti Idayu Press)
Hudiyanto, Hudiyanto, Sistem Koperasi Ideologi dan Pengelolaan, (Yogyakarta: UII Pres Yogyakarta, 2002)
Hughes, Breslin, S.,; Phillips, N. C. W.,, and B., Rosamond, (eds), New Regionalism in the Global Political Economy: Theories and Cases, (London: Routledge, 2002)
Ibrahim, Johnny, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, (Malang:
Banyumedia, 2011)
J.H., Boeke, Handleiding bij De Oprichting, Het Beheer en de Control van Inlandsche Cooperatieve Vereenigingen, (Weltevreden 1927) Khor Kok Peng, Martin, Imperialisme
Ekonomi Baru, (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama 1993)
Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar, Pengantar Hukum Internasional Jilid I, (Bandung: BinaCipta, 1982)
Limbong, Bernhard, Pengusaha Koperasi Memperkokoh Fondasi Ekonomi Rakyat, (Jakarta: Margaretha Pustaka, 2010)
Lotulung, Paulus Effendi, Beberapa Sistem tentang Kontrol Segi Hukum terhadap Pemerintah, (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 1993)
MD, Mahfud, Politik Hukum Di Indonesia, (Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2010) Muchsan, Muchsan, Sistem Pengawasan
terhadap Perbuatan Aparat Pemerintah dan Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara di Indonesia, (Yogyakarta:
Liberty, 1992)
Munkner, Hans-H, Membangun Undang Undang Koperasi Berdasarkan Prinsip-Prinsip Koperasi, (Jakarta, Reka Desa, 2011)
Nasution, Muslim, Koperasi Menjawab Kondisi Ekonomi Nasional, (Jakarta:
PIP dan LPEK, 2008)
O‟Connel, D.P., International Law, (London: Steven and Son Limited, 1971)
Pachta W., Andjar; Bachtiar, Myra Rosana;
Benemay, Nadia Maulisa Hukum Koperasi Indonesia; Pemahaman, Regulasi, Pendirian, dan Modal Usaha, (Jakarta: Kencana, 2008) Parthiana, I Wayan, Pengantar Hukum
Internasional, (Bandung: Mandar Maju, 2003)
Setiawan, Bonnie, Peralihan ke Kapitalisme di Dunia Ketiga, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1999)
Soedjono, Ibnoe, Membangun Koperasi, Mandiri Dalam Koridor Jatidiri, (Jakarta: LSP2I-ISC, 2007)
Stone Sweet, A., and Caporaso, J. A. 'From Free Trade to Supranational Polity:
The European Court and Integration', in A. Stone Sweet and W. Sandholtz (eds), European Integration and Supranational Governance, (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1998)
Sutio, Arifin and Tamba, Halomoan, Koperasi Teori dan Praktik, (Jakarta:
Erlangga, 2001)
Swasono, Sri Edi, Kembali ke Pasal 33 UUD 1945 – Menolak Neoliberalisme, (Jakarta: Yayasan Hatta, 2010)
Tjokrosujoso, Abikusno, Kooperasi “Sistem Kooperasi Menurut Dasar-dasar
“Roch Dale” Maksud Tujuan Cara Bekerjanya-Perkembangannya”, (Jakarta: NV Pustaka, 1951) Conference Paper
Manan, Bagir, “Dasar-Dasar Sistem Ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia Menurut UUD 1945,” (Paper presented at Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung, 1994)
Djohar, Djabaruddin, “Mempertanyakan Implementasi Jati Diri Koperasi,”
(Paper presented at the Discussion of Deputi Bidang Pengkajian
Sumberdaya UKMK Kantor
Kementerian Koperasi & UKM RI at 10 November 2008)
National and International Laws
Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor
17 Tahun 2012 tentang Perkoperasian Piagam ASEAN
ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint ASEAN Strategic Action Plan for SME
Development 2016-2025 Internet
Chung In Moon, Economic Regionalism, diakses dari Encyclopedia Britannica,
School and library,
http://www.britannica.com/topic/econo mic-regionalism, Retrieved on March, 1 2016
ILO Statement, by Juan Somavia, Director- General of the ILO, on the occasion of the 90th ICA International Co- operative Day and the 18th UN International Day of Cooperatives., http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the- ilo/media-centre/statements-and- speeches/WCMS_184791/lang-- en/index.htm.
Blueprint for a cooperative decade 2020,
diakses dari
http://ica.coop/en/blueprint-co-op- decade.
October news from the regions: the Asia- Pacific region, diakses dari http://ica.coop/en/media/news/october- news-regions-asia-pacific-region.
The ASEAN Economic Community: A
work in
Progress: http://www.adb.org/publicati ons/asean-economic-community-work- progress
Robby Tulus and Balu Iyer, CO- OPERATIVES AND THE ASEAN ECONOMIC BLUEPRINT: Call for greater Co-op engagement and visibility, www.ica.org