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The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 1 The Development of Technology Bundle in Packaging of Export Quality of
Mangosteens' Transportation Ni Luh Yulianti and Gede Arda
Jurusan Teknik Pertanian Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Udayana Email : [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to formulate the packaging technology which able to reduce the damage on mangosteens fruit after transportation. This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2). The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. The quality parameters which were measured were physical damage, weight loss percentage, and respiration rate. The results showed that 5 kilograms of mangosteen which was package using fcc fruits arrangement pattern and fullflap type (K1P1T1) was the most effective way to reduce physical damage and weight loss of mangosteen during transportation process.
Keywords: mangosteen, packaging, physical damage, transportation
Introduction
Government’s policy to increase the competitive ability of horticultural commodities in international market had encouraged the horticultural farmers and stakeholders to enhance their products quality and increase its price. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L ) was one of horticultural commodity having high price and it is very potential to be developed as a exported commodity. Among region in Indonesia, Bali was one of province which produce mangosteen with good quality. According to production data 2011 based on province (BPS, 2011), suggest that among 33 provinces in Indonesia, Bali is on 7 position with 39.511 tons of production.
However, its high number of production has not accompanied by high number of export volume yet. This was showed on indonesis’s mangosteen export value on 2011 in which, out of all mangosteen export, only 10.71% of indonesia mangosteen production which could penetrate exported market with volume of 12.600 tons including Bali (BPS,2011). Refusal on mangsoteen coming from indonesia in marketing countries are caused by the fruit’s condition which was asserted as improper quality by consumers, for examples, its undergoing physical damage ranging from hardening, memar, or damage on its shells to damage on its crown causing incomplete condition. As a consequence, the product could only sale on local market with low price which led to profit loss to local producers.
The damage which mostly occurred were physical damages caused by transportation process. The study suggested that 30-35% of damage on food (fresh) product were caused by
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 2 transportation process especially land transportation and the 10% were caused by long term storage Hetzroni et. al. 2000 ; Arazuri et al, 2007; Tim Penulis PS, 2003). The good transportation packaging was demanding accordance of packaging kinds and packaged commodity’s characteristics. The kinds of packaging which was usually used for transporting mangosteen fruits was plastic container of 8-10 kg in capacity. Based on information collected from farmers and mangosteen exporters, physical damage that was frequently occurred causing by using this kind of packaging as high as 20-30% (Yulianti et al., 2009). In addition, proper packaging was the packaging that could deflate the impact during transportation. A corrugated board was a packaging material which had high damping properties at low price and accepted by export destination countries because of its recycling ability and environmentally friendly compared to other materials. The study suggest that application of corrugated board able to reduce the damage on packaged product to 3.7% (Yulianti, 2007). Thompson et al., (2006) said that pear that was packaged using corrugated board and transported as far as 4.500 km experienced low degree of damage compared to other kinds of material. Lewis et al., (2007) reported that apple packaged using corrugated board underwent bruise area smaller than other kinds of packaging material at various level of drop. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study to formulate the technological bundle of packaging that has an ability to reduce the level of damage of mangosteen during transportation process considering the capacity of packaging, fruits arrangement of mangosteen inside the packaging and types of packaging that is applied.
Materials And Methods
Materials and instruments
The materials that were used in this study were mangosteen with index of maturity 2, first class of quality which had 6.0 cm – 6.5 cm in diameter, corrugated board and net foam. The instrument test were digital balance ((Kris Chef Model Ek9250, China), glass jar, gas analyzer TA. XTplus, England).
(a) (b)
Picture 1. The types of packaging (a) fullflap type (b) RSC type
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 3 Methods
This study was conducted using the factorial experiment dsign, the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs, in which the first factor was packaging capacity (K), the second factor was fruits arrangement pattern (P), and the third one was the packaging types (T). The first factor was designed by implementing two level of capacity that was 5 kg (K1) and 8 kg (K2).
The second factor was designed using two kinds of fruits arrangement pattern that was fcc (face centered cubic) with net foam (P1), neatly separation (P2) and the third one was designed using two kinds of packaging types that was RSC corrugated board (T1) and fullflap corrugated board (T2). Each treatments were replicated twice. Data was analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and if there was any influence of treatment on observed parameters then further analysis would be conducted by Duncan Test (Steel and Torrie, 1993).
Observed Parameters
The observed parameters that were measured after transportation process were percentage of fruits that underwent sinking on its shell, weight loss, and CO2 production rate during storage.
All parameters except physical damage were measured and observed every day until fruits were asserted as not acceptable to consume.
Results And Discussion Physical Damage
Physical condition of mangosteen after transportation is one of important factors that is considered by consumers when they consume the fruit. Defect damage on fruit when it is being consumed is the cause of refusal of mangosteen in export destination countries. The study found that physical damage on fruit were sunk shell and crown damage. The sunk shell was indicated by some are of shell was pressed by other fruit’s shell result in a concave shape. This was one of the physical damage caused by transportation. The percentage of sunk shell was obtain by counting the ration between the sum of sunk shell and total sum of observed shell’s surface.
According to counting results it was found that the lowest percentage, that was 0.35%, was occurred on K1P1T1 treatment; that is mangosteen that were packaged at 5 kg of capacity with fcc pattern in fullplap type of packaging. In contrast, the highest percentage of sunk shell was shown by K2P2T2; mangosteen that were packaged at 8 kg of capacity with separation in fullplap type of packaging, that is 2.58%. however, if the treatment K2P2T2 was compared to control (mangosteen that were packed with plastic container of 8 kg in capacity, based on what farmers or exporter usually use), percentage of sunk shell on control significantly higher than other treatments, that is 4.73% (Table 1). As a consequence of high percentage of sunk shell is it will generally influences percentage of physical damage.
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 4 Tabel 1. Mean of percentage of sunk shell after transportation
Treatment Sunk shell (%)
control 4.73
capacity 8 kg,separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 2.58
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 1.35
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1) 0.98
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.87
capacity 8 kg, sekat, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.68
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1) 0.38
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.38
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.35
Percentage of physical damage was counted by calculate the ration between sum of damage fruit in a pack and total sum of all fruit packed in that pack. A sample was asserted as damage fruit if it was observed one of this kinds of damage: sunk shell, detach any part of its crown, broken stalk and crack on the shell (Picture 1). The study results showed that the lowest physical damage, that is 2.5%, was found on K1P1T2 treatment that is mangosteen that was packed 5 kg in capacity with fcc pattern in the fullplap type pack. The highest percentage of damage was showed by control of 10.93%. The low percentage on K1P1T2 indicated smaller number of fruit lesser force that work on fruits. In addition, the utility of net foam on fruit that were arranged with fcc pattern was able to protect fruits’ shell from friction and impact which occurred during transportation. Arrangement of fruits with fcc pattern give fruits more advantages because this pattern increase the density of fruit in a pack, therefore arrangement is more compact and void left inside the pack which allow fruit experience friction become smaller.
Application fcc pattern to arrange the fruits in a corrugated board result in 34% higher than randomized arrangement (Yulianti, 2007). Maximum percentage of density of fruit that are arrenged with randomized arrangement is 50% (Peleg, 1985).
Gambar 2. Physical damage (a) detached crown; (b) sunk shell
Weight loss
Economically, weight loss of agricultural commodity result in loss in profit especially for the commodities that are sold based on its weight such as mangosteen. Weight loss indicates the level of damage that occurred after transportation. Based on ANOVA to each treatment’s data were found that interaction among treatments (capacity, arrangement and packaging type) significantly influenced the weight loss during storage. The lowest percentage of weight loss was found on treatment K1P1T2 that is 0.183%, in contrast, the highest percentage of weight loss was found on treatment K2P2T1 that is 0.259% (Table 2).
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 5 The low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 was the consequence of low level of damage. In contrast, high percentage of weight loss was the consequence of high level of damage occurred on K2P2T1. Possibly, the low percentage of weight loss on treatment K1P1T2 are caused by force that was exist in fruits arrangement was low and was dispersed evenly. The advantages of using fcc pattern are fruits are arranged more tidy, the fruits number per pack is the same, and the number of fruits per pack can be determined in advance (Sutrisno, 2008 dan Yulianti, 2007). Moreover, packing the fruit in lower or equal to 5 kg in capacity will reduce fruit load and damage during transportation. (Osman, 2006 ).
The utility of fullplap type packaging is one of the supporting factors that give the good advantage because this type have an ability to support the product against the load that exist when the pack are stacked.
Tabel 2. Mean of percentage of weight loss
Treatment Weight loss mean (%) Notation*
capacity 8 kg, separation, rsc (K2P2T1) 0.259 a
capacity 5 kg, sekat, fullflap (K1P2T2) 0.250 a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, fullflap (K2P1T2) 0.248 a
capacity 8 kg, fcc, rsc (K2P1T1) 0.242 a
capacity 5 kg, separation, rsc (K1P2T1) 0.238 a
capacity 8 kg, separation, fullflap (K2P2T2) 0.231 a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, rsc (K1P1T1) 0.223 a
capacity 5 kg, fcc, fullflap (K1P1T2) 0.183 b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT 5%.
The percentages of weight change during observation are depicted on Picture 3. The graph shows that percentage of weight loss increase day by day. The graph points out that control shows the highest percentage of weight loss among others. This phenomena has proved the employing plastic container 8 kg in capacity as mangosteen packaging is not sufficient to decrease the weight loss during transportation. The 8 kg plastic container is container that is generally used by mangosteen farmers or exporter to transport their product. The high percentage of weight loss on control are caused by higher level of mechanical damage occurs on mangosteen packed using this kind of packaging. The higher level of mechanical damage experienced by mangosteen come from container properties itself which are not able to redeem the impact during transportation. The low damping properties of plastic container bring on mechanical damage such as wound or scratch on mangosteen’s shell dan it will influence the weight loss during transportation. Water loss from product potentially occur through open part of fresh product’s surface tissues that are influenced by internal factor such as wound on product’s surface. (Utama, 2002).
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 6 Picture 3. Percentage of weight loss
Respiration Rate
Respiration rate is a good indicator to know shelf life of fruits after fruit are harvested.
High respiration usually indicate short shelf life (Pantastico, 1997). According to ANOVA it was found that interaction between capacity and arrangement pattern significantly influenced the production rate of CO2. In addtion, K1P1 (5 kg in capacity, fcc) showed the lowest production rate of CO2 that is 52.594 ml/kg.hr, and it also significantly different compared to other treatments.
Another phenomena illustrated that interaction between capacity and packaging types showed significant influence to production rate of CO2 during storage. Advanced analysis (table 3) showed that the lowest production rate of CO2 was indicated by K1T2(5 kg in capacity, fullplap) and the highest one was showed by K2t1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc). In conclusion, employment of fullplap corrugated board with 5 kg in capacity had an ability to reduce the production rate of CO2 of packed mangosteen.
The low production rate of CO2 on K1T2 indicated that level of damage occurred was low as well. In one hand, application lower load on fullplap type packaging through lower capacity result in maximum protection to mangosteen against friction, impact, and pressure/load.
On the other hand high production rate of CO2 on K2T1 (8 kg in capacity, rsc) indicated the high level of damage on mangosteen. High level of damage lead to respiration process as an influence of ethylen gas production (Pantastico, 1997).
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
6 12 18 24 36 48 60 84 108 132 156 180
aweight loss (%)
Time (hour)
(K1P1T1) (K2P2T2) (K2P1T1) (K1P2T1) (K1P2T2) (K2P2T1) (K2P1T2) (K1P1T2) KONTROL 1
The International Symposium on Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering (ISABE) 2013
A17 - 7 Tabel 3. Mean of percentage of production rate of CO2 on interaction between capacity
and types of packaging
Treatment Rate (ml/kg.hr)
Notati on*
capacity 8 kg, rsc (K2T1) 78.264 a
capacity 8 kg, fullflap (K2T2) 75.832 a
capacity 5 kg, rsc (K1T1) 75.104 a
capacity 5 kg, fullflap (K1T2) 52.594 b
*number followed by same letter in the same collumn are not significantly different at DMRT 5%.
Conclusion
Application fullplap type corrugated board of 5 kg in capacity with face centered cubic pattern is able to significantly reduce physical damage and weight loss during transportation process of mangosteen.
References
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2. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) provinsi Bali. (2012). Data Produksi Buah Manggis Menurut Provinsi
3. Darmawati,E. Yulianti, N.L. (2009). Packaging Design of The Mangosteen for Local Transportation. International Agricultural Engineering Conference. Roler of agricultural engineering in adved of changing gobal landscape. Bangkok (Thailand) 7–10 December Proceedings seminar ISBN 978-974-8257-70-9
4. Hetzroni A. Bechar A. Antler,A. (2000). Analysis Of Mechanical Injuries Caused To Apples Along The Fruit Handling Process. Institute of Agricultural Engineering, ARO, The Volcani Center, Israel.Paper Number 011099
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Buahan dan Sayuran Tropika dan Sub Tropika. Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 8. Peleg, K. (1985). Produce Handling Packaging and Distribution. Avi Publishing Company,
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9. Steel R.G.D. dan J.H. Torrie. (1993). Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistik Suatu Pendekatan Biometric. penerjemah Bambang Sumantri. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta
10. Sutrisno. Darmawati,E. (2011). Rancangan Kemasan Berbahan Karton Gelombang untuk Individual Buah Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perteta, Jember, 21-22 Juli 2011