Prainea scandens King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1888) 547; King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 5, 2 (1896) 162, t. 196; Ridl., Fl. Malay Penins. 3 (1924) 358; F.M. Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 40 (1959) 32. — Artocarpus scandens (Hook.f.) Renner, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39 (1907) 367.
Prainea frutescens Becc., For. Borneo (1902) 635; F.M. Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 40 (1959) 33; Go, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 3 (2000) 327. — Artocarpus frutescens (Becc.) Renner, Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 39 (1907) 367.
Tree up to 30 m tall or climber. Leafy twigs 1.5–2.5 mm thick, sparsely and minutely puberulous, partly with uncinate hairs, or glabrous. Leaves distichous; lamina sub- obovate to elliptic, 5–16 by 3–7 cm, coriaceous, apex acuminate, base cuneate to rounded, margin entire; upper and lower surface glabrous; midrib slightly prominent above, lateral veins 6–13 pairs, tertiary venation reticulate (to subscalariform with 1 or 2 ± straight intercostals); petiole 0.7–1.8 cm long, sparsely and minutely puberulous to glabrous, the epidermis often flaking off; stipules c. 0.2 cm long, glabrous, cadu- cous. Staminate inflorescences axillary, solitary, capitate; peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm long, minutely puberulous; head globose to obovoid, 0.4–0.6 cm diam.; perianth c. 0.8 mm long, densely minutely puberulous at the apex; stamen c. 1.2 mm long, anther 0.2–0.3 mm long; bracts subpeltate, 0.8–1 mm long, the apical part 0.2–0.5 mm diam., whit- ish minutely puberulous. Pistillate inflorescences axillary, solitary, capitate; peduncle 1–2.5 cm long, puberulous; head globose, c. 1 cm diam.; flowers c. 20–30; perianth 2.5–3 mm long, densely minutely puberulous; stigmas tongue-shaped, 0.5–2 mm long;
bracts spathulate to truncate-clavate to subulate or to peltate, 2.5–3 mm long, the apical part 0.2–0.5 mm diam., densely whitish minutely puberulous. Infructescences subglo- bose, 1.5–2.5 cm diam., with 1–7 protruding fruiting perianths, these ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm long, puberulous at the apex, red at maturity. — Fig. 24.
Distribution — Peninsular Thailand; in Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor), Borneo.
Habitat — Forest, sometimes edges of peat swamps; at altitudes up to 800 m.
Notes — 1. The differences between material from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo are so small that they do not provide a basis to maintain two regional species, P. scan
dens and P. frutescens, respectively.
2. It is not clear how frequently and under which conditions the lianescent habit is developed.
3. Collection FRI 17082 indicated as ‘Artocarpus sp. A’ by Kochummen (Tree Fl.
Malaya 3 (1978) 134) belongs to this species.
Fig. 24. Prainea frutescens King ex Hook.f. a. Leafy twig with infructescence; b. pistillate inflores- cence in length section; c. base of seed with cotyledons and remains of testa; d. infructescence in length section; e. pistillate flower in length section; f. bract in infructescence (a, c, d, f: SAN 43596;
b, e: Haviland 3102).
c
b
d
a
e f
3 cm 5 mm
2 cm
2 mm
2 mm
tribe CAStILLEAE
Castilleae C.C. Berg, Acta Bot. Neerl. 26 (1977) 78. — ‘Olmedieae’ Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot.
sér. 3, 8 (1847) 126, excl. Olmedia, being included in Trophis; Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 243.
Trees or shrubs with the architectural model of Cook, dioecious or monoecious, without uncinate hairs. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged (on the main branches) and distichous (on the lateral branches); stipules fully to semi-amplexicaul. Inflorescences on the lateral branches, unisexual, capitate, discoid to cup-shaped with an involucre of basally attached bracts, pedunculate or sessile, interfloral bracts lacking (? or struc- tures derived from the perianth). Staminate flowers complete or with reduction in the perianth and androecium, pistillode mostly absent. Pistillate flowers with the tepals
± connate, ovary usually ± adnate to the perianth, stigmas 2 and equal. Fruit(s) forming a drupaceous whole with the perianth, with other flowers, or also with the receptacle;
seed large, without endosperm, testa with or without a thickened vascularised part, embryo longitudinally aligned, with thick, equal or subequal, sometimes unequal coty- ledons, radicle short and apical.
Distribution — The tribe comprises six neotropical genera (see Berg, Fl. Neotrop.
Monogr. 7 (1972) 1; 83 (2001) 244) for which at present 54 species are recognised. The tribe is centred in South America. Two monotypic genera are palaeotropical: Antiaris ranging from the African continent to Madagascar and Yemen and from Sri Lanka to the Pacific, and Mesogyne confined to tropical Africa (see Berg, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg.
47 (1977) 323).
Morphology — The tribe is characterised by the tree architecture described as the model of Cook (Hallé & Oldeman, Essai sur l’architecture et la dynamique de crois- sance des arbres tropicaux (1970) 110). The leaves on the stem and orthotropic branches are spirally arranged, and in the axils of each of these leaves plagiotropic branches are formed sylleptically. Inflorescences are borne on these branches, often on axillary short-shoots. The plagiotropic branches are abscised; the bases of the shed branches are conical leaving a depression in the stem. This model requires accessory buds which in the neotropical taxa are lateral but axillary in the palaeotropical genera (see Berg, Acta Bot. Neerl. 26 (1977) 73).
In the neotropical genera the involucre of imbricate bracts of the pistillate inflo- rescences covers the outer surface of the receptacle. In the palaeotropical genera the involucral bracts are more or less scattered on the lower part of the receptacle and concentrated in the uppermost part.
Chemistry — Cardiotoxic compounds have been found in several representatives of the tribe (see p. 12 and 17).
KEY TO THE GENERA
1a. Stipules not fully amplexicaul, free; pistillate inflorescences uniflorous; receptacle of the staminate inflorescence discoid. — Widespread . . . Antiaris b. Stipules fully amplexicaul, fused; pistillate inflorescences with numerous flowers;
receptacle of the staminate inflorescence flabellate and bivalvate (or infundibuli- form to cyathiform). — Introduced . . . Castilla
CAStILLA
Castilla Sessé in Cerv., Gaz. Lit. Mexico, Suppl. (2.vii.1794) 7; Endl., Gen. Pl. (1837) 282, ‘Castilloa’;
Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 8 (1847) 136; Baill., Hist. Pl. 6 (1875) 204; Benth. & Hook.f., Gen. Pl. 3 (1880) 372; Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 1 (1888) 84; Boerl., Handl. Fl.
Ned. Ind. 3 (1900) 328; O.F. Cook, Science n.s. 18 (1903) 436; Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 13 (1910) 247; Woodson, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47 (1960) 139; C.C. Berg, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr.
7 (1972) 92; 83 (2001) 269.
Trees, monoecious or (andro)dioecious. Lamina chartaceous, more or less scabrous above, ± hairy; stipules fully amplexicaul, connate, with distinct parallel veins. Stami
nate inflorescences pedunculate, flabellate and bivalvate (these occurring together with pistillate ones), infundibuliform to cyathiform, entire to 2-lobed; stamens solitary or paired along radiating and branching ridges of the receptacle which bears membrana- ceous, free or connate interstaminal ‘bracts’ (probably representing reduced perianths).
Pistillate inflorescences solitary, sessile, discoid to cupuliform or subglobose, many- to several-flowered; ovary free, partly adnate to the perianth, or immersed in the recepta- cle; stigmas strap-shaped, short.
Distribution — The genus is neotropical and comprises three species. Two species have been economically important for the rubber they yield: the Central American – Pacific Coastal C. elastica Sessé and the Amazonian C. ulei Warb.