PUPA

Plate5,figs. 19-25

Immediatelyafter its formationthe

pupa

isabrillianttransparent greenonthe

wing

covers

and

thorax, withthe

abdomen

a verylight yellowclay color,almost strawyellow, becominggreenish at thetip.

The

eyeisborderedposteriorlywithacurved

row

ofsmall bright red spots.

Between

theprothoracicspiraclesare

two

finetransverselines of bright red, one on either side of the median line.

The

anterior border of the thorax is pinkish.

The

prothoracic spiracles and the cremasteraredark brown,the former soonbecomingblackish.

Within

an hourthe

pupa

begins to darken, the

abdomen

and head becominggradually yellow

brown and

the

wing

covers and thorax olive green, darkest on the dorsal portion of the thorax and the anterior halfof the

wing

covers below. In about

4

hoursthe

abdomen

has

become

orangebrown,darkestposteriorly,thehead orange

brown

witha tinge ofolivegreen,andthethoraxand

wing

covers brightolive green, lightest on the posterior half of the

wing

covers ventrally.

NO. 7

THE COLD-RANDED

SKIPPER

CLARK

₄₃ Continuingtodarken, the head, thorax,and

wing

covers

become

dark coffee

brown

with a tinge of green, darkeston theouter portion of the

wing

covers,HghterandsHghtlyreddishdorsally.

The abdomen

is brightburnt sienna above,laterchangingtobright

mahogany

brown, with the posterior half of eachsegment darker than theanterior,and thecremaster

much

darker.

The

darkening continues slowly through pupal life, the

pupa

be-

coming

entirelyblackish 2or3 daysbefore thebutterflyemerges.

For

2 or 3 days after the formation of the

pupa

the

abdomen

remains very flexible,andthe

pupa somewhat

irritable.

The abdomen

then gradually shortens

and

toward the end of the pupal stage has

become

immobile.

When

firstformedthepupaisveryshinyandhas awetappearance.

With

thedarkeningincolortheappearanceofwetnessdisappears,and athin,even,finelygranular lavender-gray

bloom

or pruinositygradu- ally begins to manifest itself.

During

the next 20 hours the

bloom

increasesindensityand extendsitself allover the pupa, except for the

narrow

rings between the abdominal segments and the deepest por- tionsof the sutures, appearinglastonthe

wing

covers,overwhich it

spreads

from

the base to the tip.

The

outer portions of the

wing

covers are thelastareastobe covered.

Meanwhile

all trace ofgreen has disappeared

from

thepupa.

The bloom now

beginstolighten in colorandtochange

from

a granularto a flocculentappearance, trans- forming into a flocculent and rather thick covering, looking

when

magnified

somewhat

like light, flocculent lavender-tinted snow. It is

absent

from

the softbands betweentheabdominal segments and

from

thebeveled edges of thelatter,

from

theglazedeye,

from

thecircular patchesonthe ventralsideof theabdomen,

from

thedeepest portions of the sutural lines,

from

the prothoracic and other spiracles, and

from

thecremaster,except thesunkenventral portion;but eventually

it

may

spread over

some

or all of these, although the prothoracic spiraclesandthecremasterare rarely

more

thanlightlycovered.

The bloom

isofasoft

waxy

texture

and

formsaveryefficientpro- tection against water. It is only very slightly, if at all, soluble in alcohol.

In general

form

the

pupa

ismostlike that of Aclialaruslyciades, with the

abdomen plump

andtheanterior portion rather slender.

As

vieweddorsallythehead

and

prothorax

form

asubquadrangular mass slightlybroaderin front than behind, nearly twice as broadas long, with very broadly rounded outer angles passing over into a ratherstronglyconvexfront ofwhichthemiddlethirdhas a convexity ofits

own

thatbringsit veryslightly inadvanceofthe arc

formed

by

44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS

COLLECTIONS VOL. 95 the

two

lateral thirds.

The

head is separated

from

thethorax

by

a

narrow

but rather deep suture.

Toward

thehead and prothoraxthe sidesof themesothorax converge

from

the well-rounded basal

wing

tuberclesatanangle ofabout30°withthemiddorsalline,thestraight convergingportions of the sidesof themesothoraxbeingabouttwice

aslongasthe outerprofile of the prothoracic spiracle.

When

viewed

from

in front the head curiously suggests the head of amanatee.

The

mesothorax is slightlybroader than long, rather strongly and evenly convex, and veryslightlybroader posteriorlythan anteriorly.

The

basal

wing

tubercles arelowand broadly rounded.

As

vieweddorsally,thebodyincreasesinwidth

from

the posterior endof themesothoraxtothe thirdabdominal segment,then tapersat aboutthe

same

rategradually

and

evenlytothebase of the cremaster.

The

dorsal profilerises in a broad ellipse

from

the middle of the anterior end to the

row

of tubercles between the prothorax and mesothorax, then rises slowly in a broad curve to the end of the anterior third of themesothorax,

whence

itrunsinanalmost straight linevery slightly

downward,

descending

somewhat

abruptly nearthe end of the mesothorax, whichrises ina slight convexity.

From

the endof themesothoraxtheprofile risesevenly

and

very slowlytothe thirdabdominal segment, and^thefourthwhichisnearly as high, then curves with increasing rapidity

downward

to the base of the cremaster.

From

the middle of the anterior end the ventralprofile curves in anellipseto the basal portion of the antennae, thenrunsinanalmost straight line to above the ^first abdominal segment,

where

it curves broadlyand,reaching the

maximum

heightabovethe thirdabdominal segment, descends in a

more

or less straight line to the base of the cremaster.

The

prothoracic spiracles are large, auriculate with a protuberant flaringposterior lip, andare directed forward and very slightlyout- ward.

The

outersideof the raisedlipbears 12to14 broad, well-spaced roundedridges that run

from

the baseto theswollen and

somewhat

tubercular rim. Within the lip isa broad, dense band of shortdark

brown

hairsattachedtoacurvedsemicircularshelfof nearlyuniform widththat leavesa large semicircularopening with aradius nearly or quiteequaltotwice thewidthof thebandofhairs.

The

positionof themandiblesis indicatedby abroad, low, rugose, hairless

hump.

The

maxillae reachverynearlytothetipof the

wing

covers.

The

tipof theantennaeis3

mm from

theendof the

wing

covers.

NO. 7

THE GOLD-BANDED

SKIPPER

CLARK

₄₅

The

posteriorlegsterminate i

mm

before thetip of the antennae, orataboutthemiddleof thesecond abdominalsegment.

The

forelegsend3

mm

inadvanceof thehindlegs.

The

moveable abdominal segments are encircled just within the anteriorend bya low,narrow,inconspicuous elevated band.

The

cremasteris 2

mm

long, slender and recurved,

and

bears on the truncate tip

numerous

slender light

brown

spines with the tips curved in varyingdegrees, sometimes ina spiral.

Except on the third and following abdominal segments, on the glazed eye,and sometimes on the antennae, the

pupa

is rather con- spicuously sculptured.

On

the mesothorax the sculpture is relatively inconspicuous, con- sistingof

numerous more

orlessregular,finetransversegrooves anda fine median line.

On

theouter thirds of themetathoraxthe sculpture consists offine irregular diagonal grooves; the middle third is

more

coarsely sculptured.

On

the first

two

abdominal segments thesculpture consists of fine, irregulartransverselines.

The

prothorax is rather deeply sculptured with irregular deep transverse grooves inthe

two

centralquarters and laterallydirected chevron-shaped grooves in the lateral quarters.

Along

the posterior border of theprothoraxbetweentheprothoracic spiraclesthere is a sharptubercleabout

midway

betweenthespiracleandthemedianline with usuallyone smallerone betweenit and themedianline and

two

smalleronesbetweenitandthespiracle.

The

portion of the head between the epicranial suture and the prothoraxis

marked

byalowtrianglewithits baseonthe epicranial suture,behind whichare

two wedges

withtheirsmallends joined in themedianline.

These

latter bear finelongitudinallines that toward thebroaderouterends

become

chevron-shaped,with the angles directed inward^;the outermost chevron has a

few

short transverselines be- tweenit

and

theouterendof thesegment.

The

restof the head, except for the smooth glazed eye, is finely rugose with

more

or less

wavy

lines.

The

ventral surface, except for theabdominal segments, is finely sculpturedwithmostly transverselines.

The

antennae

may

befinely sculptured with irregular transverse lines, or

may

be quite smooth, showingonly the segmentation.

The pupa

isstuddedwith longcurved hairswhicharemost

numer-

ousaboutthehead andonthe dorsal portion of the thorax,becoming shorter, finer,

and more

scattered onthe abdomen.

On

the headthe

46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS

COLLECTIONS VOL. 95 hairs are segregatedinto definite patches. There is alargepatchon the front, a smaller patch on either sidebehind

and

outside of this, just within the anterior portion of the base of the antennae, a large patchonthesculptured portion of theeye,asmallerpatchbeyondthis andseparated

from

itbythe glazed eye,anda small butconspicuous patchoneither sideofthelabrum.

Therearenohairson the

wing

covers orelsewhereon theventral surface,except as follows.

The

^firstabdominal segment beyond the

wing

covers ventrally bearson either sideof the

median

linea

row

of threehairs,theoutermost the longest,at

some

distancebeyondthisa single hair, almost as far again

beyond

this single hair agroup of three hairs arranged in a triangle,

and

beyond these seven widely scatteredhairs.

The

next segment has the hairs similarly arranged.

The

segmentfollowinghastheinnermost

group

reducedto

two

hairs, and three hairs arranged in an equilateral triangle in place of the single hair on the segments preceding.

The

next segment has one hair anteriorlyand nearthe

median

line,another slightly behindand outside ^this,

two more

beneath the middle of the space betweenthe inner

two

hairs

and

thegroupof threeon thepreceding segment,and several

more

near the outer border.

The

segment preceding the cremasterhas

two

hairs, one in front of the other, beneath the

two

innermosthairs onthe preceding segment,and several

more

hairs in theouter portion of the posteriorhalf.

The

cremasterisprovidedwith

numerous

long,stouthooks withthe tips recurved spirally so that the point is on one side of and

some

distance

from

theshaft.

Eightpupae give the followingdimensions:

Length

I

NO. 7

THE GOLD-BANDED

SKIPPER

CLARK

₄₇

When

thebutterfly emerges,the

pupa

spHts firstalong the suture running between the posterior ends of the bases of the antennal sheaths, thenalongthe inneredgeof the antennal sheaths,andfinally

down

the middle of the thorax dorsally. Three pupae were broken openinthe

same

way.

InEpargyrenstityntsthe escape of thebutterflyis

made

after the

same

fashion,except that thesecond ruptureis

down

the outer side of theantennal sheath instead of

down

the innerside.

Thus

in

empty

pupal cases ofRhabdoidescelliistheantennal sheathsremainattached totheinneredgesof the

wing

cases,whereas in

empty

pupal cases of Epargyreus tifyrusthey remainattached tothe midtibial sheaths.