Rainwater reservoir at D'Arros Island - D'ARROS AND ST. JOSEPH, AMIRAN'TE ISLANDS by D. R

PLANTS OF D'ARROS ISLAND

F.R. Fosberg

POLYPODIACEAE N e p h r o l e p i s b i s e r r a t a (Sw. S c h o t t

S t o d d a r t 7215 (US)

POTAMOGETONACEAE Syringodiurn i s o e t i f o l i urn (Aschers

.

⁾ ^Dandy

Gwynne and Wood 1007 (EA)

T h a l a s s o d e n d r o n c i l i a t u r n (Forsk.) den Hartog Cymodocea c i l i a t a (Forsk.) Ehrenb. ex Aschers

Gwynne and Wood 940

-

(EA)

C e n c h r u s e c h i n a t u s L

.

Gwynne and Wood 936 (EA)

-

; S t o d d a r t 7157 (US)

-

Cynodon d a c t y l o n (L. P e r s . Gwynne and Wood 1011 (EA)

D a c t y l o c t e n i u m a e g y p t i u m (L. Willd.

Gwynne and Wood 934

-

(EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7161 (US)

-

~ i g i t a r i a c i l i a r i s ( R e t z . ) Koel.

S t o d d a r t 7162 (US), 7203 (US) D i g i t a r i a h o r i z o n t a l i s Willd.

Gwynne and Wood 946 (EA), 1025 (EA)

A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n N o . 223: 19-26, 1979

E l e u s i n e i n d i c a (L. ) Gaertn.

Gwynne and Wood 925 B (EA)

,

1024 (EA) E r a g r o s t i s t e n e l l a v a r

.

i n s u l a r i s Hubb

.

Gwynne and Wood 925 A (EA)

, 928

^(EA)

L e p t u r u s r e p e n s R. B r .

Gwynne and Wood 926 (EA)

-

L e p t u r u s r e p e n s R . B r

.

^{v a r .} s u b u l a t u s Fosb .?

S t o d d a r t 7188 (US) Panicurn maximum J a c q .

S t o d d a r t 7223 (US)

Pennisetum p o l y s t a c h i o n ( L . ) S c h u l t . S t o d d a r t 7222 (US)

CYPERACEAE Cyperus d u b i u s R o t t b .

M a r i s c u s d u b i u s ( R o t t b

.

⁾ F i s c h e r

w n n e and Wood 1013 ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7158 (US) Cyperus l i g u l a r i s L.

M a r i s c u s l i g u l a r i s (L. Urb.

Gwynne and Wood 960 (EA)

-

; S t o d d a r t 7191 (US) F i m b r i s t y l i s cymosa R . B r . (s.1.)

F i m b r i s t y l i s o b t u s i f o l i a s e n s u a u c t .

Gwynne and Wood 924, 1004, 1008, 1009, 1010 ( a l l EA);

- - -

S t o d d a r t 7226 (US), 7163 (US)

PALMAE Cocas n u c i f e r a L.

Gwynne and Wood, s i g h t ; S t o d d a r t , s i g h t

ARACEAE A l o c a s i a m a c r o r r h i z a (L.) S c h o t t

S t o d d a r t 7206 (US)

-

AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum sp.

S t o d d a r t 7190 (US)

Musa s a p i e n t u m ^{L .}

S t o d d a r t , s i g h t

ORCHIDACEAE

V a n i l l a mexicana M i l l .

V a n i l l a p l a n i f o l i a A n d r .

G w y n n e and Wood 9 4 5 ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t ,

-

s i g h t

CASUARINACEAE

c a s u a r i n a l i t o r e a L .

C a s u a r i n a e q u i s e t i fo l i a L

.

G w y n n e and Wood 1 0 2 6 (EA)

URTICACEAE

L a p o r t e a a e s t u a n s ( L

.

^{C h e w}

F l e u r y a a e s t u a n s ( L . ) M i q .

G w y n n e and Wood

-

9 4 2 ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7 2 2 0 (US)

P i p t u r u s a r g e n t e u s ( F o r s t . Wedd.

S t o d d a r t 7197 (US)

NYCTAG INACEAE

~ o e r h a v i a r e p e n s L . var.

S t o d d a r t 7 2 1 9 ( U S ) ; G w y n n e

-

and Wood, s i g h t M i r a b i l i s j a l a p a L .

G w y n n e and Wood 9 4 4 A (EA)

- ,

1 0 2 9 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 2 0 8 ( U S )

P i s o n i a g r a n d i s R . B r

.

G w y n n e a n d Wood 931

-

(EA)

, -

9 4 1 (EA)

,

^{9 4 7 B}

-

(EA)

PORTULACACEAE

P o r t u l a c a 01 e r a c e a L

.

Stoddart 7 2 0 0 (US)

LAURACEAE

C a s s y t h a f i l i f o r m i s L .

Gwynne and Wood 943

-

(FA)

, 948

^(EA)

Hernandia sonora L .

Gwynne and Wood

-

9 2 2 ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7195 (US)

MORINGACEAE Mori nga 01 e i f e r a Lam.

S t o d d a r t 7 2 2 4 (US)

-

CRASSULACEAE

Kalanchoe p i n n a t a (Lam. ) P e r s .

B r y o p h y l l u m pinnatum Lam.

Gwynne and Wood 1014 (FA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 8 7 (US)

LEGUMINOSAE

Adenanthera pavonina ^L

.

Gwynne and Wood 1031 (FA)

Leucaena l e u c o c e p h a l a ^{(Lam. )} dewit Leucaena g l a u c a s e n s u a u c t .

Gwynne and Wood 919

-

( F A ) , 1016 ^(FA); S t o d d a r t 7 2 1 0 (US)

S e s b a n i a s e r i c e a ( W i l l d . 1 L i n k Gwynne and Wood 1 0 0 2 (FA)

SURIANACFAE

S u r i a n a m a r i t i m a L.

G w y n n e and Wood

-

937 (EA); S t o d d a r t 7186 (US)

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia c ya t h o p h o r a M u r r

.

Gwynne and Wood

-

1 0 2 2 ( F A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7 2 0 9 (US)

-

Euphorbia h i r t a L .

Gwynne and Wood 1 0 2 3 (FA)

Euphorbia p r o s t r a t a A i t . S t o d d a r t 7207 (US1

P h y l l a n t h u s m a d e r a s p a t e n s i s L.

Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 3 0 (EAI

R i c i n u s communis ^L.

S t o d d a r t 7212 (US) ; Gwynne a n d Wood, s i g h t

TILIACEAE T r i umfet t a procumbens R

.

^Br

.

S t o d d a r t 7194 (US)

MALVACEAE

~ o s s ypi

I.&

h i r s u t u m L

.

Gwynne a n d Wood 9 3 5 (EA)

-

; S t o d d a r t 7202 (US)

S i d a p a r v i f l o r a ^DC.

S t o d d a r t 7192 (US)

-

S i d a r h o m b i f o l i a L .

Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 2 7 (.EA)

GUTTIFERAE

Calophyllum i n o p h y l l urn L

.

^{v a r}

.

t a k a m k a ^Fosb

.

S t o d d a r t 7221 (US)

TURNERACEAE

PASSIFLORAE

P a s s i f l o r a suberosa L .

Gwyme a n d Wood 9 6 2 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7216 (US)

CARICACEAE

Carica papaya L .

S t o d d a r t 7214 (US)

CUCURBITACEAE C u c u r b i t a pep0 L .

S t o d d a r t 7 2 0 1 (US)

COMBRETACEAE T e r m i n a l i a c a t a p p a L .

S t o d d a r t , s i g h t

LECYTHIDACEAE B a r r i n g t o n i a a s i a t i c a ( L . ⁾ K u r z

Gwynne a n d Wood 9 2 0

-

(EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 9 8 (US)

APOCYNACEAE C a t h a r a n t h u s r o s e u s (L. G. D o n

V i n c a r o s e a L .

Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 2 8 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 2 0 4 (US) N e i s o s p e r m a o p p o s i t i f o l i a (Lam. Fosb

.

a n d S a c h e t

O c h r o s i a o p p o s i t i f o l i a Lam.

Gwynne and Wood 9 2 3 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 9 3 (US)

CONVOLVULACEAE I p o m e a m a c r a n t h a R. & S .

Ipomoea t u b a (Don) S c h l e c h t .

w n n e and Wood 9 2 9 (EA)

- , 932

@A).

BORAG II$W EAE C o r d i a s u b c o r d a t a Lam.

a y n n e and Wood 9 2 1 ( E A ) , 9 4 7 A ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 9 9 (US)

-

~ o u r n e f o r t i a a r g e n t e a 4 . f

.

~ e s s e r s c h m i d i a a r g e n t e a ( L . f

.

J o h n s t .

Gwynne and Wood 1019 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 8 9 ( U S )

VERBENACEAE L i p p i a n o d i f l o r a L .

Gwynne and Wood 1 0 0 3 ( E A ) ; S t o d d a r t 7 1 5 9 ( U S )

S t a c h y t a r p h e t a j a m a i c e n s i s (L. V a h l

S t o d d a r t 7160 (US); Gwynne a n d Wood, s i g h t

SOLANACEAE Capsicum f r u t e s c e n s L

.

S t o d d a r t 7225 (US)

Solanurn n i g r u m L. ( s e n s u l a t o ) Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 1 8 (EA)

-

SCROPHULARIACEAE S t r i g a a s i a t i c a (L.) 0. K t z e .

Gwynne a n d Wood

-

^{939 (EA)}^;S t o d d a r t 7217 (US)

ACANTHACEAE A s y s t a s i a b o j e r i N e e s

Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 2 1 (EA); S t o d d a r t 7205 (US)

-

RUBIACEAE Guet t a r d a s p e c i o s a L

.

Gwynne a n d Wood

-

^{930 (EA)}

,

944B (EA)

-

; S t o d d a r t 7196 (US)

-

Morinda c i t r i f o l i a L.

Gwynne a n d Wood 1 0 2 0 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7218 (US)

-

GOODENIACEAE S c a e v o l a t a c c a d a ( G a e r t n

.

⁾ ^Roxb

.

S c a e v o l a seri c e a Vahl

S c a e v o l a f r u t e s c e n s s e n s u a u c t . S t o d d a r t 7165 (US)

-

B i d e n s p i l o s a L .

Gwynne a n d Wood

-

1005 (EA) ; S t o d d a r t 7211 (US)

-

T a g e t e s p a t u l a L.

S t o d d a r t , s i g h t T r i d a x procumbens L .

S t o d d a r t 7164 (US)

-

GEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY OF ST. JOSEPH ATOLL

D.R. Stoddart and M.J. Coe

INTRODUCTION

S t . Joseph i s an a t o l l l o c a t e d i n l a t i t u d e S025's, longitude 5 3 ° 2 0 1 ~ , i n t h e Amirante I s l a n d s , immediately t o t h e e a s t of D'Arros I s l a n d (Figure 2 )

.

The a t o l l i s roughly oval-shaped, and measures 7 km i n longer and 4.4 km i n s h o r t e r dimensions ( P l a t e 20, Figure 5 ) . The windward ( e a s t e r n ) r e e f f l a t i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y wide, reaching 2.8 km a t t h e e a s t e r n p o i n t ; t h e northern r e e f f l a t i s 1-1.5 km wide, t h e southern 1 km, and t h e western 600-800 m. The main i s l a n d , a t t h e e a s t e r n end, i s S t . Joseph; Fouquet and Ressource a r e l a r g e r i s l e t s on t h e northern r i m ; and t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l small i s l e t s i n t h e south.

There i s some confusion over t h e names of t h e s e i s l e t s , and Table 4 g i v e s t h e names recorded on r e c e n t l y published maps.

Previous work

Table 5 l i s t s t h e main i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t a t S t . Joseph.

I t was discovered by M. de l a ~ i o l i s r e , aboard t h e E t o i l e du Matin, i n 1771, and named S t . Joseph. Moresby (1842) f i x e d i t s p o s i t i o n i n 1822. Though c h a r t e d by Capt. J.P. Maclear of H.M.S. A l e r t i n 1882, it was by-passed by t h e s c i e n t i s t s of t h a t expedition. Abbott

c o l l e c t e d b i r d s i n 1892, b u t t h e f i r s t general s c i e n t i f i c s t u d i e s were t h o s e of J. Stanley Gardiner and C . F o r s t e r Cooper of t h e Percy Sladen T r u s t Expedition on 10-11 October 1905. L a t e r Vesey-Fitzgerald worked t h e r e , and more r e c e n t l y it has been v i s i t e d by C.J. P i g g o t t and B.H.

Baker i n 1960, and by t h e Manihine expedition (with I.S.C. Parker, M.D. Gwynne and D. Wood) i n 1967. The p r e s e n t c h a r t (Admiralty Chart

724) i s based on t h e 1882 survey by t h e A l e r t , b u t it was again charted by H.M.S. Hydra i n October 1975. I t was v i s i t e d by t h e p r e s e n t

a u t h o r s on 5-8 A p r i l 1976. A i r photograph cover a t a s c a l e of 1:

12,800 was flown i n 1960.

A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n No. 223: 27-42, 1979

Table 4. Names of i s l e t s on S t . Joseph A t o l l A l e r t 1882 Hydra 1885

S t . Joseph S t . Joseph

Cascassaye Cascassaye

- -

Ben j amen Ben j amen

Pelican Pelican

Chien Chien

-

Sand bar

Poule Poule

Ressource Re ssource

Fouquet Fouquet

Baker 1963 S t . Joseph

-

Bane F e r r a r i Chien

Benjamin Paul, Pelican Banc Sable Banc Coco Ressource Fouquet

S t . Joseph l i e s on t h e e a s t e r n edge of t h e Amirantes Bank

(Figure 1 ) . To t h e west, on the bank surface, bottom depths a r e l e s s than 50 m, except i n the narrow channel between t h e a t o l l and D'Arros, where they reach 60-62 m. To t h e e a s t depths of 500 m a r e found 1.5 km from t h e reef edge, and of 1000 m about 2.5 km from the r e e f .

The t o t a l area of the a t o l l i s 2253 ha. Of t h i s , 79 per cent o r 1774 ha comprises peripheral reef f l a t , and 2 1 per cent o r 480 ha t h e i n t e r i o r lagoon. I s l e t s occupy 8 per cent of t h e peripheral reef

f l a t s , o r 139 ha. The lagoon i s completely enclosed by t h e surrounding r e e f ; a t low water it d r a i n s over a narrow s i l l , Passe Lerein Fin, a t i t s western end. The g r e a t e s t depth sounded by H.M.S. A l e r t within t h e lagoon was 6.4 m; other soundings ranged from 2 . 1 t o 3.7 m.

The peripheral r e e f s , i n addition t o being exceptionally wide, a r e covered (except on t h e west s i d e ) with mobile sand. I n t e r t i d a l sand sheets a r e encroaching on t h e margins of the lagoon on i t s windward side, which i s marked f o r much of i t s extent by a discontinuous l i n e a r sandbar. There a r e no f l o u r i s h i n g r e e f s i n t h e lagoon. Transverse reef ridges, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e centre and west, mark t h e l o c a t i o n of former f l o u r i s h i n g r e e f s ; but these a r e now sediment-capped r i d g e s topped with sea-grasses, with massive p o r i t i d and f a v i i d c o r a l s on t h e i r sides. A t l e a s t a t t h e time of our v i s i t i n 1976 t h e lagoon water was t u r b i d and v i s i b i l i t y poor, i n marked c o n t r a s t t o t h e sea outside t h e a t o l l r e e f s .

Table 5. P r e v i o u s work a t S t . Joseph A t o l l Year

-

1771 (1882) 1892 1905

c a 1940 1960 1964 1964

1967

1975 19 76

I n v e s t i g a t o r

M. de l a ~ i o l i s r e F. Moresby

W.L. Abbott J.S. Gardiner C. F o r s t e r Cooper H.M.S. S e a l a r k L.D.E.F.

Vesey-FitzGerald C . J . P i g g o t t

B.H. B a k e r A . J . Bruce

R.V. A n t o n Bruun

J.E. Bahlke and o t h e r s

I.S.C. Parker M.D. Gwynne D. Wood

M.F.R.V. M a n i h i n e R . J . Campbell H.M.S. Hydra D.R. S t o d d a r t M . J . Coe

F i e l d of s t u d y D i scover y Survey B i r d s

Land & marine animals

B i r d s

S o i l s , coconuts Geology

Marine fauna Marine f i s h

B i r d s , p l a n t s

Survey

Fauna and f l o r a

The r e e f i s l e t s a r e o f two t y p e s : l o n g i t u d i n a l

Main p u b l i c a t i o n

Moresby 1842 Ridgway 1895 Gardiner and Cooper 1907 Vesey-FitzGerald

1941

P i g g o t t 1968, 1969 Baker 1963

Bruce 1971

T y l e r 1966, 1967;

McCosker and Randall 1977 Parker 1970 Gwynne and Wood 1969

and t r a n s v e r s e ( P l a t e s 21-24). The l o n g i t u d i n a l i s l e t s a r e a l i g n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e r e e f edge, e.g. S t . Joseph and Fouquet. They a r e sandy i s l a n d s , and because of t h e amount of sediment on t h e r e e f f l a t s i t i s o f t e n

d i f f i c u l t c l e a r l y t o d e l i m i t t h e f o o t of t h e i s l a n d beaches. These i s l a n d s probably do n o t r i s e more t h a n 2.5 m above t h e l e v e l of t h e r e e f f l a t s . The t r a n s v e r s e i s l a n d s have a f o u n d a t i o n of t r a n s v e r s e r u b b l e b a r s , a s a t I l e Poule and I l e Chien ( P l a t e s 25-27). These comprise narrow tongues of storm d e b r i s s t a n d i n g about 1 m above t h e l e v e l of t h e f l a t s , and o f t e n widening seawards. Such b a r s a r e v e r y common on t h e s o u t h e r n r e e f , and n o t a l l of them have sand s p i t s o r v e g e t a t e d i s l e t s on them. They appear t o b e o f s i m i l a r age, and may r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e phase of s t o r m i n e s s .

There i s some i n d i c a t i o n o f c o n s i d e r a b l e topographic change o v e r t h e l a s t c e n t u r y i n t h e form of some o f t h e s m a l l e r i s l e t s . Thus i n 1882 Chien was c h a r t e d a s much l a r g e r t h a n a t p r e s e n t ; Benjamen h a s a p p a r e n t l y s i m i l a r l y decreased from a s i n g l e l a r g e i s l e t t o a group of

small ones; Cascassaye, t h e southernmost s e c t i o n of S t . Joseph, was then a s e p a r a t e i s l e t . These i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s r e l y on t h e accuracy of t h e survey during t h e b r i e f v i s i t by t h e A l e r t , but they a r e n o t

i n c o n s i s t e n t with t h e impression o f considerable mobility of l a r g e amounts o f sediment on t h e r e e f f l a t s . Gardiner (1906, 457, 461;

Gardiner and Cooper 1907, 154) g i v e s photographs of beaches and beach rock on t h e e a s t e r n s i d e of t h e a t o l l , and a l s o s p e c u l a t e s on

topographic change.

P i g g o t t (1968, 1969) emphasised t h e apparent recency o f t h e i s l a n d s , i n d i c a t e d by t h e absence of phosphatic Jemo S e r i e s s o i l s and t h e dominance of immature sandy and g r a v e l l y Shioya S e r i e s s o i l s .

Baker (1963, 1 7 ) , however, noted t h e e x i s t e n c e of an a r e a of phosphatic sandstone near Mare Frggate i n t h e southern p a r t of S t . Joseph, b u t t h i s a r e a was n o t v i s i t e d by us.

Marine fauna

There appear t o be no r e c o r d s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e of marine animals from S t . Joseph a t o l l , o t h e r than s i n g l e s p e c i e s of p o n t o n i i n i d shrimp recorded by Bruce (19711, and some s p e c i e s of f i s h c o l l e c t e d by J . E . Bahlke i n 1964 (Tyler 1966, 1967; McCosker and Randall 1977).

Vegetation

The l a r g e r i s l a n d s of S t . Joseph, notably St. Joseph i t s e l f , Fouquet and Ressource, a r e covered with coconut p l a n t a t i o n s which a r e a t l e a s t a s o l d a s t h o s e of DIArros. Probably because of t h e more i s o l a t e d s t a t e of t h e a t o l l , r e s u l t i n g from t h e absence of a passage i n t o t h e lagoon, t h e introduced weed f l o r a i s much more r e s t r i c t e d than on D'Arros, and t h e whole a s p e c t of t h e v e g e t a t i o n i n t h e p l a n t a t i o n s i s t h e r e f o r e very d i f f e r e n t . This p a u c i t y i n t h e herb and g r a s s f l o r a a l s o extends, however, t o pioneer h a b i t a t s , which a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y occupied by shrubs, and where much ground remains bare. Athough t h e r e can be l i t t l e c l i m a t i c d i f f e r e n c e between DIArros and S t . Joseph, t h e former t h e r e f o r e g i v e s an impression of damp luxuriance, and t h e l a t t e r i n many a r e a s of much g r e a t e r a r i d i t y ; t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s undoubtedly r e f l e c t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e n a t u r e and l e v e l of human a c t i v i t y on t h e two p l a c e s .

Pioneer shrub community

A mixed community o f shrubs on t h e sand i s l e t of Poule i n c l u d e s Pemphis a c i d u l a up t o 5 m t a l l ( P l a t e 2 8 ) , Suriana maritima,

Tournefortia argentea ( P l a t e 29 ) and Scaevola taccada

.

The ground s u r f a c e i s completely bare, except f o r a s i n g l e tussock of Lepturus repens, one small patch o f Boerhavia, and a p a i r of germinating coconuts. S i m i l a r a r e a s of low shrubs with b a r e ground beneath a r e found on t h e i s l a n d s south o f S t . Joseph.

Coastal scrub

S c a e v o l a t a c c a d a

i s t h e t y p i c a l shrub s p e c i e s of seaward beaches on t h e l a r g e r i s l a n d s , a s on D'Arros, t o g e t h e r with occasional shrubs of

T o u r n e f o r t i a a r g e n t e a

( P l a t e s 30-33)

.

Coastal woodland

G u e t t a r d a s p e c i o s a

i s a very common beach c r e s t t r e e , e s p e c i a l l y on lagoon shores ( P l a t e s 34-35), a s on Fouquet and Chien. Both

i s l a n d s , and a l s o Ressource, have c o a s t a l

C a s u a r i n a l i t o r e a

( P l a t e 3 6 ) , both a s i n d i v i d u a l t r e e s and a s groves. There i s a s i n g l e c o a s t a l t r e e of

Hernandia sonora

on Ressource.

Pemphis t h i c k e t

Most of t h e l a r g e r i s l a n d s have e x t e n s i v e beach-foot t h i c k e t s of

Pemphis a c i d u l a

on t h e i r lagoon s h o r e s , occupying l o c a t i o n s where mangroves might be expected; t h e s e t h i c k e t s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

extensive i n t h e a r e a of mud and sand f l a t s a t Cascassaye ( P l a t e s 28 and 37). A s i n g l e t r e e of

Rhizophora mucronata,

f r u i t i n g abundantly, was found on t h e lagoon shore of P e l i c a n ( P l a t e 3 8 ) , and i t i s n o t c l e a r why mangroves a r e n o t much more common along lagoon shores.

Suriana t h i c k e t

A small pool a t t h e e a s t e r n end of Fouquet i s surrounded by a low scrub of

S u r i a n a m a r i t i m a

( P l a t e 39).

Coconut p l a n t a t i o n s

The coconut p l a n t a t i o n s a r e i n t e n s i v e l y managed on S t . Joseph ( P l a t e 401, b u t on t h e o t h e r i s l a n d s they form a t h i c k e t with t a l l herbs and j u v e n i l e palms ( P l a t e 4 1 ) .

Kalanchoe p i n n a t a

up t o 1 m t a l l i s common i n t h e s e l a t t e r s i t u a t i o n s . Other common herbs i n t h e

p l a n t a t i o n s i n c l u d e

A c h y r a n t h e s a s p e r a , Boerhavia r e p e n s , C a s s y t h a

f i l i f o r m i s ,

Euphorbia h i r t a , Ipomoea macrantha, P a s s i f l o r a s u b e r o s a , P h y l l a n t h u s m a d e r a s p a t e n s i s , P o r t u l a c a o l e r a c e a , S i d a p a r v i f o l i a , S t a c h y t a r p h e t a j a m a i c e n s i s , S t r i g a a s i a t i c a , T r i d a x procumbens,

Turnera u l m i f o l i a

and

V e r n o n i a c i n e r e a ;

t h e g r a s s e s

L e p t u r u s r e p e n s , E r a g r o s t i s c i l i a r i s , S t e n o t a p h r u m micranthum, S p o r o b o l u s v i r g i n i c u s ,

and

D a c t y l o c t e n i u m a e g y p t i u m ;

and t h e sedges

C y p e r u s l i g u l a r i s

and

F i m b r i s t y l i s cymosa .

Settlement v e g e t a t i o n

The small s e t t l e m e n t a t t h e western end of S t . Joseph has a .

c l u s t e r o f i troduced t r e e s :

B a r r i n g t o n i a a s i a t i c a

and

T e r m i n a l i a

c a t a p p a

1 5 m t a l l ,

Hernandia sonora

10 m t a l l , and

Leucaena l e u c o c e p h a l a .

There. a r e c u l ,

1

i v a t e d t r e e s of

Moringa o l e i f e r a , C a r i c a papaya,

shrubs of

Capsicum f r u t e s c e n s ,

and d e c o r a t i v e

H y m e n o c a l l i s , Crinum

and

C a t h a r a n t h u s .

F l o r a

The f i r s t c o l l e c t i o n of vascular p l a n t s from S t . Joseph was t h a t made by Gwynne and Wood (1969). Their 40 numbers comprised 28 s p e c i e s

( i n c l u d i n g P i t h e c e l l o b i um ungui s - c a t i

,

omitted from t h e i r published l i s t ) . The 44 numbers c o l l e c t e d i n 1976 comprise 39 s p e c i e s , b r i n g t h e t o t a l number of p l a n t s recorded t o 47 s p e c i e s , i n c l u d i n g two sea- g r a s s e s , l i s t e d i n t h e following paper by F.R. Fosberg. The f l o r a i s noteworthy i n comparison with t h a t of neighbouring DIArros by t h e presence o f Pemphis and Rhizophora, and t h e absence of Cordia and o f many o f t h e common introduced weedy s p e c i e s o f DIArros.

T e r r e s t r i a l fauna Birds

Wedge-tailed Shearwater P u f f i n u s p a c i f i c u s

Recorded a s P. t e n u i r o s t r i s , breeding i n l a r g e numbers, by Gadow and Gardiner (1907). Gardiner and Cooper (1907, 153) a l s o mention a

" v a s t number1' on Fouquet, a s well a s burrows on P e l i c a n ( i b i d . , p.154).

I t was recorded a s breeding by Vesey-FitzGerald (1941),-and a s numerous, and breeding on Fouquet, by Parker (1970). One male and two females c o l l e c t e d by Parker a r e i n t h e National Museum of Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d numbers 20937-20940. Fouquet was s t i l l covered with l a r g e numbers o f burrows i n 1976, and l o c a l workers assured us t h a t t h e b i r d s were s t i l l common. No burrows were seen on Ressource, b u t they were s a i d t o be s t i l l found a t t h e southern end of S t . Joseph. They were a l s o found on t h e southern end of P e l i c a n . The r e s t r i c t i o n of c l e a r i n g on Fouquetwould d o u b t l e s s ensure t h e s u r v i v a l of t h e n e s t i n g a r e a on t h a t i s l a n d .

White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon l e p t u r u s

Six were seen a t Ressource by Parker (1970).

Pink-backed P e l i c a n Pelecanus r u f e s c e n s

W.L. Abbott c o l l e c t e d a specimen of t h i s s p e c i e s on 29 August 1892 and i t was l i s t e d by Ridgway (1895, 516), with a note by Abbott r e f e r r i n g t o "a small colony

-

perhaps one hundred i n d i v i d u a l s

...

^{t h e}

only colony of p e l i c a n s i n t h e s e s e a s " . The colony was again seen by Gardiner i n 1905. "These l a r g e b i r d s were found breeding i n a colony i n t h e coconut and o t h e r l a r g e t r e e s o f t h e e a s t e r n i s l a n d of S t . Joseph A t o l l , Amirante Group. Young b i r d s were seen i n October 1905" (Gadow and Gardiner 1907, 110). No specimens were taken b u t t h e b i r d s were i d e n t i f i e d a s Dalmatian P e l i c a n Pelecanus c r i s p u s . Gardiner and Cooper (1907, 154) s t a t e : " S t . Joseph i s covered with t a l l coconuts, some of which were weighted down and k i l l e d by t h e l a r g e n e s t s of

Pelecanus c r i s p u s , o f which t h e r e was a numerous colony. How f a r t h i s b i r d i s a wanderer we do n o t know". Both B e t t s (1940, 504) and Watson e t a l . (1963, 1801 f o l l o w Gardiner i n l i s t i n g t h e s p e c i e s a s t h e

Dalmation P e l i c a n , even though t h i s i s a ground-nesting s p e c i e s . P. c r i s p u s does n o t breed c l o s e r t o t h e Amirantes t h a n t h e P e r s i a n Gulf. D r . G.E. Watson has l o c a t e d A b b o t t ' s o r i g i n a l specimen and has confirmed i t s overlooked i d e n t i f i c a t i o n by Ridgway a s P. r u f e s c e n s

( S t o d d a r t 1 9 7 7 ) ; t h e specimen i s i n t h e N a t i o n a l Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , Washington. There a r e s e v e r a l r e c o r d s o f t h i s s p e c i e s from Madagascar and one from t h e Dahlak Archipelago, Red Sea, b u t o t h e r w i s e none o u t s i d e mainland A f r i c a ; i t s occurrence on S t . Joseph i s t h u s of some i n t e r e s t . Loustau-Lalanne (1963, 23) g i v e s a hearsay r e p o r t o f two i n d i v i d u a l s of P. c r i s p u s on B i j o u t i e r , Alphonse, s o u t h e r n

Amirantes; i f t h e presence o f t h e s e b i r d s i s confirmed they may a l s o be P. r u f e s c e n s . The colony was n o t seen by Vesey-FitzGerald i n t h e 1930s, h a s n o t been subsequently r e p o r t e d , and was n o t p r e s e n t i n 1976.

The f a c t t h a t one o f t h e i s l e t s on S t . Joseph was c h a r t e d a s ' P e l i c a n ' by H.M.S. A l e r t i n 1882 may i n d i c a t e e i t h e r t h a t t h e s p e c i e s was p r e s e n t t h e n , o r t h a t it had n e s t e d t h e r e s u f f i c i e n t l y r e c e n t l y f o r t h e name t o be recognised.

Brown Booby S u l a l e u c o g a s t e r

L i s t e d by Ridgway (1895) on t h e b a s i s o f A b b o t t l s r e p o r t . A n e s t w i t h two eggs was recorded i n November by Vesey-FitzGerald (1941).

T h i s s p e c i e s was n o t s e e n i n 1976.

Red-footed Booby S u l a s u l a

Abbott c o l l e c t e d a s i n g l e specimen of t h i s s p e c i e s i n 1892

(Ridgway 1895). Gardiner and Cooper (1907, 153-154) r e f e r t o "another common b i r d , l i k e w i s e b r e e d i n g ,

-

t h e booby (Sula p i s c a t o r )

,

found s o abundantly b e f o r e a t S t . P i e r r e , and wandering d a i l y from S t . Joseph over every r e e f i n t h e group". There i s no l a t e r r e c o r d of t h i s s p e c i e s on t h e a t o l l .

Great F r i g a t e b i r d F r e g a t a minor

One immature was c o l l e c t e d by P a r k e r (1970). Up t o 500 b i r d s , e i t h e r Great o r L e s s e r F r i g a t e s , were seen over Fouquet on 6 A p r i l 1976. A s on DIArros, it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e y b r e e d because o f t h e l a c k of s u i t a b l e n e s t i n g sites.

L e s s e r F r i g a t e b i r d F r e g a t a a r i e l

S i g h t r e c o r d by Parker (1970). A male was t a k e n by Abbott i n August 1892 (USNM 128775) (Ridgway 1895).

Grey Heron Ardea c i n e r e a

Recorded by Watson e t a l . (1963). F i f t e e n were seen by P a r k e r (1970). Common on a l l t h e i s l a n d s and t h e r e e f f l a t s .

L i t t l e Green Heron B u t o r i d e s s t r i a t u s L i s t e d a s B. a t r i c a p i l l a by Ridgway (1895)

.

Noted a s r e s i d e n t by Watson e t a l . (19631, and a s common on a l l t h e i s l e t s by Parker

(1970). The National Museum o f Kenya has a female c o l l e c t e d on t h e

" r e e f between D'Arros and S t . Joseph", 23 September 1967, by Parker, r e g i s t e r e d number 20931. Abundant i n 1976 on a l l t h e i s l a n d s . During t h e h e a t o f t h e day and evening t h e b i r d s commonly r o o s t on palm fronds, landing and creeping c l o s e t o t h e s h e l t e r o f t h e crown with t h e body held h o r i z o n t a l . This b i r d i s the subspecies B . s.

c r a w f o r d i which i s common from Aldabra t o t h e Amirantes, being replaced i n t h e Seychelles by B . s. d e g e n s . Although t h e l a t t e r subspecies may occur i n t h e Amirantes (Penny, 19741, it was t h e former which was observed on t h e i s l a n d s v i s i t e d i n 1976.

C a t t l e Egret B u b u l c u s i b i s

Recorded by Ridgway (1895) ( a s B . b u b u l c u s ) and by Watson e t a l . (1963, 180)

.

Turnstone A r e n a r i a i n t e r p r e s

L i s t e d by Ridgway (1895) and a s a non-breeding migrant by Watson e t a l . (1963) ; seen by Parker (1970)

.

Common i n 1976 along

s h o r e l i n e s and i n p l a n t a t i o n s .

Grey Plover S q u a t a r o l a s q u a t a r o l a

Seen by Parker (1970). A s i n g l e b i r d was seen on t h e r e e f f l a t on 7 A p r i l 1976.

Greater Sand Plover C h a r a d r i u s l e s c h e n a u l tii Seen by Parker (1970)

.

Whimbrel Numeni u s phaeopus

L i s t e d by Ridgway (1895) and a s a non-breeding migrant by Watson e t a l . (1963). Very common on t h e s h o r e l i n e and i n p l a n t a t i o n s i n 1976.

Greenshank T r i n g a n e b u l a r i a

Six seen by Parker (1970).

Common Sand P i p e r T r i n g a h y p o l e u c o s

Seen on t h e s h o r e l i n e s o f S t . Joseph and Ressource, 6-7 A p r i l 1976.

Sanderling C r o c e t h i a a l b a

One male c o l l e c t e d on Ressource, 23 September 1967, by Parker, and now i n t h e National Museum o f Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d number 20923.

Crab Plover Dronns a r d e o l a

Twelve seen by Parker (19701, who c o l l e c t e d one female and two j u v e n i l e s on 23 September 1967, now i n t h e National Museum o f Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d numbers 20932-20934. Three b i r d s observed on S t . Joseph and two on Ressource, 7 A p r i l 1976.

Black-naped Tern S t e r n a sumatrana

Recorded a s n e s t i n g , without p r e c i s e l o c a l i t y , by Vesey-

FitzGerald (1941, 256), and noted a s breeding i n September-November by Watson e t a l . (1963, 181)

.

One seen by Parker (1970) on Ressource.

Several seen over t h e r e e f f l a t s o f f Ressource and S t . Joseph on 7 A p r i l 1976. Both Ressource and s e v e r a l of t h e small i s l e t s south of S t . Joseph would seem t o have s u i t a b l e beaches f o r t e r n s t o n e s t .

Bridled Tern S t e r n a a n a e t h e t u s

This s p e c i e s , seen by Parker (1970), i s n o t recorded from t h e Amirantes by Watson e t a l . (1963)

.

Penny (1974) records i t a s occurring i n t h e group.

Sooty Tern S t e r n a f u s c a t a

There i s no previous record o f t h i s s p e c i e s from S t . Joseph A t o l l . A group o f a dozen was seen on Ressource, 7 A p r i l 1976, s e t t l i n g on v e g e t a t i o n on t h e beach c r e s t and f i s h i n g over t h e r e e f f l a t margin.

Crested Tern T h a l a s s e u s b e r g i i

Two b i r d s seen on t h e r e e f f l a t o f f Ressource, 7 A p r i l 1976.

Common Noddy Anous s t o l i d u s

Seen by Parker (1970). A small group f l y i n g with Sooty Terns seen on Ressource, 7 A p r i l 1976.

White Tern G y g i s a l b a

Recorded a s breeding by Vesey-FitzGerald (1941, 529-530), and noted a s very common by Parker (1970). Very common along t h e shores o f a l l i s l a n d s i n 1976, b u t no n e s t i n g b i r d s seen.

Turtledove S t r e p t o p e l i a p i c t u r a t a

The endemic subspecies of t h e Madagascar Turtledove i n t h e Amirantes is t h e vinous-headed S . p . s a t u r a t a . Parker c o l l e c t e d

two grey-headed females on 23 September 1967 on S t . Joseph Island, and these a r e i n t h e National Museum of Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d numbers 20927- 20928. Benson (1970) has suggested t h a t these specimens a r e hybrids r e s u l t i n g from an introduction of S. p . p i c t u r a t a from t h e Seychelles.

Two b i r d s were observed on DtArros, 7 April 1976, and one on S t . Joseph, 7 April 1976; a l l had t y p i c a l grey heads and deep purple mantles.

House Sparrow P a s s e r d o m e s t i c u s

F i r s t recorded a s introduced by Abbott i n 1892 (Ridgway 1895).

Noted a s very common on Ressource and S t . Joseph by Parker (1970).

He collected one female on Ressource on 23 September 1967, now i n t h e National Museum of Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d number 20901. Very common i n 1976 on S t . Joseph Island, b u t not seen on Fouquet o r Ressource.

Madagascar Fody Foudia m a d a g a s c a r i e n s i s

Noted a s numerous on Ressource and S t . Joseph by Parker (1970).

One male c o l l e c t e d on Ressource on 23 September 1967, now i n the National Museum of Kenya, r e g i s t e r e d number 20900. Present on a l l the l a r g e r i s l a n d s of t h e a t o l l , b u t the presence of t h e House Sparrow on St. Joseph Island seems t o reduce i t s numbers t h e r e . Only seen i n l a r g e p a r t i e s on Ressource where the House Sparrow i s apparently

absent.

Reptiles

Madagascar Green Gecko P h e l suma madagascari ensi s

This species was common on a l l four main i s l a n d s of t h e a t o l l . The presence of palm t r e e s seems t o favour t h e i r presence, and up t o four animals were commonly seen on t h e i r trunks. Aggressive displays were observed i n which the combatants faced each other and the b r i g h t red tongue was flashed across the face, having t h e appearance of a small red balloon momentarily i n f l a t e d . This display was i n i t i a t e d usually by one of a p a i r afteriwhich the o t h e r gave way and r e t r e a t e d .

Previously recorded from t h e a t o l l by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition (Boulenger 1909

.

House Gecko H e m i d a c t y l u s f r e n a t u s

A specimen c o l l e c t e d on S t . Joseph i s now i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Natural History); t h i s species has not previously been recorded from the a t o l l .

Seychelles Skink Mabuia sechell ensi s

Very common on a l l i s l a n d s of t h e a t o l l . It occurs on t r e e trunks l i k e Phelsuma, b u t it i s a l s o observed on t h e ground, unlike t h e Gecko.

This species i s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e Seychelles and t h e Amirantes, although it i s q u i t e c'losely r e l a t e d t o t h e widely d i s t r i b u t e d African species M. m a c u l i l a t r i s .

I n s e c t s

We have found only a s i n g l e s p e c i e s of i n s e c t p r e v i o u s l y recorded from S t . Joseph A t o l l , t h e Rhinoceros Beetle (Scott 1912). The

c a t e r p i l l a r s of t h e small a r c t i i d moth U t e t h e i s a p. p u l c h e l l o i d e s Hampson were found d e f o l i a t i n g S c a e v o l a on Ressource, 8 A p r i l 1976.

Also c o l l e c t e d were specimens of Euconocephalus sp. ( T e t t i g o n i o i d e a ) ; I c e r y a s e y c h e l l a r u m (Westwood) ; Cardiophorus s p

.

( E l a t e r i d a e ) ;

Dact y l o s t e r n u m sp

.

^? (Hydrophilidae ; Aedes ( S t e g o m y i a ) a1 b o p i c t u s Skuse (Culicidael; and t h e following Staphylinidae: P h i l o n t h u s b i s i g n a t u s Boh.

,

P h i l o n t h u s r e i n e k i s Schab.

,

P h i l o n t h u s s p e c i e s (four not determined and one p o s s i b l y new), Gabronthus s p . , O x y t e l u s

v a r i p e n n i s s s p . Pharaohnum Koch

. ,

^andAleochara t r i v a l i s .

Other Arthropods

H i r s t (1913) records two s p i d e r s , i n c l u d i n g N e p h i l a

m a d a g a s c a r i e n s i s , from S t . Joseph. We c o l l e c t e d a specimen of a young huntsman s p i d e r (Heteropodidae) from Fouquet. The orb weaver

T e t r a g n a t h a sp. i s very common on a l l i s l a n d s where it s p i n s i t s golden webs i n g r e a t numbers. Local c h i l d r e n c o l l e c t t h e t h i c k e r s t r a n d s of

t h e s e webs f o r f i s h i n g . Three millipedes were c o l l e c t e d from a r o t t e n palm trunk, and have been i d e n t i f i e d a s follows:

M y s t a l i d e s b i v i r g a t u s (Karsh)

,

recorded from Tanzania, Pemba, Comoros, Aldabra, Madagascar.

S p i r o s t r o p h o s n a r e s i i (Pocock), recorded from Madagascar and Seychelles and widely d i s t r i b u t e d i n the E a s t and West Indies.

Orthomorpha c o a r c t a t a (Sauss), cosmotropical d i s t r i b u t i o n .

Recent c l e a r i n g o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e coconut p l a n t a t i o n s have removed many f a l l e n trunks from t h e s u r f a c e . However it i s p o s s i b l e t o

measure t h e r a t e of decomposition of f a l l e n palm t r u n k s remaining. The dead t r u n k s examined were probably n o t more than s i x y e a r s o l d , y e t during t h i s time t h e whole i n t e r i o r had been reduced t o a broken powder comprised mainly of arthropod f r a s s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e very l a r g e numbers of m i l l i p e d e s p r e s e n t t h e r e were a l s o huge numbers of a small Entomobryoid-like Collembolan. A t t h e time of our v i s i t t o t h e a t o l l r e c e n t r a i n had probably a c c e l e r a t e d decomposer microorganism and d e t r i t i v o r e a c t i v i t y , which must f o r much of t h e year be water-limited.

Borradaile (1907) records t h e land hermit c r a b Coenobita r u g o s u s H. Milne-Edwards from S t . Joseph. We d i d n o t , however, f i n d t h e s e crustaceans t o be common. One male and one female were c o l l e c t e d on Ressource, t o g e t h e r with t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l s of Coenobita p e r l a t u s H. Milne-Edwards. Only a s i n g l e colony was found of t h e l a r g e crab C a r d i o s o m c a r n i f e x (Herbst), and t h i s too was on Ressource, under Pernphis scrub on t h e west shore. One female of t h i s s p e c i e s and t h e specimens o f Coenobita a r e i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Natural H i s t o r y ) .

Ocypodid crabs were abundant on v i r t u a l l y a l l the beaches v i s i t e d . Their excavations f o r the small bivalve mollusc Donax faba were

especially prominent on the lagoonward shores of S t . Joseph, where a female Ocypode ceratophthalmus (Pallas) was collected. These crabs play an important r o l e i n adding t o and reworking the sediments of the beaches, i n some of which Donax s h e l l s form a dominant component.

The Lagoon

The lagoon, which has general maximum depths of about 3 m, i s divided i n t o a s e r i e s of basins by p a r a l l e l flat-topped reef ridges trending northeast t o southwest and concentrated i n i t s western h a l f . The upper surfaces and edges of these ridges a r e emergent during lowest t i d e s and do not support l i v i n g c o r a l s . They a r e covered with thick growths of marine angiosperms, mainly Thalassodendron ciliatum and Thalassia hemprichii, with a molluscan infauna characterised by Pinna.

Syringodium i s o e t i f o l i u m has been c o l l e c t e d on the reef f l a t a t D'Arros b u t not a t S t . Joseph, though it i s common i n shallow water on the north s i d e of the lagoon. Massive f a v i i d and p o r i t i d corals grow on the flanks of the ridges, e s p e c i a l l y on t h e i r e a s t e r n (windward) s i d e s ; b u t they a r e c l e a r l y adversely a f f e c t e d by s i l t a t i o n , and the c o r a l l a a r e heavily bored and deformed. Presumably because of the absence of any open channel t o the sea, the lagoon a c t s as a sediment sink. Wide fans of sediment a r e advancing i n t o the lagoon from the peripheral r e e f s , e s p e c i a l l y on the south and southeast s i d e s , and during our v i s i t the lagoon water was extremely t u r b i d , i n marked c o n t r a s t t o t h a t outside t h e seaward reef margins. Shallow surfaces i n the lagoon a r e covered with thick s i l t y sand sheets up t o 30 cm deep.

Large rays a r e extremely common on shallow sandy reef f l a t s . I n several cases they were seen swimming i n p a i r s , r a i s i n g t h e i r pectoral f i n s above the water and diving one above the o t h e r , and it seems probable t h a t they were courting. Seychellois on the a t o l l say t h a t rays a r e always common i n the lagoon. Black-tipped and White-tipped sharks (Carcharinus melanopterus

,

Triaenodon abesus) a r e seen i n a l l p a r t s of t h e lagoon. No Green T u r t l e s Chelonia mydas were seen, b u t up t o a dozen Hawksbill T u r t l e Eretmochelys imbricata were seen on t h e D'Arros aspect of the a t o l l and around the i s l e t s south of S t . Joseph.

The shallow nature of the lagoon and the low r a t e of water

turnover leads us t o suspect t h a t it i s i n a low s t a t e of productivity.

Thus suggestion would seem t o be supported by the f a c t t h a t few f i s h shoals were observed i n the lagoon during our v i s i t . The presence of storm beaches and the width of t h e reef f l a t s may well i n h i b i t the t r a n s p o r t of reef-generated nitrogenous p a r t i c u l a t e matter i n t o the lagoon.

Settlement

The only s e t t l e m e n t on t h e a t o l l a t p r e s e n t i s on S t . Joseph i s l a n d , though t h e r e a r e remains of h u t s some years o l d on both Fouquet and Ressource. The p l a n t a t i o n s were well e s t a b l i s h e d by 1905,. when T o m e t r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e were more t r e e s on S t . Joseph than on D'Arros. A t t h a t time t h e r e were 4000 coconut t r e e s on Fouquet and 2500 on Ressource, a s well a s t h e main p l a n t a t i o n on

S t . Joseph; together with small p l a n t a t i o n s on Benjamen and

Cascassaye. The population i n September 1905 was 26, including 3 each on Fouquet and Ressource.

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Dalam dokumen D'ARROS AND ST. JOSEPH, AMIRAN'TE ISLANDS by D. R. Stoddart, M. J. Coe and F. R. Foeberg (Halaman 36-63)