THE SKULL
The reconstitution of the visage from the skeletal base has been a goal for workers in many different fields in recent years. The advantages of such a technique are obvious as, when a skull is discovered one prime method of identifica- tion would be a reliable reconstruction of the face, so that direct recognition could be obtained from relatives, friends and photographic records.
The first methods were as much artistic as scientific and depended to a great extent on the sculpturing ability of the operator. Gerasimov (1971) was a Soviet pioneer of this method, though much of his work was archaeological and historical, rather than forensic.
The method depends on a pre-knowledge of the usual tissue thickness at a multitude of points on the normal skull, an anatomical exercise that now has quite a large database. Modelling clay is laid on to the unknown skull in layers corresponding to these standard thicknesses, then more imaginative modelling added to ‘humanize’ the basic shape. The obvious defects in this technique are the lack of knowledge about eyes, lips, nose, ears and head hair, all of which contribute greatly to individual characteristics.
Similar methods have been used by graphic artists, rather than sculptors, who use their portraiture talents to create a face on the two-dimensional base provided by the skull profile, plus a knowledge of tissue thicknesses at many
Nitrogen
Amino acids
Prolines Fluorescence Benzidene
Gel diffusion
Bone age (years)
3000 1800 800 400 200 100 50 40 30 20 10 0
Total Central only
More than 2.5 am%
More than 6
FIGURE3.24 Graphical summary of the criteria for estimating the approximate date of human skeletal remains.
anatomical points. Additional information has been pro- vided on tissue thicknesses by radiography of heads.
The method was used with success in the 1988 investi- gation of the murder of Karen Price in Cardiff. Skeletalized after being buried for 8 years in a carpet beneath a garden, medical artist Richard Neave rebuilt her face upon a skull with sufficient accuracy for its display on public television to be recognized by her parents.
Recently, considerable progress has been made by the use of computer graphic techniques, both in drawing reconsti- tuted heads and in gathering tissue thickness data (Vanezis et al.1989). Some devices are mechanical, measuring the profile of the skull with a device that converts angles and distances into digital data. More recently, a combination of video and laser equipment has allowed 20 000 measure- ments to be taken and stored within 30 seconds. The data from an unknown skull are then electronically ‘clothed’
with standard soft tissues from the memory bank and modified on screen to produce various images. These can be rotated electronically so that various profiles can be seen.
A variety of stored eyes, ears and noses can be added, and any feature altered almost instantaneously to give a viewer a number of opportunities to recognize the missing person.
As with so many techniques in forensic medicine and science, the technology is one for super-specialists at pres- ent, but the forensic pathologist should be aware that such methods exist and are increasing in availability and accuracy.
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