Interest in integrating mindfulness and other mental training exercises into our Western models of psychopathology and treatments has never been greater. Th e fi ndings are promising, and we are providing relief from suff ering for many people. However, mind- fulness-enriched treatments are equally vulnerable to the challenges faced by traditional cognitive behavioral treatments to convincingly isolate the mechanisms that produce treatment gains (Corcoran, Farb, Anderson, & Segal, 2009). We may in fact be reaching the limit that self-report measures and clinician assessments can tell us about mindful- ness (Davidson, 2010). Our colleagues in the aff ective sciences have been touching the elephant that is mindfulness in diff erent and complementary ways; in doing so, they are providing provocative clues to the biological and neural bases that arise with practice of these mental training exercises.
An important next step is to begin evaluating mindfulness-related treatment effi cacy within the context of biomarker change. First, we must begin to examine whether and how patients with emotional disorders diff er from healthy controls on the biological indices in the context of cognitive and emotional provocation tasks used in the basic aff ective sciences. Second, and importantly, we must also investigate the ways that all of our effi cacious treatments, whether or not they possess mindfulness elements, impact biological and neural systems that are, in turn, associated with relief from disorders such as major depression while producing durable treatment gains.
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, we reviewed the evidence supporting both cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-enriched treatments as eff ective therapies for depression, which leads us to several conclusions. First, increasing metacognitive ability (e.g., decentering) has always been part of traditional cognitive therapy of depression—although recent fi ndings emphasize metacognitive capacities as the active ingredient in cognitive therapy.
Second, the benefi ts of increasing metacognitive abilities can be realized without explic- itly practicing mindfulness exercises. Th ird, given that cognitive content change is less important as compared to cultivating metacognitive ability for the prevention of relapse, developing treatments that explicitly foster this ability may be more eff ective and endur- ing than treatments that produce metacognitive awareness as a by-product.
On balance, the fi ndings are promising and are stretching our theoretical conceptu- alizations, and in turn helping us to reduce human suff ering. Despite these encouraging developments, many challenges lie ahead. Th e fi elds of clinical science and neurosci- ence are shedding light on many aspects of normative and disordered aspects of our emotional lives. In some respects, this work is occurring on parallel and nonintersecting tracks. However, the time is ripe to embark on programs of translational research that
creatively integrate and synthesize basic and applied research fi ndings. As theory and ex- perimental research become more complex, however, it has become increasingly impor- tant for researchers to clarify and agree on terminology and units of analysis. Questions such as: What is mindfulness? How should we measure it? Can we reliably measure it in fi rst person accounts? Th ird person accounts? Biological and neural correlates? And, im- portantly, how can our clinical approaches benefi t from the research? Th e work reviewed in this chapter, and indeed in this volume, suggests some preliminary answers to these questions. However, the road ahead is likely to be challenging, exciting, and rewarding as we strive to answer these remaining questions.
REFERENCES
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Barnard, P. J. & Teasdale, J. D. (1991). Interacting cognitive subsystems: A Systemic approach to cognitive- aff ective interaction and change. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 1–39.
Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hargus, E., Amarasinghe, M., Winder, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mind- fulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 47, 366–373.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive theory and the emotional disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
Beck, A. T. (1984). Cognition and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1112–1114.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY:
Guilford Press.
Beevers, C. G., Keitner, G. I., Ryan, C. E., & Miller, I. W. (2003). Cognitive predictors of symptom return following depression treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 488–496.
Bögels, S. M., Mulkens, S., & de Jong, P. J. (1997). Task concentration training and fear of blushing. Journal of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 4, 251–258.
Bögels, S. M., Sijbers, G. F. V. M., & Voncken, M. (2006). Mindfulness and task concentration training for social phobia: A Pilot study. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 33–44.
Bondolfi , G., Jermann, F., Vander Linden, M., Gex-Fabry, M., Bizzini, L, Weber Rouget, B., et al. (in press).
Depression relapse prophylaxis with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: Replication and extension in the Swiss health care system. Journal of Aff ective Disorders.
Borkovec, T. D., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A., & Lytle, R. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive- behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 288–298.
Brewin, C. R., & Power, M. (1999). Integrating psychological therapies: Processes of meaning transforma- tion. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72, 143–157.
Cahn, B. R. & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psycho- logical Bulletin, 132, 180–211.
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2009). How long does a mindfulness-based stress reduction program need to be?
A review of class contact hours and eff ect sizes for psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 627–638.
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 77
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 77 10/6/10 11:58:26 AM10/6/10 11:58:26 AM
Carmody, J., Baer, R. A., Lykins, L. B., & Olendzki, N. (2009). An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 613–626.
Casacalenda, N., Perry, J. C., & Looper, K. (2002). Remission in major depressive disorder: A comparison of pharmacotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1354–1360.
Corcoran, K. M., Farb, N., Anderson, A., & Segal, Z. V. (2009). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 339–355). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Craigie, M. A., Rees, C. S., Marsh, A., & Nathan, P. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary evaluation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 553–568.
Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., Hepburn, S., Fennell, M. V., & Williams, M. G. (2008). Mind- fulness-based cognitive therapy and self-discrepancy in recovered depressed patients with a history of depression and suicidality. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 32, 1573–2819.
Davidson, R. J. (2010). Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conun- drums. Emotion, 10, 8–11.
Davidson, R. J. & Lutz, A. (2008). Buddha’s brain: Neuroplasticity and meditation. IEEE Signal Processing 25, 171–174.
Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langolis, F., Provencher, M. D., . . . Boisvert, J.- M.
(2003). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 821–825.
Eisendrath, S. J., Delucchi, K., Bitner, R., Fenimore, P., Smit, M., & McLane, M. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: A pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 319–320.
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008). Mindfulness-based cogni- tive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716–721.
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007).
Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive and Aff ective Neuroscience, 2, 313–322.
Finucane, A., & Mercer, S. (2006). An exploratory mixed methods study of the acceptability and eff ective- ness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with active depression and anxiety in primary care. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 1–14.
Flavell, J. H. (1976) Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), Th e nature of intel- ligence (pp. 231–236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psycho- logical Bulletin, 99, 20–35.
Fresco, D.M., Ciesla, J. A., Marcotte, M. K., & Jarrett, R. B. (2009a). Relationship of explanatory fl exibility to the recovery from major depression and the durability of treatment gains following treatment with cognitive therapy. Manuscript submitted for review.
Fresco, D. M., Flynn, J. J., Clen, S., & Linardatos, E. (2009, November). Reactivity of explanatory fl exibility following an emotion evocation challenge: Relationship of concurrent levels of parasympathetic tone. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Th erapies, New York, NY.
Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Abramowitz, A., & Bertram, T. L. (2006). Th e eff ect of a negative mood priming challenge on dysfunctional attitudes, explanatory style, and explanatory fl exibility. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 167–183.
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M., Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Ma, H., & Williams, J. M. G.
(2007). Initial psychometric properties of the Experiences Questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Th erapy, 38, 284–302.
Fresco, D. M., Rytwinski, N. K., & Craighead, L. W. (2007). Explanatory fl exibility and negative life events interact to predict depression symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 595–608.
Fresco, D. M., Schumm, J. A. & Dobson, K. S. (2009b). Explanatory fl exibility and explanatory style:
Modality-specifi c mechanisms of change when comparing behavioral activation with and without cognitive interventions. Manuscript under review.
Fresco, D. M., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., & Kennedy, S. (2007). Relationship of post treatment decentering and cogni- tive reactivity to relapse of major depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 447–455.
Fresco, D. M., Williams, N. L, & Nugent, N. R. (2006). Flexibility and negative aff ect: Examining the as- sociations of explanatory fl exibility and coping fl exibility to each other and to depression and anxiety.
Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 30, 201–210.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1987). Emotion in psychotherapy: Aff ect, cognition, and the process of change.
New York: Guilford Press.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual diff erences in two emotion regulation processes:
Implications for aff ect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., . . . McCurry, S. M.
(2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Th e Psychological Record, 54, 553–578.
Hepburn, S. R., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Duggan, D. S., Fennell, M. J., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009).
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy may reduce thought suppression in previously suicidal partici- pants: Findings from a preliminary study. British Psychological Society, 48, 209–215.
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (in press). Th e eff ect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Shelton, R. C., Amsterdam, J. D., Salomon, R. M., O’Reardon, J. P., . . . Gallop, R. (2005). Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy versus medications in moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 417–422.
Hollon, S. D., & Garber, J. (1988). Cognitive therapy. In L. Y. Abramson (Ed.), Social cognition and clinical psychology: A synthesis (pp. 204–253). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hollon, S. D., Kendall, P. C. & Lumry, A. (1986). Specifi city of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depres- sion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 52–59.
Hollon, S. D., & Kriss, M. R. (1984). Cognitive factors in clinical research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 35–76.
Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O. & Strunk, D. (2006). Cognitive behavior therapy has enduring eff ects in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 285–315.
Imber, S. D., Pilkonis, P. A., Sotsky, S. M., Elkin, I., Watkins, J. T., Collins, J. F., . . . Glass, D. R. (1990).
Mode-specifi c eff ects among three treatments for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 352–359.
Ingram, R. E., & Hollon, S. D. (1986). Cognitive therapy for depression from an information processing perspective. In R. E. Ingram (Ed.) Information processing approaches to clinical. Personality, psychopathol- ogy, and psychotherapy series (pp. 259–281). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., Gortner, E., & Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consult- ing and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295–304.
Jarrett, R. B., Kraft, D., Doyle, J., Foster, B. M., Eaves, G. G., & Silver, P. C. (2001). Preventing recurrent depression using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: A randomized clinical trial.
Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 381–388.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living. New York, NY: Delta Trade Paperbacks.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness and meditation in everyday life. New York, NY: Hyperion.
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 79
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 79 10/6/10 11:58:26 AM10/6/10 11:58:26 AM
Kendall, P. C., & Ingram, R. E. (1989). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives: Th eory and research on depression and anxiety. In P. C. Kendall & D. Watson (Eds.), Anxiety and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Kenny, M. A., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Treatment-resistant depressed patients show a good response to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 45, 617–625.
Kessler, R., Bergland, P., & Demler, O., (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.
Kim, Y. W., Lee, S-H., Choi, T. K., Suh, S. Y., Kim, B., Kim, C. M., . . . Yook, K. H. (2009). Eff ectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as an adjuvant to pharmacotherapy in patients with panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 601–606.
Kingston, T., Dooley, B., Bates, A., Lawlor, E., & Malone, K. (2007). Mindfulness-based cognitive ther- apy for residual depressive symptoms. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Th eory, Research and Practice, 80, 193–203.
Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Kuyken, W., Byford, S., Taylor, R. S., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., . . . Teasdale, J. D. (2008).
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to prevent relapse in recurrent depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 966–978.
LeDoux, J. (1996). Th e emotional brain: Th e mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York, NY: Simon
& Schuster.
Leventhal, H., & Scherer, K. (1987). Th e relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3–28.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY:
Guilford Press.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163–169.
Ma, S. H. & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Replication and explo- ration of diff erential relapse prevention eff ects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 31–40.
Maharishi, Y. (1963). Transcendental meditation. New York, NY: New American Library.
Mennin, D. & Farach, F. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clinical Psychology, 14, 329–352.
Mennin, D., & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation as an integrative framework for understanding and treating psychopathology. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology:
A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 339–355). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., & Teasdale, J. D. (1996). Measure of awareness and coping in autobiographical memory: Instructions for administering and coding. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge.
Moore, M., & Fresco, D. M. (2007). Depressive realism and attributional style: Implications for individuals at risk for depression. Behavior Th erapy, 38, 144–154.
Moore, M. T., & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Prospective study of reactivity of explanatory fl exibility following a laboratory emotion provocation task. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370, 851–858.
Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1998). Health dimensions of sex and reproduction. Global burden of disease and injury series, volume III. Boston, MA: Harvard, University Press.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their eff ects on the duration of depressive episodes.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.
Ospina, M. B., Bond, K., Karkhaneh, M, Buscemi, N., Dryden, D. D., Barnes, V., . . . Shannahoff -Khalsa, D. (2008). Clinical trials of meditation practices in health care: Characteristics and quality. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14, 1199–1213.
Peterson, T. J., Feldman, G., Harley, R., Fresco, D. M., Graves, L., Holmes, A., . . . Segal, Z. V. (2007).
Extreme response style in recurrent and chronically depressed patients: Change with antidepressant administration and stability during continuation treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychol- ogy, 75, 145–153.
Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1982). Th e attributional style questionnaire. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 6, 287–299.
Power, M., & Dalgleish, T. (1997). Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Rachman, S. J. (1980). Emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 18, 51–60.
Raes, F., Dewulf, D., Van Heeringen, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness and reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood: Evidence from a correlational study and a non-randomized waiting list con- trolled study. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 47, 623–627.
Ree, M. J., & Craigie, M. A. (2007). Outcomes following mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in a hetero- geneous sample of adult outpatients. Behaviour Change, 24, 70–86.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). An open trial of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Th erapy, 38, 72–85.
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2008). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based behavioral therapies in practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters-Pedneault, K. (2008). Effi cacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 1083–1089.
Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V. (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Safran, J. D., Vallis, T. M., Segal, Z. V., & Shaw, B. F. (1986). Assessment of core cognitive processes in cogni- tive therapy. Cognitive Th erapy and Research, 10, 509–526.
Samoilov, A., & Goldfried, M. R. (2000). Role of emotion in cognitive-behavior therapy. Clinical Psychology:
Science and Practice, 7, 373–385.
Segal, Z. V., Gemar, M., & Williams, J. M. G. (1999). Diff erential cognitive response to a mood challenge following successful cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 3–10.
Segal, Z. V., Kennedy, S., Gemar, M., Hood, K., Pederson, R., & Buis, T. (2006). Cognitive reactivity to sad mood provocation and the prediction of depressive relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 749–755.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression:
A New approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1980). A learned helplessness point of view. In L. Rehm (Ed.), Behavior therapy for depres- sion (pp. 123–142). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Simons, A. D., Garfi eld, S. L., & Murphy, G. E. (1984). Th e process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 45–51.
Tang, T. Z., & DeRubeis, R. J. (1999). Sudden gains and critical session in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 894–904.
Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depres- sion. Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 37(Suppl. 1), S53–77.
Teasdale, J. D., & Barnard, P. J. (1993). Aff ect, cognition and change: Remodeling depressive thought. Hove, UK/
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Teasdale, J. D., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., Williams, S., & Segal, Z. V. (2002). Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275–287.
Teasdale, J. D., Scott, J., Moore, R. G., Hayhurst, H., Pope, M., & Paykel, E. S. (2001). How does cognitive therapy prevent relapse in residual depression? Evidence from a controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 347–357.
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 81
JWBT357c03_p57-82.indd 81 10/6/10 11:58:26 AM10/6/10 11:58:26 AM
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Th erapy, 33, 25–39.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Review of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 123–125.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000). Pre- vention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615–623.
Th ase, M. E., Entsuah, A. R., & Rudolph, R. L. (2001). Remission rates during treatment with velafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 234–241.
Williams, J. M. G., Alatiq, Y., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Fennell, M. J. V., Duggan, D. S., . . . Goodwin, G. M.
(2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in bipolar disorder: Preliminary evaluation of immediate eff ects on between-episode functioning. Journal of Aff ective Disorders, 107, 275–279.
83
4
Metacognitive Therapy
ADRIAN WELLS