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lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.
Wolitzky (2011b) states that over the years this traditional view of countertrans- ference has broadened to include all of the therapist’s reactions, not only to the client’s transference but to all aspects of the client’s personality and behavior.
In this broader perspective, countertransference involves the therapist’s total emotional response to a client. In today’s psychoanalytic practice, countertrans- ference is manifested in the form of subtle nonverbal, tonal, and attitudinal actions that inevitably affect clients, either consciously or unconsciously (Curtis &
Hirsch, 2011).
It is critical that therapists become aware of their countertransference so that their reactions toward clients do not interfere with their objectivity. For example, a male client may become excessively dependent on his female therapist. The cli- ent may look to her to direct him and tell him how to live, and he may look to her for the love and acceptance that he felt he was unable to secure from his mother.
The therapist herself may have unresolved needs to nurture, to foster a dependent relationship, and to be told that she is significant, and she may be meeting her own needs by in some way keeping her client dependent. Unless she is aware of her own needs as well as her own dynamics, it is very likely that her dynamics will interfere with the progress of therapy.
Not all countertransference reactions are detrimental to therapeutic progress.
Indeed, countertransference reactions are often the strongest source of data for understanding the world of the client and for self-understanding on the therapist’s part. The therapist’s countertransference reactions are inevitable because all ther- apists have unresolved conflicts, personal vulnerabilities, and unconscious “soft spots” that are activated through their professional work (Curtis & Hirsch, 2011;
Hayes, Gelso, & Hummel, 2011; Wolitkzy, 2011a). Hayes (2004) reports that most research on countertransference has dealt with its deleterious effects and how to manage these reactions. Hayes adds that it would be useful to undertake system- atic study of the potential therapeutic benefits of countertransference.
Although countertransference can greatly benefit the therapeutic work, this is true only if therapists study their internal reactions and use them to under- stand their clients (Ainslie, 2007; Gelso & Hayes, 2002; Wolitzky, 2011a, 2011b).
It is critical that therapists monitor their own feelings during therapy sessions and use their responses as a source for increased self-awareness and understanding of their clients.
A therapist who pays attention to his or her countertransference reactions and observations to a particular client may use this as a part of the therapy. The thera- pist who notes a countertransference mood of irritability, for instance, may learn something about a client’s pattern of being demanding, which can be explored in therapy. Viewed in this more positive way, countertransference can become a key avenue for helping the client gain self-understanding.
Psychoanalytic therapists vary in the manner in which they use their observa- tions of countertransference. In some instances the feelings may be shared with the client, but traditional analytic therapists strive to minimize their expression of countertransference while silently learning from its inevitable occurrence. Hayes,
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