CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Finding
1. Data Description
This chapter presents the results of tests that have been giving to research samples. The results of this test are used to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of using picture series on students' retelling story in the eleventh- grade students of SMA Muhammadiyah 8 Ciputat in the academic year 2019/2020. The following description will show the results of the research based on pre-test and post-test scores that have been giving to research participants.
a. Experimental Class Data
The experimental class of this research was XI IPS 1 students of SMA Muhammadiyah 8 Ciputat, comprises of 25 students. The experimental class was instructed by using Picture Series. Pre-test and post-test are utilized to collect the data of this research. Moreover, the pre-test was conducted before Picture Series was actualized. In the meantime, the post-test did after the writer actualizing Picture Series in teaching speaking of narrative text. The score of pre-test and post-test of the experimental class would be organized in Table 4.1:
Table 4.1
Pre-Test and Post-Test Score of Experimental Class Students’
Number Pre-Test Post-Test
1 58 59
2 62 70
3 40 58
4 39 73
From the data in Table 4.1, the most noteworthy score of pre-test within the experimental class is 68, and the least score is 25. The mean score of pre- test within the experimental class is 37.6. In the meantime, the highest score
Number Pre-Test Post-Test
5 60 60
6 43 60
7 54 60
8 68 81
9 39 65
10 35 76
11 25 38
12 45 63
13 25 65
14 30 63
15 30 54
16 50 59
17 41 51
18 30 60
19 35 54
20 40 53
21 65 60
22 40 55
23 65 76
24 40 58
25 31 60
∑ 940 1000
Mean Score 37.6 40
Max Score 68 89
Min Score 25 38
of post-test within the experimental class is 81, and the lowest score is 38.
The mean score of post-test within the experimental class is 40.
In experimental class, the mean score of post-test is higher than the mean score of a pre-test. The result demonstrates that picture series is an effective way to utilize in students’ retelling story.
2. Controlled Class Data
The controlled class of this research was XI IPS 2 students of SMA Muhammadiyah 8 Ciputat, which comprises of 25 students. The controlled class was not be treated by utilizing Picture Series. The data were gotten from students through pre-test and post-test. The score of pre-test and post- test of the controlled class would be organized in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
Pre-Test and Post-Test Score of Controlled Class Students’
Number Pre-Test Post-Test
1 26 31
2 25 33
3 36 49
4 45 38
5 45 36
6 48 35
7 38 33
8 31 33
9 49 66
10 46 33
11 38 33
12 45 49
13 43 34
14 39 43
Students’
Number Pre-Test Post-Test
15 40 34
16 33 30
17 30 30
18 43 35
19 44 30
20 34 31
21 30 36
22 30 34
23 43 34
24 30 30
25 29 30
∑ 900 930
Mean Score 36 37,2
Max Score 49 66
Min Score 25 30
Based on data in Table 4.2, the highest score of the pre-test in the controlled class is 49, and the least score of the pre-test is 25. The mean score of the pre-test in a controlled class is 36. In the meantime, the highest score of the post-test in a controlled class is 66, and the least score of the post-test is 30. The mean score of the post-test in a controlled class is 37.2.
After the pre-test and post-test scores within the experimental and the controlled class have been calculated, the following step is to determine the pre-test and post-test scores gotten. It was expecting to see a significant difference between students’ scores before the Picture Series had been executed and students’ retelling story scores after the writer executed the Picture Series in teaching narrative text. Pre-test and post-test scores gotten within the experimental class would be given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3
Gained Score of Experimental Class
Based on Table 4.3, the least gained a score of experimental class is 0, and the greatest gained score is 40. Moreover, the mean score of the pre-test is 37.6 and the mean score of post-test is 40. Hence, the gained score of
Students’
Number Pre-Test Post-Test Gained Score
1 58 59 1
2 62 70 -8
3 40 58 18
4 39 73 34
5 60 60 0
6 43 60 17
7 54 60 6
8 68 81 13
9 39 65 26
10 35 76 41
11 25 38 13
12 45 63 18
13 25 65 40
14 30 63 33
15 30 54 24
16 50 59 9
17 41 51 10
18 30 60 30
19 35 54 19
20 40 53 13
21 65 60 -5
22 40 55 15
23 65 89 24
24 40 58 18
25 31 60 29
∑ 940 1000
Mean Score 37,6 40
Max Score 68 81
Min Score 25 38
students’ storytelling is approximately 2.4 points which demonstrate that picture series is effective to be utilized in teaching speaking since the gained score of post-test is higher than the gained score of a pre-test.
Next, the gained score of the controlled class will moreover be displayed in Table 4.4 below:
Table 4.4
The Gained Score of Controlled Class
Students’ Number Pre-Test Post-Test Gained Score
1 26 31 5
2 25 33 8
3 36 49 13
4 45 38 -7
5 45 36 -9
6 48 35 -13
7 38 33 -5
8 31 33 2
9 49 66 17
10 46 33 -13
11 38 33 -5
12 45 49 4
13 43 34 -9
14 39 43 7
15 40 34 -6
16 33 30 -3
17 30 30 0
18 43 35 -8
19 44 30 -14
20 34 31 -3
21 30 36 6
22 30 34 4
23 43 34 -9
24 30 30 0
25 29 30 0
∑ 900 930
Mean Score 36 37.2
Max Score 49 66
Min Score 25 30
Based on Table 4.4, in controlled class, the least gained score is -14, and the greatest gained score is 17. The mean of the pre-test is 36, and the mean of post-test is 37.2. Subsequently, the gained score of students’ retelling story is approximately 1.2 points.
Referring to Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, it can be seen that the mean score of the experimental class and the controlled class increased. In any case, the experimental class scores have increased more altogether compared to the controlled class scores. This may be shown based on the range of points has got by both classes. The score has got from the experimental class has increased by 2.4 points whereas the score has got from the controlled class has as it was increased by 1.2 points.
3. Data Analysis a. Test of Normality
The purpose of the normality test is to decide whether the data from the experimental class and the controlled class have been distributed normally or not. In this study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk were utilized to conduct normality tests. Other than, the SPSS 24 Program is utilized to analyze data. The results of data analysis will be displayed as takes after:
Table 4.5
The Normality Test of Pre-Test and Post-Test in both of Class (Experimental and Controlled)
Group Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Pretest Experimental .171 25 .057 .928 25 .079 Control .129 25 .200* .973 25 .711 Posttest Experimental .128 25 .200* .952 25 .285 Control .140 25 .200* .969 25 .627
Based on data in Table 4.5, the normality test results for the pre-test appeared that p ≥ α (0.057 ≥ 0.05) and (0.200 ≥ 0.05). In addition, the p score
can be seen through Sig. within the Kolmogorov-Smirnov column table.
Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the pre-test data in this research have a normal distribution.
For the post-test, normality test results revealed that p ≥ α (0.200 ≥ 0.05) and (0.200 ≥ 0.05). In this manner, post-test data is normality distributed in this research. In conclusion, the significance of the data within the experimental class and the controlled class comes to over 0.05. It implies that the research data is normally distributed and picture series is effective to be utilized in teaching retelling.
b. Test of Homogeneity
A homogeneity test was done to chose whether the experimental class and the controlled class data are the same or homogeneous. In this research, the writer utilized Levene Statistics to measure homogeneity tests. Besides, a homogeneity test results will be displayed as takes after:
1) Pre-Test
Table 4.6
The Homogeneity Test of Pre-Test in both of Class
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Pretest
Based on Mean 1.091 1 48 .301
Based on Median 1.143 1 48 .290
Based on Median and with adjusted df 1.143 1 47.992 .290
Based on trimmed mean 1.100 1 48 .299
Based on data in Table 4.6, the homogeneity test comes about from the pre-test in both classes appeared a significance of 0.301, which was higher than α = 0.05 (0.301 > 0.05). Hence, both classes have homogeneous variations.
2) Post-test
Table 4.7
The Homogeneity Test of Post-Test in both of Class
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Posttest
Based on Mean 5.335 1 48 .225
Based on Median 4.705 1 48 .235
Based on Median and with
adjusted df 4.705 1 34.444 .237
Based on trimmed mean 5.376 1 48 .225
Moreover, the results of the post-test homogeneity test of the two classes in Table 4.7 appeared a significance of 0.225, which was higher than α = 0.05 (0.225 > 0.05). This implies that the post-test data from both classes are moreover homogeneous.
c. Hypotheses Test
After the data collected is calculated utilizing the normality and the homogeneity test, another step is to test the hypotheses utilizing the t-test to answer the research question about whether picture series is effective or not in this research. Other than, the results of the t-test moreover will be supported by the calculation of the effect size test.
In conducting t-test calculations, post-test scores and scores has got in both the experimental class and the controlled class is being compared. The results will be displayed as follows:
Table 4.8
T-Test Calculation Result
Group N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
Posttest Experimental 25 81.20 6.377 1.690
Control 25 76.20 10.713 1.161
As shown in Table 4.8, the results between the post-test within the experimental class that was treated utilizing picture series, and the controlled
class that was treated utilizing the traditional lecturing were noteworthy. Both the experimental class and the controlled class have the same number of students comprising of 25 students. Besides, the mean score of the experimental class was 81.20, and the mean score of the controlled class was 76.20. Subsequently, utilizing picture series has proven effective for teaching since the mean score of the experimental class is higher than the average value of the controlled class.
Table 4.9
The T-Test Result of Post-Test Score
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df
Sig.
(2- tailed
)
Mean Differenc
e
Std. Error Differenc
e
95%
Confidence Interval of the
Difference Lower Upper
Posttest
Equal varianc es assum
ed
5.33 5
.02 5
5.02
2 48 .001 18.000 3.584 10.79 3
25.20 7
Equal varianc es not assum ed
5.02 2
36.68
8 .001 18.000 3.584 10.73 6
25.26 4
Based on the Table 4.9, the results of the independent sample test appear that p-value or sig (2-tailed) = 0.001. This implies that null hypotheses (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypotheses (Ha) is accepted since the p-value (0.001) is lower than sig a = 0.05 (0.001 < 0.05). In this manner, it can be concluded that there is a statistical significance using picture series in the eleventh-grade of SMA Muhammadiyah 8 Ciputat.
d. The Effect Size
For the final step, after the results of the t-test demonstrate that there is statistical significance within the post-test result, an effect size test should be carried out for the level of significance of the effect (strong or weak) utilizing picture series on students’ retelling story.
In this study, the effect size calculation was adjusted from the Cohen effect size calculation. To calculate the effect size, the mean and standard deviation of the post-test of both classes (experimental and controlled) is required.
The results of the effect sizes will be displayed as follows:
(Mean of Group A + Mean of Group B) Pooled standard deviation
(6.377 + 10.713)
(81.20 – 76.20) 8.54
0.58
Criteria of Cohen effect size:
0 – 0.20 : weak effect 0.21 – 0.50 : modest effect 0.51 – 1.00 : moderate effect
> 1.00 : strong effect
According to the criteria, the results of the level of effect size in this research is 0.58 = moderate. In other words, picture series has a moderate effect on students’ retelling story
. d =
= 8.54 Pooled Standard Deviation =
2 = 0.58
d =
d =