A. Types and Characteristics of Research
The researcher decides to use qualitative research to analyze of Students Reading Comprehension in descriptive text at tenth grade students of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro.
According to Creswell, qualitative research is for exploring and understanding the meaning individual or group considered to social or human problem.28 It can be said that qualitative research means investigate and understanding the problem of human or social by individual or groups.
Qualitative research is a research that aimed to describe, learn, and explain the phenomenon. The understanding of phenomenon can be reached by describing and exploring through narration. It means that the research procedure that result descriptive data written or spoken from the participants and the behavior that is observed. It also belongs to descriptive study that proposes to collect current information, to identify problem, to make comparison or evaluation and to learn from others‘ experience to establish decision.
The characteristic in this research focuses on the descriptive qualitative research. The researcher would take a survey that it can be used to describe
28John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches 3rdEd(New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003), 4.
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phenomena and summarize. The aim of using survey for descriptive research is getting a good step of certain things. Descriptive qualitative analysis involves describing the common underlying characteristics of data.
Descriptive qualitative research is useful because it can provide important information regarding the average member of a group.29
B. Data Resources
In this research the researcher divides the sources into two items. They are primary, secondary.
1. Primary sources
Primary source are original materials on which research is based.
They are testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under consideration. They present information in its original form, neither interpreted nor condensed nor evaluated by other writers. The primary source of this research would be the result of students‘ document.
2. Secondary sources
Secondary source offers interpretation or analysis based on primary sources. They may explain primary sources and often uses them to support a specific thesis or argument or to persuade the reader to accept a certain point of view. The secondary source in this research is interview.
29GeoffreyMarczyket. al., Essentials of Research Design and Methodology (USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005), 16.
C. Data Collecting Technique
Qualitative research typically follows an inductive process.30It means that the data collection taken from process analyzing data become theory or interpretations. Creswell said that ―in many qualitative studies, inquiries collect multiple forms of data and send a considerable time in the natural setting gathering information‖31The data collection is the accumulation of specific evidence that will enable the researcher to properly analyses the results of all activities by his research design and procedures.
The data are needed in a research work to serve the raw material that is used in the production of data. It provides a definite direction and definite answer to a research inquiry. Whatever inquiry has to give a definite answer to an investigation. Data are very essential for a scientific research. In addition, the data are needed to substantiate the various arguments in research findings.32
Qualitative research also has a toolbox of data-gathering techniques, including in depth interviewing, participant observation, and document analysis.33 The writer in this research uses documents and interview to collect the data. The writer takes documents from the result of the use of concord in
30Linda Kalofet.al., Essential of Social Research,(England: Open university press, 2008), p.
85.
31 John W. Creswell, Research Design, p. 184.
32Yogesh Kumar Singh, Fundamental of Research Methodology and statistics,(New Delhi:
New Age International Publisher, 2006), p. 212.
33Donald Ary et. al., Introduction to Research in Education Eight Edition,(USA: Wadsworth Cengange Learning, 2010), p.32.
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students‘ reading. In the process of collecting the data, the writer collects the results of reading comprehension in descriptive text by the teacher.
In this research the writer uses two techniques to collect the data, there are documentation and interview.
1. Documentation
Qualitative research may use written documents or other artifacts to gain an understanding of the phenomenon under study.34In this research, the writer uses documents technique to collect the data. Documents can be a valuable source of information in qualitative research. Creswell cited that documents represent public and private documents. Public documents provide in the form of minutes from meeting, official memos, and newspaper. Example of private documents is personal journal and diaries, letters, and personal notes.35 Accordingly, the secondary data needed are documented as data resource in the form of documentation. Furthermore, the writer got the data form the result of students‘ reading comprehension document.
2. Interview
Interview occurs when the researchers ask one or more participants general, open-ended questions and record their answers.36 It means that by interviewing the participants can best voice their experiences unconstrained by any perspectives of the research or past research
34Jhon W. Creswell, Research Design, p. 432.
35Ibid., p. 180.
36John W. Creswell, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 4rd Ed, (New Delhi: Pearson Education, 2012), p. 217.
findings. Interview provides useful information when the researcher cannot directly observe participants, and the researcher permits participants to describe detailed personal information. Therefore, in this research the writer would use semi-structured interview to collect the data from the students. Semi-structured interview is that the topics or questions to be asked are planned in advance, but instead of using closed questions, semi structured interview is based on open-ended questions.37
D. Research Approach
In this research the researcher use six steps in the process of research, as follows:38
1. Identifying a Research Problem
Writer begins a research study by identifying a topic to study typically an issue or problem in education that needs to be resolved.
Identifying a research problem consists of specifying an issue to study, developing a rustication for studying it, and suggesting the importance of the study for select audiences that would read the report.
2. Reviewing the Literature
Skills required for reviewing the literature develop over time and with practice. The researcher can learn how to locate journal articles and books in an academic library, access computerized databases, choose and evaluate the quality of research on your topic, and summarize it in a
37Margaret C. Harrel and Melissa A. Bradley, Data Collection Methods, (US: RAND
Corporation, 2009), p.12.
38 John W. Creswell, Educational Research . 7.
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review. Library resources can be overwhelming, so having a strategy for searching the literature and the review is important.
3. Specifying a Purpose for Research
If the research problem covers a broad topic of concern, writer needs to focus it so that writer can study it. A focused restatement of the problem is the purpose statement. This statement conveys the overall objective or intent of the research. As such, it is the most important statement in your research study.
4. Collecting Data
Evidence helps provide answers to the research questions and hypotheses. To get these answers, the researcher engages in the step of collecting or gathering data. Collecting data means identifying and selecting individuals for a study, obtaining their permission to study them, and gathering information by asking people questions or observing their behavior.
5. Analyzing and Interpreting the Data
During or immediately after data collection, the researcher needs to make sense of the information supplied by individuals in the study.
Analysis consists of ―taking the data apart‖ to determine individual responses and then ―putting it together‖ to summarize it.
6. Reporting and Evaluating Research
After conducting the research, the researcher will develop a written report and distribute it to select audiences (such as fellow teachers, administrators, parents, students) that can use the information.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The important part in research study is analyzing data, because the result becomes a conclusion from all of the research. Analysis of data means studying the tabulated material in order to determine character facts or meanings. It involves breaking down existing complex factors into simple parts and putting the parts together in new arrangements for the purpose of interpretation. Qualitative data generally take the form of words (descriptions, observations, impressions, recordings, and the like). The researcher should organize and categorize or code the large mass of data so that they can be described and interpreted. In qualitative research, data analysis includes of two aspects, the aspects consist of text analysis and involve developing a description and themes.
The researcher would apply Miles and Huberman model to analyze the data.39 The components of this analysis model are pictured by this figure.
39Michael Huberman M. and Miles, Data Management and Analysis Methods, In N. K.
Denzin and Y.S Lincoln (Eds.): Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994), 429.
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Figure 1. Analysis Components of Miles and Huberman Model
Data analysis by Miles and Huberman model conducts the following steps:40
1. Data collection is the step when the researcher gathers all data which are used to complete the research.
2. The researcher reduces the data she had gotten by summarizing and choosing specific things.
3. To display the data, the researcher usually uses graphics, figures, or charts.
The display should be able to describe the content entire the data.
4. The researcher verifies her research by making conclusion of data findings.
Therefore, it is concluded that the analysis of data has some functions in analyze research data that include in; making the meaningful raw data, to observation null hypothesis, to get the significant results, to describe inferences or to make generalization, and to calculate parameters.
40Ibid, 430.
Data Collection Data Display
Data Reduction
Conclussion/
drawing verifying
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CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION A. Result of Research
1. Description of The Research Location a. History of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro
Muhammadiyah founded by KH. Ahmad Dahlan in 1912 tried to proclaim himself as an Islamic movement that led to the preaching amar makruf nahimunkar, which at the same time as a tajdid movement in Indonesia. Through the charitable efforts of Muhammadiyah, that manages educational institutions have been able to provide reflection and enlightenment to the community to shape the attitude of behavior and entrepreneurial spirit that is ready to face challenges in the global era.
SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro was established in 1977 which at that time was still called STM, the principal was Drs. Zaini Djas, his majors consisted of agriculture, mechanical engineering until the end of 1977. STM used to not have its own building; it was still riding with Muhammadiyah 1 Metro High School until 2000, and then opened a new major, automotive 1990/1991.
In the era of the free market and AFTA 2003, SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro as an educational institution that has long been trusted by the community and the government feels called to be
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able to Prepare graduates of qualified human resources (HR) who are able to compete and be selective in determining positive attitudes so they can play a role productively in the midst of the reforms we are carrying out.
SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro School based on the Director of Vocational Secondary Education Ministry of National Education No.
420/2114 / III.11 / DP.3 / 2004 dated November 3, 2004 has been established as a Vocational School which has the potential to be developed into a National Standard Vocational School. With this basis, SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro tries to improve itself by improving management both internally and externally.
SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro strives to exist amid global competition by improving the quality of human resources, facilities and infrastructure as well as cooperation with the business world and the industry both at home and abroad.
The motto "EDUCATION FOR THE FUTURE" SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro with Light Vehicle Engineering Skills Program, Engineering, Electrical Power Installation Engineering and Network Computer Engineering in 2012/2013 Academic Year has 949 students with 30 study groups. With the potential and human resources of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro, trying to exist and trying to realize the school's vision. Muhammadiyah 2 Metro Vocational School was appointed as a pilot project for superior schools by the Ministry of
National Education which was realized by the addition of vocational practice tools for Machine Tools, Welding Machines and Metal Fabrication Machines.
Furthermore, in the success of the LINK and MATCH Program through Industrial Work Practices, SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro has established collaborations with government and private agencies, such as, UPTD BLK Metro, Bekasi CHEVEST Instructor Training Centers, AUTO 2000 Bandar Lampung, BLPT Yogyakarta, POLMAN ASTRA JAKARTA, and with several Overseas Industries, such as SELL ELECTRONICS, SDN.BHD.
In order to improve the quality of students, Muhammadiyah 2 Metro Vocational School also opened Special Program classes (Entrepreneurship Class) / Advanced Mechanical Engineering Tools and Mitsubishi Special Program classes and Honda classes.
b. Vision and Mission of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro Vision:
To create SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro becomes an exemplary institution in the Academy and achieving in science and technology.
Mission:
1) Improve the achievements of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro as a center for education and vocational training in technology with a national Islamic nuance.
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2) Preparing qualified and competent skilled workers at the middle level who are productive, independent, and professional in their fields and have a high work ethic, honest, pious, usefull for society and religion.
3) Uphold the religion of Islam so that the main, just and prosperous society is blessed by Allah SWT.
C. Structure Organization
37
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c. Students Data in Last Three Years
Tabel 4. Students Data in Last Three Years SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro.
Academic
Year Registrant Accepted Target Percentage
2014/2015 567 433 440 97%
2015/2016 720 530 530 74%
2016/2017 695 501 520 72%
d. Teachers data
Tabel5. Teachers Data of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro.
No Teachers status
Gender Last Education
Etc
M F Qua
ntity D2 D3 SM S1 S2 S3
1 GTY 27 15 42 4 2 31 1
2 G DPK
Pemda 6 1 8 3 4
3 GDPK
Depag 1 1 2 2
4 Honorer 18 10 28 2 1 25 4
Quantity 53 27 80 6 3 62 9
e. Condition of Facilities
The Condition of Facilities in SMK Muhammadiyah 2Metro stated below:
Table 6. Recapitulation Facilities in SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro
NO FACILITIES QUANTITY
1 Classroom 27
2 Headmaster Room 1
3 Teacher Room 2
4 Office Room 1
5 Administration Room 1
6 School‘s Health Clinic Room 1
7 IT Room 3
8 Library 1
9 Mosque 1
10 Garage 3
11 Parking Area 1
12 Toilet 3
13 Canteen 2
14 Laboratorium 1
15 Hall 1
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2. General Description of the Research Data
The objective of this research was to analyze and described the result of qualitative documentation of students‘ reading comprehension and interview. This research was conducted at the tenth graders of the SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro. The subject of this research was 18 students. R1 until R18 was as the respondents in this research.
a. Documentation of reading comprehension
The researcher conducted the reading comprehension based on documentation descriptive text at tenth grader of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Metro. The assessment indicators of this documentation were finding main idea, finding specific information, making inference, identifying reference, and understanding the meaning of words. The data of the documentation on reading comprehension as follow:
Losari Beach
Losari beach is a beautiful beach and located on the edge city of makassar. It is located only about 3 km from the center of Makassar (karebosi park). The beach used to be the longest cafe in Asia, because many cafes stand in along the beach, but now the cafes are collected in a special place so it does not spread along the coast. Charm of the beach is mainly seen in the evening when the sense stands out. This is a major attraction of people‘s coming to the Losari beach.
Every evening hundreds of people come to witness the panorama of red as the sun will disappear into the ocean, so do not miss the sunset at the Losari beach. If the sky in sunny, the scenery is absolutely perfect. Because of its location in a bay the water of Losari is even often quiet as usual poor water.
Losari is its waterfront of the Makassar. The that can be accessed by anyone. On this beach there is a park called the PelataranBahari (Marine Park), with semicircular area of nearly one hectare. This place is a plaza with a clean floor for children to play and running around, while parents and teens sit on concrete benches to enjoy the sea breeze. From this place, you are also free to view out to the sea and watch the sunset slowly turns reddish in the line of the horizon. The reflected light also creates sheen on the surface of the sea water.
The Pelataran Bahari also serves as the stadium of open water to watch the coastal waters in front of Losari beach. This coastal water is often used as a racecourse jet ski, boat races and traditional boat jollorokatinting, or become a transit point of rely of sandeq traditional sailboats and yachts.
In Losari there are also a few hotels. Some of the qualified as a tree stars‘ hotel. The hotel is offering panoramic beauty of the sea luxury service treats. There are Losari Beach Hotel, Losari Beach Inn,
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Makassar Golden Hotel, and PantaiGapura Hotel. All of the hotels located in jalanpenghibur.
1. Where is Losari located?
The answered of the first question above was ―B Located only about 3 km from the center of Makassar (Karebosi Park)‖. There were twelve of eighteen respondents answered this question correctly. There were six of respondents made mistake inscan specific information.
These were several wrong answer written by the students were: Near Makassar city, somewhere at Makassar city. It can be indicated the student did not have problem scan specific information in the text, because that only six students made mistake in scan specific information. The percentage of students reading comprehension in scan specific information was 22 %.
2. “some of them Qualified as a tree stars hotel”. What is the meaning of the underlined word”?
The answered of the second question above was‖A.Memenuhi Syarat‖. However, only seven respondents answered was true and eleven respondents gave the wrong answers in understand vocabulary in this question. The wrong answer of this question were: Menyediakan, Menerima, and Pemandangan. It showed that the respondents did not understand well about vocabulary in the text. The percentage of students reading comprehension about in understand vocabulary was 13
%.
3. “It is located only about 3 km from the center of Makassar”.
The word it in that sentence refers to?
The answered of the third question above was ‖D.Losari beach‖. There were fourteen respondents answered this question correctly. There were four respondents who made mistake into identifying reference. The wrong answer in this question were: Makassar and Beach. Based on answered above, the researcher can conclude that most of the respondents have understood with the question. The percentage of students reading comprehension in identifying reference was 25 %.
4. “the sunset slowly turns reddish in the line of the horizon”.
We can implead that “the sunset”is.
The answered of this question ―A. Gloaming‖. Six of the eighteen respondents have answered this question correctly and twelve of the respondents answered wrong. The wrong answer in this question by the students were: Shine, Light, Daylight, and Dayspring. It means that the respondents did not understand with making inference question. The percentage of students reading comprehension in making inference was 11 %.
5. What is the main idea of the text?
The answered of this question above was ―B. Losari beach is a good place to visit‖. Sixteen of the respondents couldanswer this question correctlyand two of the respondents cannot answer this