1. Animals. The welfare of the mice and the procedures used for this study are in ac- cordance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO)
guidelines and the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC). All procedures were approved the Vanderbilt University IACUC under the protocol M1600235. Mice were maintained on a 12-hour light cycle and were euthanized approximately 4.5 hours following light onset (9:30 AM). Euthana- sia was performed by carbon dioxide inhalation until respiration ceased and immedi- ately followed by cervical dislocation.
2. Retina preparation. The eyes were excised immediately following cervical dislo- cation and quickly submerged into gassed (95% O2 and 5% CO2) Ames medium.
Retinas were isolated and dissected under dim red illumination to minimize pho- topigment bleaching. The retina was then incubated in Ames medium containing collagenase (241 u/mL, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation) and hyaluronidase (1,370 u/mL, Worthington Biochemical Corporation) for 10 minutes at room temperature. Next, the digested retina was washed with Ames media, mounted photoreceptor side down on Whatman 3MM Chr cellulose paper (Fisher Scientific) and transferred to the MEA device such that the RGC layers was in direct contact with the graphene electrodes.
References
[1] Jie You, Yukun Luo, Jie Yang, Jianghua Zhang, Ke Yin, Ke Wei, Xin Zheng, and Tian Jiang. Hybrid/integrated silicon photonics based on 2d materials in optical communication nanosystems. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 14(12):2000239, 2020.
[2] Haitao Chen, Cong Wang, Hao Ouyang, Yufeng Song, and Tian Jiang. All- optical modulation with 2d layered materials: status and prospects. Nanophotonics, 9(8):2107–2124, 2020.
[3] Xi Ling, Han Wang, Shengxi Huang, Fengnian Xia, and Mildred S Dresselhaus. The renaissance of black phosphorus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(15):4523–4530, 2015.
[4] Xiaosi Zhang, Thayer S Walmsley, and Ya-Qiong Xu. In situ monitoring of electrical and optoelectronic properties of suspended graphene ribbons during laser-induced morphological changes. Nanoscale Advances, 2(9):4034–4040, 2020.
[5] Arjun K Fontaine, Hans E Anderson, John H Caldwell, and Richard F Weir. Optical read-out and modulation of peripheral nerve activity.Neural Regeneration Research, 13(1):58, 2018.
[6] Kevin Warwick. The cyborg revolution. Nanoethics, 8:263–273, 2014.
[7] Xiaosi Zhang, Hannah Lee, Yuchen Zhang, Thayer S Walmsley, Deyu Li, Edward Levine, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Probing light-stimulated activities in the retina via trans- parent graphene electrodes. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 5(1):305–312, 2022.
[8] Hannah H. Lee Michael L. Risner Sharon M. Weiss Ya-Qiong Xu Edward Levine Alberto Esteban-Linares, Xiaosi Zhang and Deyu Li. Graphene-based microfluidic perforated microelectrode arrays for retinal electrophysiological studies. Lab on a Chip, 2023.
[9] Gianluca Fiori, Francesco Bonaccorso, Giuseppe Iannaccone, Tom´as Palacios, Daniel Neumaier, Alan Seabaugh, Sanjay K Banerjee, and Luigi Colombo. Elec- tronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nature nanotechnology, 9(10):768–
779, 2014.
[10] Deji Akinwande, Cedric Huyghebaert, Ching-Hua Wang, Martha I Serna, Stijn Goossens, Lain-Jong Li, H-S Philip Wong, and Frank HL Koppens. Graphene and two-dimensional materials for silicon technology. Nature, 573(7775):507–518, 2019.
[11] Chaoliang Tan, Xiehong Cao, Xue-Jun Wu, Qiyuan He, Jian Yang, Xiao Zhang, Junze Chen, Wei Zhao, Shikui Han, Gwang-Hyeon Nam, et al. Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chemical reviews, 117(9):6225–6331, 2017.
[12] Ganesh R Bhimanapati, Zhong Lin, Vincent Meunier, Yeonwoong Jung, Judy Cha, Saptarshi Das, Di Xiao, Youngwoo Son, Michael S Strano, Valentino R Cooper, et al. Recent advances in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS nano, 9(12):11509–11539, 2015.
[13] M Xu, T Liang, M Shi, and H Chen. Graphene-like two-dimensional materials chemical reviews 113,(2013) 3766–3798.
[14] Arnab Pal, Shuo Zhang, Tanmay Chavan, Kunjesh Agashiwala, Chao-Hui Yeh, Wei Cao, and Kaustav Banerjee. Quantum-engineered devices based on 2d materials for next-generation information processing and storage. Advanced Materials, page 2109894, 2022.
[15] Yuan Liu, Yu Huang, and Xiangfeng Duan. Van der waals integration before and beyond two-dimensional materials. Nature, 567(7748):323–333, 2019.
[16] Adam H Woomer, Daniel L Druffel, Jack D Sundberg, Jacob T Pawlik, and Scott C Warren. Bonding in 2d donor–acceptor heterostructures. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(26):10300–10308, 2019.
[17] C emsp14N emsp14R Rao, A emsp14K Sood, K emsp14S Subrahmanyam, and Achutharao Govindaraj. Graphene: the new two-dimensional nanomaterial. Ange- wandte Chemie International Edition, 48(42):7752–7777, 2009.
[18] Mingyu Sang, Jongwoon Shin, Kiho Kim, and Ki Jun Yu. Electronic and thermal properties of graphene and recent advances in graphene based electronics applica- tions. Nanomaterials, 9(3):374, 2019.
[19] Yu V Gulyaev, AG Zhdan, and GV Chucheva. Increase in the electron mobility in the inversion channel of a si-mos transistor in the case of ion polarization of the gate oxide. Semiconductors, 41:357–360, 2007.
[20] Jian-Hao Chen, Chaun Jang, Shudong Xiao, Masa Ishigami, and Michael S Fuhrer.
Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on sio2. Nature nan- otechnology, 3(4):206–209, 2008.
[21] Changgu Lee, Xiaoding Wei, Jeffrey W Kysar, and James Hone. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. science, 321(5887):385–388, 2008.
[22] An Li, Cong Zhang, and Yang-Fei Zhang. Thermal conductivity of graphene- polymer composites: Mechanisms, properties, and applications.Polymers, 9(9):437, 2017.
[23] Qiaoliang Bao and Kian Ping Loh. Graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices. ACS nano, 6(5):3677–3694, 2012.
[24] St´ephane Berciaud, Sunmin Ryu, Louis E Brus, and Tony F Heinz. Probing the intrinsic properties of exfoliated graphene: Raman spectroscopy of free-standing monolayers. Nano letters, 9(1):346–352, 2009.
[25] Shanshan Chen, Arden L Moore, Weiwei Cai, Ji Won Suk, Jinho An, Columbia Mishra, Charles Amos, Carl W Magnuson, Junyong Kang, Li Shi, et al. Raman measurements of thermal transport in suspended monolayer graphene of variable sizes in vacuum and gaseous environments. ACS nano, 5(1):321–328, 2011.
[26] Andrea C Ferrari and Denis M Basko. Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nature nanotechnology, 8(4):235–246, 2013.
[27] Leandro M Malard, Marcos Assunc¸˜ao Pimenta, Gene Dresselhaus, and Mil- dred Spiewak Dresselhaus. Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Physics reports, 473(5-6):51–87, 2009.
[28] Sajedeh Manzeli, Dmitry Ovchinnikov, Diego Pasquier, Oleg V Yazyev, and Andras Kis. 2d transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Reviews Materials, 2(8):1–15, 2017.
[29] AH Castro Neto. Charge density wave, superconductivity, and anomalous metal- lic behavior in 2d transition metal dichalcogenides. Physical review letters, 86(19):4382, 2001.
[30] Bing Wang, Zhi Bin Zhang, Shi Peng Zhong, Zhao Qiang Zheng, Ping Xu, and Han Zhang. Recent progress in high-performance photo-detectors enabled by the pulsed laser deposition technology. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 8(15):4988–5014, 2020.
[31] Jinhua Li, Liyong Niu, Zijian Zheng, and Feng Yan. Photosensitive graphene tran- sistors. Advanced Materials, 26(31):5239–5273, 2014.
[32] Chao Xie and Feng Yan. Flexible photodetectors based on novel functional materi- als. Small, 13(43):1701822, 2017.
[33] Chaoyue Liu, Jingshu Guo, Laiwen Yu, Jiang Li, Ming Zhang, Huan Li, Yaocheng Shi, and Daoxin Dai. Silicon/2d-material photodetectors: from near-infrared to mid- infrared. Light: Science & Applications, 10(1):123, 2021.
[34] Tianjiao Wang and Ya-Qiong Xu. Photonic structure-integrated two-dimensional material optoelectronics. Electronics, 5(4):93, 2016.
[35] Marcus Freitag, James C Tsang, Ageeth Bol, Phaedon Avouris, Dongning Yuan, and Jie Liu. Scanning photovoltage microscopy of potential modulations in carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters, 91(3):031101, 2007.
[36] Karim Khan, Ayesha Khan Tareen, Muhammad Aslam, Renheng Wang, Yupeng Zhang, Asif Mahmood, Zhengbiao Ouyang, Han Zhang, and Zhongyi Guo. Recent developments in emerging two-dimensional materials and their applications.Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 8(2):387–440, 2020.
[37] A Chaves, Javad G Azadani, Hussain Alsalman, DR Da Costa, R Frisenda, AJ Chaves, Seung Hyun Song, Young Duck Kim, Daowei He, Jiadong Zhou, et al.
Bandgap engineering of two-dimensional semiconductor materials. npj 2D Materi- als and Applications, 4(1):29, 2020.
[38] Eric M Vogel and Joshua A Robinson. Two-dimensional layered transition-metal dichalcogenides for versatile properties and applications. MRS Bulletin, 40(7):558–
563, 2015.
[39] Mingxiao Ye, Dongyan Zhang, and Yoke Khin Yap. Recent advances in electronic and optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalco- genides. Electronics, 6(2):43, 2017.
[40] Sohail Ahmed and Jiabao Yi. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their charge carrier mobilities in field-effect transistors. Nano-micro letters, 9:1–23, 2017.
[41] T Mueller, F Xia, M Freitag, J Tsang, Ph Avouris, et al. Role of contacts in graphene transistors: A scanning photocurrent study. Physical Review B, 79(24):245430, 2009.
[42] YH Ahn, AW Tsen, Bio Kim, Yung Woo Park, and Jiwoong Park. Photocurrent imaging of p- n junctions in ambipolar carbon nanotube transistors. Nano letters, 7(11):3320–3323, 2007.
[43] Fredrik Schedin, Andrei Konstantinovich Geim, Sergei Vladimirovich Morozov, Ew W Hill, Peter Blake, Mi I Katsnelson, and Kostya Sergeevich Novoselov. Detec- tion of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene.Nature materials, 6(9):652–
655, 2007.
[44] Stephanie J Heerema and Cees Dekker. Graphene nanodevices for dna sequencing.
Nature nanotechnology, 11(2):127–136, 2016.
[45] Slaven Garaj, W Hubbard, A Reina, J Kong, D Branton, and JA Golovchenko.
Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane. Nature, 467(7312):190–
193, 2010.
[46] F Traversi, C Raillon, SM Benameur, K Liu, S Khlybov, M Tosun, D Krasnozhon, A Kis, and A Radenovic. Detecting the translocation of dna through a nanopore using graphene nanoribbons. Nature nanotechnology, 8(12):939–945, 2013.
[47] Tzahi Cohen-Karni, Quan Qing, Qiang Li, Ying Fang, and Charles M Lieber.
Graphene and nanowire transistors for cellular interfaces and electrical recording.
Nano letters, 10(3):1098–1102, 2010.
[48] Janire Pe˜na-Bahamonde, Hang N Nguyen, Sofia K Fanourakis, and Debora F Ro- drigues. Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 16:1–17, 2018.
[49] Eduard Masvidal-Codina, Xavi Illa, Miguel Dasilva, Andrea Bonaccini Calia, Tanja Dragojevi´c, Ernesto E Vidal-Rosas, Elisabet Prats-Alfonso, Javier Mart´ınez-Aguilar, Jose M De la Cruz, Ramon Garcia-Cortadella, et al. High-resolution mapping of infraslow cortical brain activity enabled by graphene microtransistors. Nature mate- rials, 18(3):280–288, 2019.
[50] Duygu Kuzum, Hajime Takano, Euijae Shim, Jason C Reed, Halvor Juul, Andrew G Richardson, Julius De Vries, Hank Bink, Marc A Dichter, Timothy H Lucas, et al.
Transparent and flexible low noise graphene electrodes for simultaneous electro- physiology and neuroimaging. Nature communications, 5(1):5259, 2014.
[51] Dong-Wook Park, Sarah K Brodnick, Jared P Ness, Farid Atry, Lisa Krugner-Higby, Amelia Sandberg, Solomon Mikael, Thomas J Richner, Joseph Novello, Hyung- soo Kim, et al. Fabrication and utility of a transparent graphene neural electrode array for electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, and optogenetics. Nature protocols, 11(11):2201–2222, 2016.
[52] Yuchen Zhang, Kirsten H Dodson, Rachel Fischer, Rui Wang, Deyu Li, Rebecca M Sappington, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene- integrated microfluidic platforms. Nanoscale, 8(45):19043–19049, 2016.
[53] Rui Wang, Mingjian Shi, Bryson Brewer, Lijie Yang, Yuchen Zhang, Donna J Webb, Deyu Li, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Ultrasensitive graphene optoelectronic probes for recording electrical activities of individual synapses. Nano letters, 18(9):5702–
5708, 2018.
[54] Adam Bolotsky, Derrick Butler, Chengye Dong, Katy Gerace, Nicholas R Glavin, Christopher Muratore, Joshua A Robinson, and Aida Ebrahimi. Two-dimensional materials in biosensing and healthcare: from in vitro diagnostics to optogenetics and beyond. ACS nano, 13(9):9781–9810, 2019.
[55] Elaine Lay Khim Chng and Martin Pumera. Toxicity of graphene related materials and transition metal dichalcogenides. Rsc Advances, 5(4):3074–3080, 2015.
[56] Lucas H Hess, Moritz V Hauf, Max Seifert, Florian Speck, Thomas Seyller, Mar- tin Stutzmann, Ian D Sharp, and Jose A Garrido. High-transconductance graphene solution-gated field effect transistors. Applied Physics Letters, 99(3):033503, 2011.
[57] Shan Chen and Gaoquan Shi. Two-dimensional materials for halide perovskite- based optoelectronic devices. Advanced Materials, 29(24):1605448, 2017.
[58] He Tian, Matthew L Chin, Sina Najmaei, Qiushi Guo, Fengnian Xia, Han Wang, and Madan Dubey. Optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nano Research, 9:1543–1560, 2016.
[59] Zhenhua Sun and Haixin Chang. Graphene and graphene-like two-dimensional ma- terials in photodetection: mechanisms and methodology. ACS nano, 8(5):4133–
4156, 2014.
[60] FHL Koppens, T Mueller, Ph Avouris, AC Ferrari, MS Vitiello, and M Polini. Pho- todetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems.
Nature nanotechnology, 9(10):780–793, 2014.
[61] Shinpei Ogawa, Masaaki Shimatani, Shoichiro Fukushima, Satoshi Okuda, Ya- sushi Kanai, Takao Ono, and Kazuhiko Matsumoto. Broadband photoresponse of graphene photodetector from visible to long-wavelength infrared wavelengths. Op- tical Engineering, 58(5):057106–057106, 2019.
[62] Kirill I Bolotin, KJ Sikes, Zhifang Jiang, M Klima, G Fudenberg, James Hone, Phaly Kim, and Horst L Stormer. Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene.Solid state communications, 146(9-10):351–355, 2008.
[63] Frank Schwierz. Industry-compatible graphene transistors. Nature, 472(7341):41–
42, 2011.
[64] Wenjuan Zhu, Tony Low, Vasili Perebeinos, Ageeth A Bol, Yu Zhu, Hugen Yan, Jerry Tersoff, and Phaedon Avouris. Structure and electronic transport in graphene wrinkles. Nano letters, 12(7):3431–3436, 2012.
[65] Shikai Deng and Vikas Berry. Wrinkled, rippled and crumpled graphene: an overview of formation mechanism, electronic properties, and applications. Mate- rials Today, 19(4):197–212, 2016.
[66] Arta Sadrzadeh, Ming Hua, and Boris I Yakobson. Electronic properties of twisted armchair graphene nanoribbons. Applied Physics Letters, 99(1):013102, 2011.
[67] Pekka Koskinen. Electromechanics of twisted graphene nanoribbons. Applied Physics Letters, 99(1):013105, 2011.
[68] Jiong Zhang, Jianliang Xiao, Xianhong Meng, Carolyn Monroe, Yonggang Huang, and Jian-Min Zuo. Free folding of suspended graphene sheets by random mechanical stimulation. Physical review letters, 104(16):166805, 2010.
[69] Kwanpyo Kim, Zonghoon Lee, Brad D Malone, Kevin T Chan, Benjam´ın Alem´an, William Regan, Will Gannett, MF Crommie, Marvin L Cohen, and A Zettl. Multiply folded graphene. Physical Review B, 83(24):245433, 2011.
[70] Hui Chen, Xian-Li Zhang, Yu-Yang Zhang, Dongfei Wang, De-Liang Bao, Yande Que, Wende Xiao, Shixuan Du, Min Ouyang, Sokrates T Pantelides, et al.
Atomically precise, custom-design origami graphene nanostructures. Science, 365(6457):1036–1040, 2019.
[71] Melina K Blees, Arthur W Barnard, Peter A Rose, Samantha P Roberts, Kathryn L McGill, Pinshane Y Huang, Alexander R Ruyack, Joshua W Kevek, Bryce Kobrin, David A Muller, et al. Graphene kirigami. Nature, 524(7564):204–207, 2015.
[72] Kristina E Kitko, Tu Hong, Roman M Lazarenko, Da Ying, Ya-Qiong Xu, and Qi Zhang. Membrane cholesterol mediates the cellular effects of monolayer graphene substrates. Nature Communications, 9(1):796, 2018.
[73] Irene Calizo, Igor Bejenari, Muhammad Rahman, Guanxiong Liu, and Alexander A Balandin. Ultraviolet raman microscopy of single and multilayer graphene. Journal of applied physics, 106(4):043509, 2009.
[74] Rui Wang, Tu Hong, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Ultrathin single-walled carbon nanotube network framed graphene hybrids. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 7(9):5233–
5238, 2015.
[75] Cesar J Lockhart De La Rosa, Jie Sun, Niclas Lindvall, Matthew T Cole, Youngwoo Nam, Markus L¨offler, Eva Olsson, Kenneth BK Teo, and August Yurgens. Frame assisted h2o electrolysis induced h2 bubbling transfer of large area graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on cu. Applied Physics Letters, 102(2):022101, 2013.
[76] Tu Hong, Tianjiao Wang, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Direct measurement of π coupling at the single-molecule level using a carbon nanotube force sensor. Nano Letters, 18(12):7883–7888, 2018.
[77] TMG Mohiuddin, A Lombardo, RR Nair, A Bonetti, G Savini, R Jalil, Nicola Bonini, DM Basko, C Galiotis, Nicola Marzari, et al. Uniaxial strain in graphene by raman spectroscopy: G peak splitting, gr¨uneisen parameters, and sample orientation.
Physical Review B, 79(20):205433, 2009.
[78] Andrea C Ferrari. Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid state commu- nications, 143(1-2):47–57, 2007.
[79] Duhee Yoon, Young-Woo Son, and Hyeonsik Cheong. Strain-dependent splitting of the double-resonance raman scattering band in graphene. Physical review letters, 106(15):155502, 2011.
[80] Seungmin Lee, Yeongsu Jo, Soonkyu Hong, Darae Kim, and Hyung Woo Lee. Mul- tilayered graphene electrode using one-step dry transfer for optoelectronics.Current Optics and Photonics, 1(1):7–11, 2017.
[81] Adam W Tsen, Lola Brown, Mark P Levendorf, Fereshte Ghahari, Pinshane Y Huang, Robin W Havener, Carlos S Ruiz-Vargas, David A Muller, Philip Kim, and Jiwoong Park. Tailoring electrical transport across grain boundaries in polycrys- talline graphene. Science, 336(6085):1143–1146, 2012.
[82] Ive Silvestre, Arthur W Barnard, Samantha P Roberts, Paul L McEuen, and Ro- drigo G Lacerda. Folded graphene nanochannels via pulsed patterning of graphene.
Applied Physics Letters, 106(15):153105, 2015.
[83] Weinan Xu, Zhao Qin, Chun-Teh Chen, Hye Rin Kwag, Qinli Ma, Anjishnu Sarkar, Markus J Buehler, and David H Gracias. Ultrathin thermoresponsive self-folding 3d graphene. Science advances, 3(10):e1701084, 2017.
[84] Zeynab Jarrahi, Yunhao Cao, Tu Hong, Yevgeniy S Puzyrev, Bin Wang, Junhao Lin, Alex H Huffstutter, Sokrates T Pantelides, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Enhanced photore- sponse in curled graphene ribbons. Nanoscale, 5(24):12206–12211, 2013.
[85] Weiwei Cai, Arden L Moore, Yanwu Zhu, Xuesong Li, Shanshan Chen, Li Shi, and Rodney S Ruoff. Thermal transport in suspended and supported monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Nano letters, 10(5):1645–1651, 2010.
[86] Clement Faugeras, Blaise Faugeras, Milan Orlita, Marek Potemski, Rahul R Nair, and AK Geim. Thermal conductivity of graphene in corbino membrane geometry.
ACS nano, 4(4):1889–1892, 2010.
[87] Tu Hong, Yunhao Cao, Da Ying, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Thermal and optical properties of freestanding flat and stacked single-layer graphene in aqueous media. Applied Physics Letters, 104(22):223102, 2014.
[88] Rahul Raveendran Nair, Peter Blake, Alexander N Grigorenko, Konstantin S Novoselov, Tim J Booth, Tobias Stauber, Nuno MR Peres, and Andre K Geim. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. science, 320(5881):1308–1308, 2008.
[89] Melvin Cutler and Nevill Francis Mott. Observation of anderson localization in an electron gas. Physical Review, 181(3):1336, 1969.
[90] Xiaodong Xu, Nathaniel M Gabor, Jonathan S Alden, Arend M Van Der Zande, and Paul L McEuen. Photo-thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction. Nano letters, 10(2):562–566, 2010.
[91] Yuri M Zuev, Willy Chang, and Philip Kim. Thermoelectric and magne- tothermoelectric transport measurements of graphene. Physical review letters, 102(9):096807, 2009.
[92] Tu Hong, Bhim Chamlagain, Shuren Hu, Sharon M Weiss, Zhixian Zhou, and Ya- Qiong Xu. Plasmonic hot electron induced photocurrent response at mos2–metal junctions. Acs Nano, 9(5):5357–5363, 2015.
[93] Thayer S Walmsley, Kraig Andrews, Tianjiao Wang, Amanda Haglund, Upendra Rijal, Arthur Bowman, David Mandrus, Zhixian Zhou, and Ya-Qiong Xu. Near- infrared optical transitions in pdse 2 phototransistors. Nanoscale, 11(30):14410–
14416, 2019.
[94] EA Schwartz and M Tachibana. Electrophysiology of glutamate and sodium co- transport in a glial cell of the salamander retina. The Journal of Physiology, 426(1):43–80, 1990.
[95] Takamitsu Fujiwara, Yutaka Imamura, Ron Margolis, Jason S Slakter, and Richard F Spaide. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in highly myopic eyes. American journal of ophthalmology, 148(3):445–450, 2009.
[96] Pervin K Iseri, ¨Ozg¨ul Altinas, Tomris Tokay, and Nursen Y¨uksel. Relationship be- tween cognitive impairment and retinal morphological and visual functional abnor- malities in alzheimer disease. Journal of neuro-ophthalmology, 26(1):18–24, 2006.
[97] Adrian M Timmers, Hong Zhang, Alicia Squitieri, and Carlos Gonzalez-Pola. Sub- retinal injections in rodent eyes: effects on electrophysiology and histology of rat retina. Mol Vis, 7:131–137, 2001.
[98] Mark W Barnett and Philip M Larkman. The action potential. Practical neurology, 7(3):192–197, 2007.
[99] Mahito Ohkuma, Fusao Kawai, Masayuki Horiguchi, and Ei-Ichi Miyachi. Patch- clamp recording of human retinal photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Photochemistry and photobiology, 83(2):317–322, 2007.
[100] RD Bodoia and PB Detwiler. Patch-clamp recordings of the light-sensitive dark noise in retinal rods from the lizard and frog. The Journal of Physiology, 367(1):183–216, 1985.
[101] Winfried Denk and Peter B Detwiler. Optical recording of light-evoked calcium signals in the functionally intact retina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(12):7035–7040, 1999.
[102] Matthew R Behrend, Ashish K Ahuja, Mark S Humayun, James D Weiland, and Robert H Chow. Selective labeling of retinal ganglion cells with calcium indicators by retrograde loading in vitro. Journal of neuroscience methods, 179(2):166–172, 2009.
[103] David Tsai, Daniel Sawyer, Adrian Bradd, Rafael Yuste, and Kenneth L Shepard. A very large-scale microelectrode array for cellular-resolution electrophysiology. Na- ture Communications, 8(1):1802, 2017.
[104] Ridwan F Hossain, Isaac G Deaguero, Thomas Boland, and Anupama B Kaul. Bio- compatible, large-format, inkjet printed heterostructure mos2-graphene photodetec- tors on conformable substrates. npj 2D Materials and Applications, 1(1):28, 2017.
[105] Zengguang Cheng, Qiang Li, Zhongjun Li, Qiaoyu Zhou, and Ying Fang. Suspended graphene sensors with improved signal and reduced noise.Nano letters, 10(5):1864–
1868, 2010.
[106] Katja Reinhard, Alexandra Tikidji-Hamburyan, Hartwig Seitter, Saad Idrees, Marion Mutter, Boris Benkner, and Thomas A M¨unch. Step-by-step instructions for retina recordings with perforated multi electrode arrays. PloS one, 9(8):e106148, 2014.
[107] Dong-Wook Park, Amelia A Schendel, Solomon Mikael, Sarah K Brodnick, Thomas J Richner, Jared P Ness, Mohammed R Hayat, Farid Atry, Seth T Frye, Ramin Pashaie, et al. Graphene-based carbon-layered electrode array technology for neural imaging and optogenetic applications.Nature communications, 5(1):5258, 2014.
[108] JE Dowling. The retina, an approachable part of the brain. harvard, 2012.
[109] David I Vaney, Benjamin Sivyer, and W Rowland Taylor. Direction selectivity in the retina: symmetry and asymmetry in structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(3):194–208, 2012.
[110] Sheila Nirenberg and Markus Meister. The light response of retinal ganglion cells is truncated by a displaced amacrine circuit. Neuron, 18(4):637–650, 1997.
[111] Leo M Chalupa and Emine G¨unhan. Development of on and off retinal pathways and retinogeniculate projections. Progress in retinal and eye research, 23(1):31–51, 2004.
[112] Michiel Van Wyk, Heinz W¨assle, and W Rowland Taylor. Receptive field properties of on-and off-ganglion cells in the mouse retina. Visual neuroscience, 26(3):297–
308, 2009.
[113] Andrew J Zele and Dingcai Cao. Vision under mesopic and scotopic illumination.
Frontiers in psychology, 5:1594, 2015.
[114] Alex Fogli Iseppe, Genki Ogata, Jeffrey S Johnson, Gloria J Partida, Nicholas John- son, Christopher L Passaglia, and Andrew T Ishida. Extraretinal spike normalization in retinal ganglion cell axons. Eneuro, 7(2), 2020.
[115] Shi H Sun, Ali Almasi, Molis Yunzab, Syeda Zehra, Damien G Hicks, Tatiana Kameneva, Michael R Ibbotson, and Hamish Meffin. Analysis of extracellular spike waveforms and associated receptive fields of neurons in cat primary visual cortex.
The Journal of Physiology, 599(8):2211–2238, 2021.
[116] Seward B Rutkove. Introduction to volume conduction. The clinical neurophysiol- ogy primer, pages 43–53, 2007.
[117] Douglas J Bakkum, Urs Frey, Milos Radivojevic, Thomas L Russell, Jan M¨uller, Michele Fiscella, Hirokazu Takahashi, and Andreas Hierlemann. Tracking axonal action potential propagation on a high-density microelectrode array across hundreds of sites. Nature communications, 4(1):2181, 2013.
[118] Jeremy M Barry. Axonal activity in vivo: technical considerations and implications for the exploration of neural circuits in freely moving animals. Frontiers in neuro- science, 9:153, 2015.
[119] Yoonkey Nam and Bruce C Wheeler. In vitro microelectrode array technology and