B. Population and Sample 1. Population
2. Sample
Sample is a subset of individuals from a given population.47 According to James H. McMillan “The sample is the group of elements, or a single element, from which Sample: Group of subjects from data is obtained.48 According to Nanang Martono “The sample is part of the population that has certain characteristics or circumstances to be studied. Or the sample can be defined as a member of the selected population using a specific procedure so that it is expected to have a population”.49
47 David Nunan, Research Methods In Language Learning, 27
48 James H. McMillan, Educational Research Fundamentals for the Consumer, (New York: R.
R. Donnelly & Sons Company1986), 86.
49 Nanang Martono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitative, ( Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2010), 74
Sampling technique is a method or procedure or process of taking a representative sample of the population. Sampling technique can basically be dividing into two groups:
a. Probably sampling include: of simple random sampling, proportionate random sampling, disproportionate stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
b. No probability sampling include of systematic sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, boring sampling, accidental sampling, and snowball sampling.50 And from here the researcher used simple random sampling to examine school of SMPN 2 Ponorogo.
Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling, since it can be a component of other more complex sampling methods. The principle of simple random sampling is that every object has the same probability of being chosen.
In this research, the researcher will take class from VII E of SMPN 2 Ponorogo in academic year 2016/2017 as a sample.
a. Instrument data collection
Instrument is used to get data. In this research researcher uses a questionnaire and documentation. Then, the researcher also uses
50 James H. McMillan, Educational Research Fundamentals for the Consumer, (New York: R.
R. Donnelly & Sons Company1986), 86-93.
documentation method to get some data about students‟ writing skill. Thus
design describe as follows:
Title Variables Indicator Instrument of data collection
No. item of instruments.
The correlation between LCD projector media and students‟
writing skill at seventh grade SMPN 2 Ponorogo in academic year
2016/2017
Independent variable:
LCD projector media
Dependent variable:
writing skill
a. Efficiency uses the lesson of writing process.
b.Give support the lesson of writing process.
c. Give
understanding the lesson of writing process.
d.Give variation of lesson the writing.
e. Give optimized the students when the lesson of writing process.
a. Students are able to use spelling.
b. Students are able
to use
punctuation.
c. Students are able to use structure.
d. Students are able to use vocabulary.
Questionnaire
Test
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
6, 7, 8, 10,
12,15,
16,17, 18,19, 20
21, 22, 23, 25
3
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
11, 12, 13, 14
16, 17, 19, 20
e. Students are able to use style.
f. Students are able to use content.
21, 22, 23,24
26, 28, 29, 3 In the quantitative research, the instrument of data collection must be valid and reliable. Reliability and validity are the two most important characteristics of a test. Reliability and validity is a statistical technique for determining these qualities in the test.51 Suharsimi Arikunto said that the good test instrument as the measure tool must full. A test is valid if the test or instrument you are using actually measures what you need to have measured.52 Validity always refers to the degree to which that evidence supports the inferences that are made from the score. Validity must consider to the tests content and method, how test takers perform.
Not only validity is used to integrity of the instrument, but also reliability more important. The test is reliable or can be trusted if it can give the constant result if the test is tested in many times.53
The instrument in this research is questionnaire and test. The questionnaire includes 20 statements with 4 answer options for each question. The writing test include 30 with multiple choice A, B, C, or D. Data from questionnaire and test is used to measure the validity and the reliability of it.
51 Sharon A. Shrock and William C. Coscarelli, Criterion Referenced Test Development:
Technical and Legal Guidelines for Corporate Training “3rd Edition”, (US: Pfiffer, 2007), 18.
52Salkind, Eploring Research “Eight Edition”, 123.
53 Suharsimi Arikunto, Dasar-dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan, 60.
In this research, the researcher conducts validity test in order to know whether the instrument of the use of LCD projector media as media learning and writing skill. The correlation is positive, when rxy > 0.349, so the question item is valid, and if rxy < 0.349, so the question item is invalid54. After getting data from the score of the use LCD projector media as media learning and writing skill the researcher counting the validity uses the formulation of product moment. Finally the result of the questionnaire and test validity as follows:
Table 3.2 the result of Questionnaire LCD projector media as media learning No of
rt Total/rxy Criteria instruments
1 0.349 0.800 Valid
2 0.349 0.837 Valid
3 0.349 0.716 Valid
4 0.349 0.887 Valid
5 0.349 0.735 Valid
6 0.349 0.640 Valid
7 0.349 0.399 Valid
8 0.349 0.449 Valid
9 0.349 0.252 Invalid
10 0.349 0.830 Valid
11 0.349 0.307 Invalid
12 0.349 0.700 Valid
13 0.349 0.348 Invalid
14 0.349 0.328 Invalid
15 0.349 0.689 Valid
16 0.349 0.503 Valid
17 0.349 0.787 Valid
18 0.349 0.510 Valid
54 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D, (Bandung: 2006, Alfabeta), 178.
No of
rt Total/rxy Criteria instruments
19 0.349 0.689 Valid
20 0.349 0.786 Valid
21 0.349 0.893 Valid
22 0.349 0.853 Valid
23 0.349 0.510 Valid
24 0.349 0.311 Invalid
25 0.349 0.749 Valid
From table above, there are 25 questions with the index of correlation >
0.349. And from 25 questions there are 20 valid questions, namely question number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, ,15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 so can be used as instrument to collect data.
Table 3.3 the result of writing skill of validity No of
rt total/rxy criteria instruments
1 0.349 0.102 Invalid
2 0.349 0.030 Invalid
3 0.349 0.644 Valid
4 0.349 0.185 Invalid
5 0.349 0.145 Invalid
6 0.349 0.734 Valid
7 0.349 0.538 Valid
8 0.349 0.363 Valid
9 0.349 0.390 Valid
10 0.349 0.945 Valid
11 0.349 0. 945 Valid
12 0.349 0.130 Invalid
13 0.349 0.636 Valid
14 0.349 0.557 Valid
15 0.349 0.130 Invalid
No of
rt total/rxy criteria instruments
16 0.349 0.357 Valid
17 0.349 0. 499 Valid
18 0.349 0. 061 Invalid
19 0.349 0. 548 Valid
20 0.349 0.183 Invalid
21 0.349 0.445 Valid
22 0.349 0.785 Valid
23 0.349 0.732 Valid
24 0.349 0. 419 Valid
25 0.349 0.202 Invalid
26 0.349 0.355 Valid
27 0.349 0. 067 Invalid
28 0.349 0.811 Valid
29 0.349 0.538 Valid
30 0.349 0.356 valid
From table above, there are 30 questions with the index of correlation >
0.349. And from 30 questions there are 20 valid questions, namely question number 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30so can be used as instrument to collect data.
Reliability is constancy or carefulness of instrument evaluation. In quantitative research, reliability is an essentially a synonym for dependability, consistency, and reliability over time, over instrument and over groups of respondent.55 To measure reliability used rank method of correlation (spearman method). The formulation is below;
55 Louis Cohen et al., Research Method in Education, (New York: Madison Avanue, 2007), 146
ri = 2.rb 1 + rb
ri = the total of test rb = split half56
Table 3.4 the result of reliability the questionnaire of the use LCD projector and the test of writing skill.
Variable Rt Rxy/total criteria Variable X 0.349 0. 922 reliable Variable Y 0.349 0. 853 reliable
b. Technique data collection
The researcher will carry out two instruments to collect data containing questionnaire and writing test. They are:
1) Questionnaire
Questionnaire is written instrument consistency of a question to be answered or statement to be responded by respondent.57 The questionnaire is a data collection of the list of written questions to obtain information from a number of respondents.58
“The questionnaire is a number of written questions that are used to obtain information from respondents in the sense of reports about his
56 Sukardi, Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan, , (Jakarta: Pt Bumi Aksara, 2003), 131
57 Mohammad Adnan Latief, Research Method On Language Learning, (Malang: UM PRESS, 2014), 193
58 Nanang Martono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitative, 54.
personality or things he knows”.59It means that questionnaire a represents a containing list of question that must answered or done by people which are wished to be investigated.
In this research, to find out questionnaire score, the writer in this study used closed questionnaire. To know use the LCD projector media in English lesson especially in writing skill in SMPN 2 Ponorogo used questionnaire which consist of 25 numbers and prepare 4 answers in each question that count as follow:
(1) If the answer is Always (SL), the score is 4 (2) If the answer is Often (SR), the score is 3 (3) If the answer is Sometimes (KD), the score is 2 (4) If the answer is Never (TP), the score is 1 2) Writing test
In teaching activity, test has been considered as important instrument. It is used to measure the students‟ achievement and to know whether the teaching is success or not. Test may be constructed primarily as devices to reinforce learning and motivate the student of primarily as a means of assessing the student performance in the language.60
59 Ibid, 124
60 J.B Heaton, Writing English Language Test, (New York: Longman Group UK Limited, 1989), 5.
According Suharsimi Arikunto in research procedure, “Tests are a series of questions or exercises or tools to measure the skills, knowledge, intelligence, abilities or talents of an individual or group”.61 Thus know that test is rank of question or exercises or other instrument which use do measure of skill, knowledge, intelligence, ability, or aptitude which possession by individual or group, and used in thisresearch is to assess students reading ability.
In this research, test is to measure writing `skill at the seventh grade students of SMPN 2 Ponorogo in academic years 2016/2017.
3) Documentation
Documentation provides the researcher with information that is used to support available data. Documentation is way of getting information or data through notes, transcript, book, newspaper, magazine, agenda etc.62 According to Basrowi, “Documentation is a means of collecting data that produces important records related to the problem under study, so that will be obtained complete data, valid and not based on estimation.”63 It means Documentation is a way of collecting data that produce important records relating to an issue under study, so that it will obtain complete data, legitimate and not based on estimates.
61 Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, 198.
62 Ibid, 231
63 Ibid, 158
In this research, documentation is used to get the historical data, organization structure, vision, mission, and goal, number of students and teachers of SMPN 2 Ponorogo. Besides that, photos about process of teaching English using team assisted individually.
c. Technique data analysis
The data have been collected by using research instrument to be analyzed. Dealing research construction, it correlates between two variables and two data that were obtained are interval. This to know whether or not there is significant correlation between use LCD projector media and students‟ writing skill at seventh grade SMPN 2 Ponorogo in academic year 2016/2017. In the research, there is some quality that used to measure a test: a compatibility, efficiency, and consistency.64
The technique used to analyzed data is correlation product moment as the formula. The product moment formula is as follow:
Rxy = n (∑xy) - (∑x) (∑y)
√ (n (∑x2) –(∑x)2) (n∑y2–(∑y)2) Notes:
Rxy = the correlation coefficient between X variable and Y variable
64 Ngalim Purwanto, Prinsip-prinsip Dan Teknik: Evaluasi Pengajaran, (Bandung, Remaja Rosdakarya, 2009), 137
∑x = the total number of score multiplication of X variable and Y variable
∑y = the total number of scores of Y variable
∑x2 = the total number of square score X variable
∑y2 = the total number of square score Y variable The steps of the data analysis applied in this research are:
a) Determining ∑x, ∑y, ∑xy, ∑x2, ∑y2
b) Computing by applying the formula of product moment correlation c) Determining of significant standard 5% and 1%
d) Determining the correlation criteria by applying the indexes of correlation as follow:65
Scale Interpretation 0,800 – 1,00 High correlation 0,600 – 0,800 Sufficient correlation 0,400 – 0,600 Fair correlation 0,200 – 0,400 Low correlation
0, 00 – 0,200 Very low correlation
e) Making conclusion by comparing the second, third and fourth step.
65 Suharsimi Arkunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, (Yogyakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2002), 276
CHAPTER IV