crw−rw−rw− 1 root uucp 5, 67 May 5 1998 cua3 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 0 Aug 8 13:54 fd0 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 36 Aug 8 13:54 fd0CompaQ brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 84 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D1040 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 88 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D1120 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 12 Aug 8 13:54 fd0D360 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 16 Aug 8 13:54 fd0D720 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 120 Aug 8 13:55 fd0D800 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 32 Aug 8 13:54 fd0E2880 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 104 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3200 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 108 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3520 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 112 Aug 8 13:55 fd0E3840 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 28 Aug 8 13:54 fd0H1440 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 124 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1600 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 44 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1680 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 60 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1722 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 76 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1743 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 96 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1760 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 116 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1840 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 100 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H1920
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Nov 1 15:39 fd0H360 −> fd0D360 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Nov 1 15:39 fd0H720 −> fd0D720 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 52 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H820
brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 68 Aug 8 13:55 fd0H830 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 4 Aug 8 13:54 fd0d360 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 8 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h1200 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 40 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h1440 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 56 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1476 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 72 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1494 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 92 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h1600 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 20 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h360 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 48 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h410 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 64 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h420 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 24 Aug 8 13:54 fd0h720 brw−rw−−−− 1 root floppy 2, 80 Aug 8 13:55 fd0h880 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 0 May 5 1998 hda brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 1 May 5 1998 hda1 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 2 May 5 1998 hda2 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 3 May 5 1998 hda3 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 4 May 5 1998 hda4 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 5 May 5 1998 hda5 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 6 May 5 1998 hda6 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 64 May 5 1998 hdb brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 65 May 5 1998 hdb1 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 66 May 5 1998 hdb2 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 67 May 5 1998 hdb3 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 68 May 5 1998 hdb4 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 69 May 5 1998 hdb5 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 3, 70 May 5 1998 hdb6 crw−r−−−−− 1 root kmem 1, 2 May 5 1998 kmem crw−r−−−−− 1 root kmem 1, 1 May 5 1998 mem
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Nov 1 15:39 modem −> ttyS1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Nov 1 15:39 mouse −> psaux crw−rw−rw− 1 root root 1, 3 May 5 1998 null
crwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10, 1 Oct 5 20:22 psaux brw−r−−−−− 1 root disk 1, 1 May 5 1998 ram brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 0 May 5 1998 ram0 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 1 May 5 1998 ram1 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 2 May 5 1998 ram2 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 3 May 5 1998 ram3 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 4 May 5 1998 ram4 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 5 May 5 1998 ram5
C. Sample root filesystem listings 44
brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 6 May 5 1998 ram6 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 7 May 5 1998 ram7 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 8 May 5 1998 ram8 brw−rw−−−− 1 root disk 1, 9 May 5 1998 ram9
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 ramdisk −> ram0
*** I have only included devices for the IDE partitions I use.
*** If you use SCSI, then use the /dev/sdXX devices instead.
crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 0 May 5 1998 tty0 crw−w−−−−− 1 root tty 4, 1 Nov 1 15:39 tty1 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 2 Nov 1 15:29 tty2 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 3 Nov 1 15:29 tty3 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 4 Nov 1 15:29 tty4 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 5 Nov 1 15:29 tty5 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 6 Nov 1 15:29 tty6 crw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4, 7 May 5 1998 tty7 crw−−−−−−− 1 root tty 4, 8 May 5 1998 tty8 crw−−−−−−− 1 root tty 4, 9 May 8 12:57 tty9 crw−rw−rw− 1 root root 4, 65 Nov 1 12:17 ttyS1 crw−rw−rw− 1 root root 1, 5 May 5 1998 zero /etc:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 164 Nov 1 15:39 conf.modules
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 668 Nov 1 15:39 fstab
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 71 Nov 1 15:39 gettydefs
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 389 Nov 1 15:39 group
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 413 Nov 1 15:39 inittab
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 65 Nov 1 15:39 issue
−rw−r−−r−− 1 root root 746 Nov 1 15:39 ld.so.cache
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 32 Nov 1 15:39 motd
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 949 Nov 1 15:39 nsswitch.conf drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 pam.d
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 139 Nov 1 15:39 passwd
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 516 Nov 1 15:39 profile
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 387 Nov 1 15:39 rc
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 55 Nov 1 15:39 shells
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 774 Nov 1 15:39 termcap
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 78 Nov 1 15:39 ttytype
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 utmp −> ../var/run/utmp lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 wtmp −> ../var/log/wtmp /etc/pam.d:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 356 Nov 1 15:39 other /lib:
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 45415 Nov 1 15:39 ld−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Nov 1 15:39 ld−linux.so.2 −> ld−2.0.7.so
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 731548 Nov 1 15:39 libc−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Nov 1 15:39 libc.so.6 −> libc−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2 −> libcom_err.so.2.0
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 6209 Nov 1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2.0
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 153881 Nov 1 15:39 libcrypt−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libcrypt.so.1 −> libcrypt−2.0.7.so
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 12962 Nov 1 15:39 libdl−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libdl.so.2 −> libdl−2.0.7.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2 −> libext2fs.so.2.4
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 81382 Nov 1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2.4
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 25222 Nov 1 15:39 libnsl−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 libnsl.so.1 −> libnsl−2.0.7.so
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 178336 Nov 1 15:39 libnss_files−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Nov 1 15:39 libnss_files.so.1 −> libnss_files−2.0.7.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libpam.so.0 −> libpam.so.0.64
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 26906 Nov 1 15:39 libpam.so.0.64
C. Sample root filesystem listings 45
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Nov 1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0 −> libpam_misc.so.0.64
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 7086 Nov 1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0.64
−r−xr−xr−x 1 root root 35615 Nov 1 15:39 libproc.so.1.2.6
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Nov 1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0 −> libpwdb.so.0.54
−rw−r−r−−− 1 root root 121899 Nov 1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0.54
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Nov 1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2 −> libtermcap.so.2.0.8
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 12041 Nov 1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2.0.8
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 12874 Nov 1 15:39 libutil−2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 Nov 1 15:39 libutil.so.1 −> libutil−2.0.7.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 Nov 1 15:39 libuuid.so.1 −> libuuid.so.1.1
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 8039 Nov 1 15:39 libuuid.so.1.1 drwx−−x−−x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 modules
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 security /lib/modules:
drwx−−x−−x 4 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 2.0.35 /lib/modules/2.0.35:
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 block drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 cdrom /lib/modules/2.0.35/block:
drwx−−−−−− 1 root root 7156 Nov 1 15:39 loop.o /lib/modules/2.0.35/cdrom:
drwx−−−−−− 1 root root 24108 Nov 1 15:39 cdu31a.o /lib/security:
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 8771 Nov 1 15:39 pam_permit.so
*** Directory stubs for mounting /mnt:
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 cdrom drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 floppy /proc:
/root:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 176 Nov 1 15:39 .bashrc
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 182 Nov 1 15:39 .cshrc
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 455 Nov 1 15:39 .profile
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 4014 Nov 1 15:39 .tcshrc /sbin:
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 23976 Nov 1 15:39 depmod
−rwx−−x−−x 2 root root 274600 Nov 1 15:39 e2fsck
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 41268 Nov 1 15:39 fdisk
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 9396 Nov 1 15:39 fsck
−rwx−−x−−x 2 root root 274600 Nov 1 15:39 fsck.ext2
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 29556 Nov 1 15:39 getty
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 6620 Nov 1 15:39 halt
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 23116 Nov 1 15:39 init
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 25612 Nov 1 15:39 insmod
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 10368 Nov 1 15:39 kerneld
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 110400 Nov 1 15:39 ldconfig
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 6108 Nov 1 15:39 lsmod
−rwx−−x−−x 2 root root 17400 Nov 1 15:39 mke2fs
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 4072 Nov 1 15:39 mkfs
−rwx−−x−−x 2 root root 17400 Nov 1 15:39 mkfs.ext2
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 5664 Nov 1 15:39 mkswap
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 22032 Nov 1 15:39 modprobe lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 reboot −> halt
C. Sample root filesystem listings 46
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 7492 Nov 1 15:39 rmmod
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 12932 Nov 1 15:39 shutdown
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Nov 1 15:39 swapoff −> swapon
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 5124 Nov 1 15:39 swapon
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 15:39 telinit −> init
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 6944 Nov 1 15:39 update /tmp:
/usr:
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 bin drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 lib drwx−−x−−x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 man drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 sbin drwx−−x−−x 3 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 share
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Nov 1 15:39 tmp −> ../var/tmp /usr/bin:
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 37164 Nov 1 15:39 afio
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 5044 Nov 1 15:39 chroot
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 10656 Nov 1 15:39 cut
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 63652 Nov 1 15:39 diff
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 12972 Nov 1 15:39 du
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 56552 Nov 1 15:39 find
−r−x−−x−−x 1 root root 6280 Nov 1 15:39 free
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 7680 Nov 1 15:39 head
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 8504 Nov 1 15:39 id
−r−sr−xr−x 1 root bin 4200 Nov 1 15:39 passwd
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 14856 Nov 1 15:39 tail
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 19008 Nov 1 15:39 tr
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 7160 Nov 1 15:39 wc
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 4412 Nov 1 15:39 whoami /usr/lib:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Nov 1 15:39 libncurses.so.4 −> libncurses.so.4.2
−rw−r−r−−− 1 root root 260474 Nov 1 15:39 libncurses.so.4.2 /usr/sbin:
−r−x−−x−−x 1 root root 13684 Nov 1 15:39 fuser
−rwx−−x−−x 1 root root 3876 Nov 1 15:39 mklost+found /usr/share:
drwx−−x−−x 4 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 terminfo /usr/share/terminfo:
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 l drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 v /usr/share/terminfo/l:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 1552 Nov 1 15:39 linux
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 1516 Nov 1 15:39 linux−m
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 1583 Nov 1 15:39 linux−nic /usr/share/terminfo/v:
−rw−−−−−−− 2 root root 1143 Nov 1 15:39 vt100
−rw−−−−−−− 2 root root 1143 Nov 1 15:39 vt100−am /var:
drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 log drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 run drwx−−x−−x 2 root root 1024 Nov 1 15:39 tmp
C. Sample root filesystem listings 47
/var/log:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 0 Nov 1 15:39 wtmp /var/run:
−rw−−−−−−− 1 root root 0 Nov 1 15:39 utmp /var/tmp:
C. Sample root filesystem listings 48
total 579
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 42333 Jul 28 19:05 cpio
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 32844 Aug 28 19:50 debugfs
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 103560 Jul 29 21:31 elvis
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 29536 Jul 28 19:04 fdisk
−rw−r−r−−− 1 root root 128254 Jul 28 19:03 ftape.o
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 17564 Jul 25 03:21 ftmt
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 64161 Jul 29 20:47 grep
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 45309 Jul 29 20:48 gzip
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 23560 Jul 28 19:04 insmod
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 118 Jul 28 19:04 lsmod lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 28 19:04 mt −> mt−st
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 9573 Jul 28 19:03 mt−st
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Jul 28 19:05 rmmod −> insmod
−rwxr−xr−x 1 root root 104085 Jul 28 19:05 tar
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 5 Jul 29 21:35 vi −> elvis
Notes
[1]
The directory structure presented here is for root diskette use only. Real Linux systems have a more complex and disciplined set of policies, called the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, for determining where files should go.)