Scalps

were consecrated, he did not use any liquid to moisten the clay as this might cause rainstorms.

Waving a scalp stick, he sang:

Fourth Song

A wd [a] uskara-ruha-ku

" W o n d e r f u l p o w e r " (whose) h a i r w a v e s .

A wa [a]

" W o n d e r f u l p o w e r ' ' B ti ''uskara -ruha- ku

T h i s w a v i n g h a i r . A wa [a]

" W o n d e r f u l p o w e r ' ' A wa [a]

" W o n d e r f u l p o w e r ' '

uskara-ruha - ku (whose) h a i r w a v e s .

uskara-ruha- ku (whose) h a i r w a v e s . uskara - ruha - ku

(whose) h a i r w a v e s . uskara•ruha-ku

(whose) h a i r w a v e s . A wa [a\

" W o n d e r f u l p o w e r B ti ''uskara - ruha - ku

T h i s w a v i n g h a i r . c ti''uskara - rutawi

T h i s h a i r b l o w n b y t h e w i n d .

This entire song is sung six times, as well as to the steps ru and ci (p. 132). It is also sung in the Morning Star Ritual (16th song, 7th stanza, p. 134).

Then he directed two fire makers to set u p four scalps, two on each side of the entrance to the circle (Figure 22). Now the leader said: "We are through.

Pass the balls of clay so each man may whiten his

W

FIGURE 2 2 . — P o s i t i o n of scalps o u t s i d e l o d g e d u r i n g scalp c e r e m o n y .

face a n d body. P o u r water u p o n what is left so you can plaster your robes with it." W h e n t h e robes were covered with t h e clay, they were spread u p o n the g r o u n d t o dry. W h e n they were dry a n d everyone was seated, t h e leader p u t o n his war regalia a n d said, " W e must change o u r camp. T h e scalp owners may n o w take u p their scalps. T h e young m e n m u s t b r i n g the ponies."

R E T U R N T O T H E V I L L A G E . — T h e y started on, a n d by dusk they reached wooded country a n d rested.

Before daylight the next m o r n i n g they set o u t again a n d stopped to take food a n d rest only where there was timber. W h e n they reached a ravine near their village, they stopped a n d covered

their ponies with white clay. T h e scalp owners tied the scalps to 7-foot [2-m] poles. T h e y b u r n t grass for t h e soot, with which they streaked their faces.

T h e leader's body was painted red; he h a d four vertical r e d streaks on his face, t h e bird's foot mark on h i s forehead, a n d down feathers on his head.

A n eagle feather was thrust sideways through his scalplock a n d t h e otter collar with the hawk a n d Mother C o r n h u n g down his back. T h e other members of the war party p u t on their war regalia, with their b o n e or reed whistles suspended from

their necks. T h e y m o u n t e d their ponies, a n d t h e leader sent four m e n ahead to ride back a n d forth on t h e crest of a hill near their village to announce their r e t u r n .

As soon as t h e people in the village were aware of their presence, t h e war party rode u p , everyone b u t t h e leader a n d four scalp owners singing war songs, whooping, a n d yelling. Meanwhile, six men from t h e village rode o u t to meet the victorious war party. W h e n the two parties met, the leader a n n o u n c e d their success, n a m i n g those w h o h a d killed t h e enemy, counted coup, captured ponies, or taken scalps a n d consecrated them. T h e messen- gers from the village returned a n d announced t h e successful outcome of the war party.

Now t h e w a r party moved to the outskirts of the village a n d here t h e ponies were distributed to t h e chief a n d relatives of t h e warriors. Each scalp owner then rode to his sacred bundle lodge, where the priest waited outside to receive the scalp. H e stuck t h e scalp pole in the g r o u n d on the south side of t h e entrance. T h e n everyone went to his own lodge.

RETURNING T H E W A R REGALIA TO THE B U N D L E . — W h e n h e h a d visited his own lodge, the leader

led a pony to the lodge of the leading b u n d l e owner, from whom he h a d borrowed the war regalia. H e tied the pony outside a n d went in. T h e priest awaited h i m with the leading b u n d l e open and ready.•^° T h e leader was given a seat south of the priest. H e took off the regalia, folded them u p , and passed them to the priest, saying, "Brother, I have returned. I now r e t u r n these things to you. I am giving you a pony, which you will find tied outside your lodge. I was successful a n d did n o t lose a m a n , for I was protected by T i r a w a h a t a n d all the minor gods." As the priest received the regalia, he filled a n d lighted a small pipe a n d offered smoke to T i r a w a h a t a n d all the gods in the heavens, to the objects on the bundle, a n d finally emptied the ashes on the r i m of the fireplace. T h e priest then touched the nostrils of the pony, passed his h a n d over its head, over its mane, down its back a n d tail, opened its m o u t h a n d took some of the froth, a n d returned to the lodge. H e raised his hands on high a n d pressed them to the bundle objects, tied it u p , a n d bade his wife tie it on the wall. T h e leader then ate a n d smoked with the priest, told a story, a n d finally returned to his own lodge, which he found crowded with men.

T H E VICTORY D A N C E . — T h a t n i g h t the m e n a n d women in the village gave a victory dance, the women dancing with the scalps. T h e y danced in turn at the lodge of each warrior. After the dance the scalps were again set u p outside the lodges, where they remained for some time. T h i s perform- ance was repeated every evening until the coming of a new moon, when it was discontinued.

PLACING T H E SCALP IN T H E B U N D L E . — T h e m a n who took the first scalp, the leading warrior, now went through the village a n d visited his relatives.

As he entered each lodge he said, "My kinsfolk, the priest is about to hold a ceremony in his lodge a n d I have n o wood or food to offer him." T h e n his relatives opened their parfleches a n d took the dried meat from them to the lodge of the kurahus, the sacred bundle priest. At the altar others donated wood or buffalo robes, tanned buffalo hides, calico, arrows, or knives.

W h e n all the preparations h a d been made, the leading sacred b u n d l e priest {kurahus) sat at the altar a n d sent the south errand m a n to bring the priests to assist h i m (Figure 2 3 ) . T h e n o r t h errand m a n invited the members of the war party. T h e leading kurahus mixed some clay with wild sage in

w

Keeper of Bundle and Ceremony

Priests Contents of open bundle

on altar Scalp Taker

Warriors Warriors

Old Man Errand Man

Scalp outside lodge prior to being taken inside

FIGURE 23.—Diagram of bundle keeper's lodge during ritual procedure of placing scalp in bundle.

a bowl which the south e r r a n d m a n placed before the warriors on the n o r t h side so they could d a u b their bodies with it. Meanwhile the leading warrior mixed some consecrated fat and red earthen clay.

After r u b b i n g this m i x t u r e over his own body, the leading warrior passed it to the leading kurahus, who d a u b e d himself a n d then passed it to the kurahus on his left, a n d so on alternately u n t i l all five priests h a d anointed themselves with the bowl of reddened grease. T h e n the bowl was passed down the n o r t h side, for all sitting on that side to cover themselves. W h e n the n o r t h side h a d finished, the n o r t h errand m a n took the bowl to the scalp taker a n d set it before him.'^^ T h e n the bowl was set aside.

T h e leading kurahus filled the sacred pipe with native tobacco a n d said "Chiefs, warriors, and priests, we have before us a scalp taken by our warriors. T o t h a n k the gods for the success of the war party, we will give the smoke offering." H e asked the scalp taker to offer the smoke (p. 85).

W h e n the pipe was r e t u r n e d to the priest after the smoke offering, he covered the surface of the scalp with red dust a n d placed it on the b u n d l e w i t h o u t any further ceremony.

T H E SACRED SMUDGE.—Then the leading kurahus cut a plait of sweetgrass into bits, u n t i l he h a d a

handful. H e mixed this w i t h consecrated fat from a buffalo bladder, u n t i l he h a d a ball, a n d said,

" W e will now offer sweet-smelling smoke t o T i r a - wahat, the sacred objects before us, a n d the scalp, which will be placed i n the b u n d l e in p r e p a r a t i o n for the New Fire Ceremony." H e directed the south e r r a n d m a n to place live coals southwest of the fireplace a n d selected Pipe Chief to h o l d the sacred objects over the smoke. W i t h the ball of sweetgrass a n d fat. Pipe Chief passed a r o u n d the fireplace to the place where the coals were. S t a n d i n g erect west of the coals, he raised the ball toward the heavens, lowered it gradually, a n d placed it u p o n the coals.

H e moved to the n o r t h side.

T h e n o r t h e r r a n d m a n took the, objects from the altar a n d h a n d e d them to Pipe Chief, who passed them t h r o u g h the smoke four times; then the e r r a n d m a n h a n d e d t h e m to the leading kurahus.

T h e scalp was the last to be passed t h r o u g h the smudge. Pipe Chief then passed his h a n d s t h r o u g h the smoke a n d down his body a n d r e t u r n e d to his place. Each m a n in the lodge, those from the n o r t h alternating with those from the south, a n d e n d i n g with the kurahus, then allowed the smoke to pass over his body. Finally the south e r r a n d m a n passed through the smoke, r e t u r n e d the coals to the fireplace, a n d stamped u p o n the ashes with his moc- casins.

T H E CORN O F F E R I N G . — T h e l e a d i n g kurahus then addressed t h e m as follows: " N o w we are through. As it is time to eat, we will make the corn offering." H e chose a m a n to make the offering, which is very similar to the smoke ceremony.

T h e south e r r a n d m a n placed kettle of corn no. 1 (Figure 24) between the fireplace a n d the entrance, with the bowls in their order of d i s t r i b u t i o n a r o u n d it, four on the n o r t h a n d four on the south side. From a long string of buffalo h o r n spoons he placed two h o r n spoons in each bowl, a n d standing on the n o r t h side, he stirred the corn in the kettle with a large m o u n t a i n goat h o r n spoon.

T h e n h e filled the bowls alternately, first o n e on the n o r t h side a n d then one on the south side, u n t i l he h a d emptied the kettle. H e replaced the large spoon in the kettle, took u p a spoonful of corn from bowl no. 1 on the n o r t h side, walked a r o u n d the fireplace to the entrance, a n d placed a kernel of corn on the south post a n d then one o n t h e n o r t h post outside the entrance.

W h e n h e r e t u r n e d to the lodge, he placed three

Kettles of corn

Old men

South Errand Man

"Soldier" X

FIGURE 24.—^The corn offering.

or four kernels of corn on the northeast rim of the fireplace, walked around the skull and placed three or four kernels on the northwest rim of the fireplace. Standing west of the fireplace he placed a few kernals of corn on the rim and then some at the fireplace. He emptied the spoon on the fireplace rim directly in front of the nostrils of the skull standing north of it. Then the north errand man took the spoon.

The man appointed to offer the corn stood north of the skull, facing south, stooped down, touched the pile of corn, and passed his hands four times over the skull. He walked to a place between the altar and the fireplace and touched the ground with his hands. He approached the altar, and touched the ground and all the sacred objects ex- cept the corn. Returning to the fireplace and standing at the west, but facing east, he swung his arms around four times, lowered them, and held them out toward the entrance. Then all said,

"Rawa."

The man offering the corn returned to the bowls.

He took the no. 1 south bowl to the two kurahus (nos. 2 and 4) on the south side; the no. 1 north bowl to kurahus nos. 1 and 3; the no. 2 north bowl to the fifth kurahus and one chief; the no. 2 south bowl to the chiefs on the south side; the no. 3 north

bowl to a chief and warrior on the north side; the no. 3 south bowl to two warriors on the south side;

the no. 4 north bowl to the two old men at the north entrance; and the no. 4 south bowl to the two old men at the south entrance. The north errand man was invited to eat with the leading kurahus.

The two kurahus on the south side ate with the south errand man. Each bowl was passed on from one man to the other, but some of the corn was left for the errand men.

When all the corn from the first kettle was con- sumed, the kettle was removed to the entrance and the second one put in its place, the corn in this being offered in the same way as that from the first.

Before the corn was taken from each kettle, the leading priest announced who had prepared and donated it.

T H E MEAT OFFERING.—^After the corn offering the leading kurahus announced the meat offering.

He appointed two warriors to cut up the meat for boiling. The man designated from the north side stood north of the meat, fixed his robe about his waist, shook the meat four times, at the same time grunting and growling like a bear. He faced around toward the altar and recounted his deeds of bravery:

Once I led a war party. During the attack a man was killed and I consecrated his scalp to the gods, who accepted my smoke, and all was well with our people.

I went on the warpath another time and captured many ponies, one of which I gave to .the priest and one to the chief.

One time an enemy attacked our village. We fought and killed one of them; right before their line I took a scalp and consecrated it. T h e gods received my smoke and all was well with our people. Again they attacked our village. This time I charged right at them, between the lines of battle. I killed an enemy and captured his pony, which I gave to an old man.

All these things I did without any harm to myself. May the same luck be with you all.

He took his place near the meat. Then the second man recounted his brave deeds, and he also sat near the meat. It was because they had taken scalps that these men had earned the right to cut meat.

Two knives were in readiness near the meat. In the meantime the two errand men had built a big fire, upon which they set a large brass kettle. The errand men placed the meat in the kettle and, when it was cooked, put it on a thick, dried buffalo hide.

They filled the kettle a second time, putting in the fat.

During the preparation of the meat, the leading

kurahus selected one of his associates to m a k e the offering. H e directed the south e r r a n d m a n to h a n d h i m a bowl of meat a n d fat. H e cut the meat i n t o 18 pieces a n d rolled the fat i n t o 2 balls. H e instructed the n o r t h e r r a n d m a n to remove the buffalo skull from the altar a n d place it behind t h e kurahus, since it could n o t receive a sacrifice of meat of its own kind.

T h e kurahus who was to offer the meat took some a n d o n e ball of fat, walked eastward on the south side of the fireplace to t h e south post at the entrance, a n d placed the meat at the base (Figure 25). T h e n he placed m e a t at t h e n o r t h entrance post. W a l k i n g west in the lodge, h e placed m e a t at the northeast post a n d then at the northwest post, then o n the west side of the fireplace, at the southwest post, a n d at the southeast post. O n reaching each post, h e passed his h a n d down its full length a n d then

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FIGURE 2 5 . — T h e m e a t offering (solid circle priest).

post, X =

deposited the m e a t at its base. W a l k i n g to t h e west of the fireplace, by t h e n o r t h , he stood erect, raised a piece of meat toward the skies a n d , slowly lower- ing his h a n d , d r o p p e d t h e m e a t o n t h e r i m of t h e fireplace after e x t e n d i n g his h a n d alternately t o t h e east a n d west, three times to t h e n o r t h , a n d twice to t h e south. Each time h e d r o p p e d t h e m e a t only after e x t e n d i n g his h a n d to t h e p a r t i c u l a r direction in question. Finally h e p u t some m e a t o n the g r o u n d between the altar a n d the fireplace a n d o n t h e edge of the altar.

After greasing t h e p i p e w i t h t h e fat, h e passed it to the leading kurahus, w h o placed it on the altar.

H e touched his h a n d s t o t h e sacred objects a n d successively greased the pipes for t h e n o r t h a n d west sides before h e replaced t h e ball of fat with t h e other meat. I n conclusion, h e swung his arms four times a n d e x t e n d e d t h e m toward t h e entrance.

Meanwhile all said, "Rawa."

W R A P P I N G U P THE BUNDLE.—^At t h e conclusion of the meat offering ceremony, the leading kurahus a n d his assistants replaced t h e scalp a n d o t h e r sacred objects i n t h e b u n d l e , tied it u p , a n d h u n g it o n t h e wall of t h e lodge.

DIVISION O F T H E M E A T . — T w o kurahus were selected for the division of the meat. T h e y spread a dry hide between the fireplace a n d t h e e n t r a n c e and, after having counted t h e participants, placed strips of fat at the t o p of t h e h i d e i n t h e position i n which the kurahus sat, three for t h e n o r t h kurahus a n d two for the south. U n d e r n e a t h these they placed three or four rows of fat, five or six strips i n a row, t h a t for the e r r a n d m e n being placed in the lower corners. Meat was piled on t h e strips of fat, t h e t w o e r r a n d m e n receiving t h e larger shares. T h e n t h e meat was distributed i n t h e following order: first n o r t h kurahus; first south kurahus; second n o r t h kurahus; second south kurahus; t h i r d n o r t h kurahus;

n o r t h e r r a n d m a n ; south e r r a n d m a n ; a n d t h e n t h e rest of t h e assembly. W h e n t h e ceremonial distribution was over, the spectators were at liberty to h e l p themselves freely.

T H E CLOSING S P E E C H O F T H E P R I E S T . — D r a w i n g

his robe closely a b o u t h i m a n d sitting erect, t h e leading kurahus said: "Warriors, chiefs, a n d kurahus, we met to place t h e scalp in the b u n d l e a n d t h e gods were pleased with o u r smoke offering. N o w the scalp owner m u s t p r e p a r e for t h e N e w Fire Ceremony. First h e m u s t kill a fat buffalo, pro- nounce it holy, jerk a n d dry t h e meat, a n d place it

in parfleches. Then he must gather blankets, robes, and other gifts for the kurahus who will direct the ceremony. We have smoked and we have eaten what was before us. The ceremony is over." At that everyone left the lodge.

The Ceremony

The scalp owner was now under obligation to lead a good life, refrain from gambling, etc., for he was to make the New Fire for the people. With the help of his relatives, he had to gather the presents for the kurahus. He went out among the hills and, standing on the summit of a hill, prayed to the gods to help him.

When the crops had been harvested and it was time to start on the fall hunt, he began to fatten his swiftest pony, feeding it on the best grass and blades from the cornstalks. He never rode this pony when he traveled.

In camp one night when they were on the hunt, the leading kurahus instructed the scalp owner to provide for his family first and then kill a buffalo he could consecrate. He also taught him how the meat was to be packed on the back of the pony. Mean- while, the scalp owner continually called upon the gods for help. When the people were about to sur- round the buffalo for the fourth time, he tied his pony outside his lodge; he himself went inside, opened his sacred bundle and took out some eagle feathers and paint. He tied eagle feathers to its mane and one feather to its tail. He painted red its shoulders, hips, and joints. From a small buckskin bag he took a mixture of fragrant roots and seeds, some of which he placed in the pony's nostrils. He returned to his lodge and covered his body with red ointment, which he took from his bundle, and stuck an upright eagle feather through his scalplock.

Taking with him only his bow and one arrow, he mounted his pony and set out to kill the buffalo for the New Fire Ceremony. When the buffalo were surrounded he was the first to get in among them.

He chose a fat young buffalo, calling out, "That cow is mine. It is consecrated," so the other men would not attempt to shoot it. He whipped up his pony, rode along the right side of the buffalo cow, and shot her through the heart. Blood poured out of her mouth, so he knew that his arrow had struck its mark. When she fell, he pulled out the arrow and laid it on the cow to indicate that it was con-

secrated. He tied the lariat rope to the cow's legs and skinned it. He took the flesh off and cut strings from the hide so he could tie the meat on the pony's back. First he put on the hide, then the meat, with the forelegs over the shoulders and the hind legs with the hoofs up over the pony's hips.

He led his pony back to the village, where the people came out to meet him. At his tipi he laid the meat on a bunch of willows his wife had prepared for him, for no one but his wife was allowed to help him. He left his bow and arrow in the tipi and led the pony to the creek where he washed it, washed himself, and then tied the pony to some cottonwoods.

Since it was very late he and his wife covered the meat, but rose before daylight to dry it. They made a drying frame. Cutting six long willow poles, they set up two of these, and tied the remaining four across them horizontally. They hung the meat on the frame, watching it very carefully for a few days.

Every evening they took it down, piled it up, and covered it with a hide. At the same time all the other people in the village were drying their meat, for it was customary to camp a few days after a big kill for this purpose. In the old days they usually hunted along the Platte River because they found good shelter on the islands. The hunt ordinarily lasted about two months or until everyone had five or six parfleches of meat and plenty of robes. The scalp owner also had to provide many robes to pre- sent to the kurahus at the proper time.

The people returned to their village. Winter came and nothing happened to disturb the tenor of their lives. No ceremonies were held; even drumming was not heard. Late in February, however, came the first sound of thunder and the kurahus immediately opened the sacred bundle and recited the Creation Ritual. Then the kurahus went from one bundle lodge to another, reciting the ritual of each bundle.

After the Thunder Ceremonies, the scalp owner informed the kurahus that he had consecrated a buffalo and was otherwise prepared for the ceremony, so the time could be set. First it was necessary to gather all the sacred bundles for the distribution of seed to the people; then the Skull bundle ritual had to be performed, for they dared not go into the fields without it. After this it was time for the Buffalo, Bear, and Medicine dances, and the re- newal of lances for the societies, after which was the ceremonial gathering of the corn plant. After

Dalam dokumen PDF Ceremonies of the Pawnee - Smithsonian Institution (Halaman 152-196)