CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
C. Scamper Method
1. Definition of Scamper
There are several definitions of the SCAMPER technique in the teaching and learning process according to experts. According to Michalko, SCAMPER is a technique that represents a series of questions that encourage students to formulate new ideas or modify and expand on old ideas, is a way to apply structural manipulation to sharpen and polish your ideas. (Arne J. Alimquist and Sharon G.
Alimquist, 2017).
In addition, the SCAMPER technique is an affective technique, especially in generating and developing ideas to develop students' critical and creative thinking.
(Mohsirhaiwan Idek, 2016)
Meanwhile, Hani said SCAMPER was a process of finding and creating new ideas. Sudrajat further said that SCAMPER is anything that is a new idea that comes from something that already existed (Fatimah Al Qudah, 2018).
Based on the statement above, the researcher can conclude that the SCAMPER technique stands for S for Substitute, C for Combining, A for Adaptation, M for Enlarging, P for Other Uses, E for Eliminating, and R for Rearranging. So that a series of questions from each letter can bring up new ideas and modifications to the writing done by previous students.
2. The Principle of SCAMPER Method
The teacher uses the SCAMPER technique to discuss what, if anything, is changed, replaced, combined, adapted, and so on. The SCAMPER technique consists of seven letter acronyms, viz
a. S for Substitude
Finding substitutes can help researchers come up with new ideas.
Everything can change. Examples of questions are:
- Is there a way to replace the product, process or other problem?
b. C for Combine
Combining unrelated items helps researchers expand your creative thinking.
Examples of questions are:
- How are parts of a product, process or problem combined to create something completely new or different?
c. A for Adapt
Adaptation of existing ideas or solutions can be the answer to the researcher's problems. Examples of questions are:
- Is there a way to borrow ideas and turn them into your own?
d. M is for Magnify
By zooming in on the situation, researchers can discover new insights into it as well as discover ways that are so important. Examples of questions are:
- How can this idea be exaggerated?
e. P to be used for other uses
Sometimes, researchers can use their ideas effectively when they think of new ways to use them. Examples of questions are
- How does your product, idea or problem meet different types of needs?
f. E is for Eliminate
When researchers cut their ideas down to basic necessities, we find the most important part of them. Examples of questions are:
- How does removing a problem, idea or product change the situation?
g. R for Rearrange
At this stage the researcher can reconstruct previous ideas, problems or products.
3. The Procedures of SCAMPER Method in Writing
. There are several SCAMPER technique procedures applied by teachers in writing classes. The procedure is:
1. The teacher determines the skills and goals to be taught.
2. The teacher provides the text based on the topic to the students.
3. The teacher asks students to read the text the teacher gives.
4. The teacher tells students that the teacher will help them create their own version of the story using SCAMPER.
5. The teacher gives the student story question activity sheets and the teacher leads the class in group discussions to generate lots of ideas for new stories.
6. The teacher tells students that they need to change at least three main elements in the story to make their own version of the story.
7. The teacher distributes writing papers to students. Students write a new story following the plan they describe on the question activity sheet
4. The Examples of the SCAMPER Method
The following text is the source the researcher uses to reconstruct new compositions;
Cinderella
Once upon a time, there was a girl named Cinderella. Cinderella lived and lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Cinderella is lonely. He felt he needed a mother figure in his life, therefore, Cinderella's father remarried a woman who had two daughters. Unfortunately, Cinderella's father died and in the end had to live with her stepmother and stepbrother. They were cruel to Cinderella. They are very bossy, he has to do all the housework.
One day there was an invitation for all the family to come to the royal hall. The king invited all eligible women in the kingdom to find a wife for the Prince. Her stepbrother didn't let her go. Cinderella is sad. His stepbrother went to the hall without him. Fortunately, the fairy godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with a wave magic wand, helping prepare Cinderella for the hall. The elf warned him that the magic would end at midnight, so he had to leave the hall beforehand.
In the hall everyone was shocked when Cinderella arrived in all her beauty. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to dance. She fell in love with him. Suddenly, the clock went off at midnight. Cinderella hastily fled, dropping her glass shoes as she did. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the rest of the night, except for another glass slipper, who cannot return. Prince Charming has his love found
through strange shoes, and troops are sent across the country to have every girl in the land try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Finally the Grand Duke reached the Cinderella residence, but he was nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to match the royal wedding, but they don't. The Grand Duke will be leaving when Cinderella finally appears. She orders the masseuse to take out the glass slipper, but the stepmother at the last minute tries to prevent her stepdaughter from getting things right, causing the masseuse to stumble, thus breaking the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman is no better than Cinderella's other glass slipper, which fits Cinderella's feet perfectly. Soon, the weeding bells rang, and Cinderella married the Prince, and they lived happily ever after.
Teacher Direction: use these questions and others to generate ideas.
S Substitude
What other settings could be used for the story?
Can you replace the glass slipper with something else?
Can you switch the fairy godmother to a different type of magical being?
C Combine
Can two characters be combined to make one new character?
A Adapt
How can some of the characters be changed to make the story different?
Are there elements from another story that can be added to this one?
M Modify
The stepsisters try their hardest to make their feet fit into the slipper. What can you do to exaggerate this scene?
What can you do to exaggerate Cinderella‟s feeling for the prince?
P
Put to other Use
Instead of writing a new story, what other ways could you use to tell the story?
E Eliminate
Cinderella stepmother and stepsisters are very cruel to her. What if you took this part of the story out and make them nicer?
R Rearrange
How could you rearrange the Cinderella new story?