23. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is NOT an explanation for why a group of people might have wanted to colonize the Pacific islands?
(A) As their numbers increased, they needed additional territory.
(B) The winds and currents made the islands easy to reach.
(C) The political situation at home made emigration desirable.
(D) They found exploration challenging and exciting.
24. Why does the author mention the views of “Patrick Kirch”?
(A) To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl’s idea about American Indians reaching Oceania
(B) To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world
(C) To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl’s theory has an alternative explanation
(D) To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania
greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of cultural differences between people living in well- delineated territories and competing for resources.
Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Many Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.
Thus, in parts of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.
1. Why does the author mention "the Aggersund site in Denmark" and its brief periods of occupation?
(A) To suggest that the supply of year-round food sources near earlier settlement sites had nearly disappeared
(B) To give an example of a small, temporary coastal site that took advantage of seasonal food sources
(C) To illustrate how small coastal settlements could not last as long as large forest settlements
(D) To highlight the fact that none of the Denmark camps were able to be occupied year- round
2. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about human life in Mesolithic Scandinavia?
(A) People tended to live in smaller groups during the Ertebølle Period than during earlier Mesolithic periods.
(B) The areas where it was advantageous to live changed over time as a result of environmental changes.
(C) Human groups were less affected by environmental change during the Maglemose Period than during the Kongemose Period.
(D) During most of the Mesolithic, people were more dependent on terrestrial food
sources than other food sources.
3. Paragraph 2 suggests that before the Ertebølle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic technologies
(A) were available only in small coastal sites (B) were developed mainly in Denmark (C) were made mainly from animal bones (D) were somewhat simple
4. The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) calling attention to
(B) focusing on
(C) taking advantage of (D) searching for
5. According to paragraph 3, the existence of cemeteries in Mesolithic Scandinavia is associated with
(A) increased social complexity
(B) problems in obtaining sufficient food (C) a dramatically increasing population
(D) a trend toward reduced dependence on the food sources provided by hunter-gatherers
6. The phrase "confined to" in the passage is closest in meaning to (A) adapted to
(B) limited to (C) expanded to (D) located next to
confined to = limited to = terbatas pada
7. According to paragraph 4, how were Mesolithic societies in central Europe able to meet their food needs for much of the year?
(A) By finding new opportunities for coastal adaptations wherever they could (B) By keeping their base camps in dense forests with plenty of forest game
(C) By setting in areas that provided both predictable food resources and access to different kinds of environments
(D) By hunting farther and farther from their central base camps each day
8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Because of favorable conditions in southern Scandinavia and the social complexity of their societies, hunter-gatherer societies did not adapt to farming until economic change required it.
(B) When farming came to Europe and became common, hunter-gatherer societies finally achieved high levels of social complexity.
(C) Social complexity was common in the societies of southern Scandinavia but was less common in other areas where farming came later.
(D) Hunter-gatherer societies in southern Scandinavia achieved a new level of social complexity, and this allowed them to quickly achieve economic and social change when farming was introduced.