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revising, and editing stages of the writing process to communicate their messages to readers in written form.
- Students benefit from the process approach in language acquisition because they are the creators of language, they must focus on content and message, and their own intrinsic motivations are valued. When students have their own intrinsic motivations, they are more likely to gain language skills.
- Encourages learners to work together in groups to boost motivation and foster positive attitudes toward writing.
3. SEMANTIC MAPPING TECHNIQUE
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strategy for teaching reading. As a result, the semantic mapping technique can be useful in teaching reading skills.
Johnson and Pearson (1978) created semantic mapping, which has its roots in cognitive psychology. It is assumed that students arrive at class having a smattering of knowledge or even misunderstandings about the topic that the lecturers will cover.
Semantic mapping, as defined by Zaid (1995), is a visual representation of knowledge, a picture of conceptual relationships. He defines semantic mapping as a graphic representation of a text's primary concepts and relationships, or of the relationship between word meaning and categorical information organization. The visual and conceptual components of semantic mapping are the most important. Forms such as circles, triangles, and other shapes make constitute a visual semantic mapping. A conceptual semantic mapping illustrates the relationship between words and ideas by storing verbal information inside and between the forms.
Semantic mapping can assist teachers analyze their students' past knowledge and prepare them to meet a text. According to Vaughn and Edmonds (2006), semantic mapping provides a link between what students already know and what they will learn when they read by offering an overview of relevant terminology and concepts.
Students can use semantic mapping to explore their knowledge of a new term by making a map out of other related words or phrases that have comparable meanings to the new word.
When it comes to teaching reading, semantic mapping aids teachers in getting pupils to focus on the structure of a text as well as the conceptualization of paragraph and short essay form. El-Koumy (1999) admits that semantic mapping has become a popular teaching method for improving understanding. Students can use semantic
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mapping to activate their prior knowledge before reading, check their comprehension while reading, and evaluate their comprehension afterward. Teachers can use this strategy in pre-reading to identify how much knowledge building is required before pupils begin reading a certain material, according to Antonnaci (1991). Teachers can use semantic mapping to help students recall and organize information learned from reading the text as they discuss and make connections between words or concepts from the topic during reading activities, and during post-reading activities, teachers can use semantic mapping to help students recall and organize information learned from reading the text as they discuss and make connections between words or concepts from the topic.
Semantic mapping, according to Zaid (1995), inspires and engages pupils in thinking about and learning to read. It can assist children build their vocabulary by allowing them to connect new material to past experiences. Semantic mapping is a student-centered strategy that encourages students to be more engaged, participatory, and creative in their learning.
B. Procedures of the technique and How to implement in teaching and learning activities The media that used in this technique are:
● Reading materials about wetlands
● Worksheet
● Whiteboard
Teaching Procedures:
- Before reading: The teacher evaluates the text to be read and carefully selects the crucial words that must be mastered in order to comprehend it.
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● Using the semantic word map and guided conversation, the teacher introduces the selected subject words.
● Draw or project the word map on chart paper, the blackboard, or software applications with graphics tools so that it is visible to the students. In the center of the map, write the theme or major concept.
● Give the students semantic maps to work with.
● Start a pre-reading discussion about the content words. Write the word and the student's meanings and response on the map as students respond to concept- related questions, and instruct students to do the same.
● If students do not respond to concept-related questions, the teacher should provide a contextual definition of the word to aid students' comprehension of the material.
- During reading: Students utilize their sematic mapping to add to the meaning of the words as they read.
● The teacher gives a quick review of the essential words before instructing the pupils to read the prescribed text.
● Teacher instructs the students to supplement their reading with additional information to help them understand the meaning of the key words. The teacher should urge pupils to make a list of supplementary words that describe the concepts from their reading.
● As students read, the teacher encourages them to jot down any queries they have about words that need to be classified.
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- After reading: The teacher leads a lengthy conversation about the reading with the pupils, emphasizing on the topic terms and their meanings.
• During the discussion of their reading, the teacher instructs the students to apply their semantic maps. By building on their conceptual knowledge, the teacher engages students in a debate that further promotes and relies on their grasp of the subject terms.
• As students discuss the reading and use the map as a guide, the teacher directs them to explain the information they acquired from their reading.
• The teacher conducts the discussion by asking questions that will help students grasp what they have read more thoroughly. When students react to the questions, the teacher marks their answers on the huge semantic map, and they can take extra notes on their personal maps.
C. Advantages of the technique
Semantic mapping is one of techniques that can help students in enriching their word knowledge. There are several advantages gained by the students if the teachers use this technique. It can aid in the process of transferring the knowledge from one subject or discipline to another, and teacher-created maps can aid in gaining an overview of a topic or even an entire course. Semantic mapping provides the additional benefit of helping students visualize how word meanings can be categorized. It is also an effective technique for teaching reading skill and textual patterns of organization, and it is effective for improving note taking and creative thinking skills. Semantic mapping is allowed students to record what they are learning during reading activity. It is used to motivate and involve students in the thinking,
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reading, and writing aspects. It enhances vocabulary development by helping students to link new information with previous experience.
4. DISCUSSION TECHNIQUE