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Figure 5.12. Returning crop residues (mulch) as a source of organic matter to maintain soil moisture and increase soil carbon Vegetative conservation techniques: Alley cropping (left), and (b) Grass strip (right) data ((Biro Pusat Statistik 2019), the number of
beef cattle is > 17 million, and the number of dairy cattle is > 500,000. The manure production of adult cows is about 15 kg fresh weight head-
1 day-1, but after the composting process, 15 kg fresh weight manure becomes 3-4 kg compost.
For cattle in the barn, it is assumed that around 50% of the manure is available, which results in 19-25 million t year-1 of manure. Compost can be significant when counting manure from buffalo, goats, sheep, and chickens.
Setting cropping patterns and utilizing other
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is a cropping system in which two or more crops are grown simultaneously in a single growing area at the same time. Relay cropping is a crop- ping pattern in which crops are planted before the existing crops are harvested, usually when a crop in the intercropping system has a relatively short lifespan compared to other crops. Other adaptation methods include abiotic stress-re- sistant varieties (drought-resistant, disease-re- sistant, shorter lifespan), soil amendments (like hydrostock or hydrogels) for water storage or increased water retention, and mineral soil amendments (like zeolite).
Biofertilizers are also a means of adaptive ag- riculture and have the potential to provide mit- igation co-benefits. For example, biofertilizers containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and exopolysaccharide-producing microorganisms can reduce nitrogen fertilizers and improve soil structure. Biofertilizers containing decomposing microorganisms are adaptive agricultural strate- gies due to their role in organic matters, main- ly composting. Biological disease prevention is also one of the strategies of adaptive agriculture.
Closing
Upland plays an essential role in Indonesian food supply. It is referred to as the second food land after the paddy fields as it meets half of the national food, especially for corn and soybeans.
However, upland agriculture especially for an- nual crops, is very vulnerable to climate change as its water needs are highly dependent on rain- fall. The adaptation strategies that need to be applied in upland areas are water management techniques, conservation techniques, optimal use of organic matter, selection of cropping patterns, and other adaptive technologies. Most of these adaptation strategies are also capable of generating mitigation co-benefits.
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