Design thickness, (at 80 °C) UG-27(c)(1)
20.68 mm
Maximum allowable working pressure, (at 80 °C) UG-27(c)(1)
105.34 bar
Maximum allowable pressure, (at 21.11 °C) UG-27(c)(1)
105.34 bar
External Pressure, (Corroded & at 80 °C) UG-28(c)
From table G:
From table HA-2 Metric:
Design thickness for external pressure Pa = 1.03 bar
2.78 mm
Maximum Allowable External Pressure, (Corroded & at 80 °C) UG-28(c)
From table G:
From table HA-2 Metric:
42.94 bar
t= P⋅R + Corrosion = + 0 =
S⋅E− 0.60 ⋅P
99.28 ⋅ 275 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 − 0.60 ⋅ 99.28
P= S⋅E⋅t − = − 0 =
R+ 0.60 ⋅t Ps
1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 22 275 + 0.60 ⋅ 22
P= S⋅E⋅t = =
R+ 0.60 ⋅t
1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 22 275 + 0.60 ⋅ 22
= = 2.3456
L Do
1,393.27 594
= = 213.3291
Do
t 594 2.78
A= 0.000178
B= 168.7342 kg/cm2(165.47 bar)
= = = 1.03 bar
Pa
4 ⋅B 3 ⋅ (Do/t)
4 ⋅ 165.47 3 ⋅ (594/2.78)
=t+ Corrosion = 2.78 + 0 = ta
= = 2.3456
L Do
1,393.27 594
= = 27.0000
Do
t 594
22
A= 0.003848
B= 886.7377 kg/cm2(869.5911 bar)
= = =
Pa
4 ⋅B 3 ⋅ (Do/t)
4 ⋅ 869.59 3 ⋅ (594/22)
External Pressure + Weight Check (Bergman, ASME paper 54-A-104)
Cylinder design thickness is satisfactory.
External Pressure + Weight Check at Bottom Seam (Bergman, ASME paper 54-A-104)
Cylinder design thickness is satisfactory.
= + = + 10000 ⋅ 15.1 = 3.5013 kg/cm
Pv
W 2 ⋅π⋅Rm
M π⋅R2m
10 ⋅ 523.4
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 π⋅ 2862
α= Pv = 9.803 ⋅ = 0.0559
⋅ Pe Do
3.5013 1.03 ⋅ 594 n= 3
m= 1.23 = = 0.2236
( )DLo 2
1.23 (1,393.27594 )2
RatioPe= = = 1.0015
− 1 +m+m⋅α n2
− 1 +m n2
− 1 + 0.2236 + 0.2236 ⋅ 0.0559 32
− 1 + 0.2236 32
RatioPe⋅Pe ≤ MAEP (1.0015 ⋅ 1.03 = 1.04) ≤ 42.94
= + = + 10000 ⋅ = − 0.7686 kg/cm
Pv
W 2 ⋅π⋅Rm
M π⋅R2m
10 ⋅ -138.1 2 ⋅π⋅ 286
0 π⋅ 2862
α= Pv = 9.803 ⋅ − = − 0.0123
⋅ Pe Do
0.7686 1.03 ⋅ 594 n= 3
m= 1.23 = = 0.2236
( )DLo 2
1.23 (1,393.27594 )2
RatioPe= = = 1
− 1 +m+m⋅α n2
− 1 +m n2
− 1 + 0.2236 + 0.2236 ⋅ − 0.0123 32
− 1 + 0.2236 32
RatioPe⋅Pe ≤ MAEP (1 ⋅ 1.03 = 1.03) ≤ 42.94
Thickness Required Due to Pressure + External Loads
Condition Pressure
P ( bar)
Allowable Stress Before UG-23
Stress Increase ( kg/cm2) Temperature ( °C)
Corrosion
C (mm) Location Load
Req'd Thk Due to Tension (mm)
Req'd Thk Due to Compression St Sc (mm)
Operating, Hot & Corroded 99.28 1,407.2 955.3 80 0
Top Weight 9.74 9.73
Bottom Weight 9.76 9.76
Operating, Hot & New 99.28 1,407.2 955.3 80 0
Top Weight 9.74 9.73
Bottom Weight 9.76 9.76
Hot Shut Down, Corroded 0 1,407.2 955.3 80 0
Top Weight 0.02 0.04
Bottom Weight 0.01 0.01
Hot Shut Down, New 0 1,407.2 955.3 80 0
Top Weight 0.02 0.04
Bottom Weight 0.01 0.01
Empty, Corroded 0 1,407.2 978 21.11 0
Top Weight 0.02 0.04
Bottom Weight 0.01 0.01
Empty, New 0 1,407.2 978 21.11 0
Top Weight 0.02 0.04
Bottom Weight 0.01 0.01
Vacuum -1.03 1,407.2 955.3 80 0
Top Weight 0.18 0.19
Bottom Weight 0.14 0.14
Hot Shut Down, Corroded, Weight &
Eccentric Moments Only 0 1,407.2 955.3 80 0 Top Weight 0.02 0.04
Bottom Weight 0.01 0.01
Allowable Compressive Stress, Hot and Corroded- ScHC, (table HA-2 Metric)
955.3 kg/cm2
Allowable Compressive Stress, Hot and New- ScHN
955.3 kg/cm2
Allowable Compressive Stress, Cold and New- ScCN, (table HA-2 Metric)
978 kg/cm2
Allowable Compressive Stress, Cold and Corroded- ScCC
978 kg/cm2
Allowable Compressive Stress, Vacuum and Corroded- ScVC, (table HA-2 Metric)
955.3 kg/cm2
Operating, Hot & Corroded, Above Support Point
A=0.125 = = 0.009259
/t Ro
0.125 297/22 B= 955.3 kg/cm2 S= 1,407.2 = 1,407.2
1.00 kg/cm2
= min (B,S) = ScHC
H N = H C = Sc Sc
A=0.125 = = 0.009259
/t Ro
0.125 297/22 B= 978 kg/cm2 S= 1,407.2 = 1,407.2
1.00 kg/cm2
= min (B,S) = ScCN
C= C N= Sc Sc
A=0.125 = = 0.009259
/t Ro
0.125 297/22 B= 955.3 kg/cm2 S= 1,407.2 = 1,407.2
1.00 kg/cm2
= min (B,S) = ScVC
tp = (Pressure)
=
= 9.75 mm
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.02 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 9.74 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 9.73 mm
Maximum allowable working pressure, Longitudinal Stress
P =
=
= 228.28 bar
Operating, Hot & New, Above Support Point P⋅R
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec+ 0.40 ⋅ |P| 99.28 ⋅ 275
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |99.28|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 523.4
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
9.75+0 − (0.02)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + (0.02) − (9.75)|
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0 + (0.02)) 275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0 + (0.02))
tp = (Pressure)
=
= 9.75 mm
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.02 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 9.74 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 9.73 mm
Maximum allowable working pressure, Longitudinal Stress
P =
=
= 228.28 bar
Hot Shut Down, Corroded, Above Support Point P⋅R
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec+ 0.40 ⋅ |P| 99.28 ⋅ 275
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |99.28|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 523.4
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
9.75+0 − (0.02)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + (0.02) − (9.75)|
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0 + (0.02)) 275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0 + (0.02))
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.02 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.04 mm
Hot Shut Down, New, Above Support Point
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.02 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.04 mm
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
|0 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − (0)
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
|0 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − (0)
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.02 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.04 mm
Empty, New, Above Support Point
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.02 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.04 mm
Vacuum, Above Support Point
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 959.11 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 959.11 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
|0 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − (0)
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 959.11 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 959.11 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
|0 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − (0)
tp = (Pressure)
=
= -0.15
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.18 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.19 mm
Maximum Allowable External Pressure, Longitudinal Stress
P =
=
= 154.59 bar
Hot Shut Down, Corroded, Weight & Eccentric Moments Only, Above Support Point P⋅R
2 ⋅Sc⋅Ks+ 0.40 ⋅ |P|
−1.03 ⋅ 275 2 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |1.03|
mm
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
| − 0.15 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − ( − 0.15)
2 ⋅Sc⋅Ks⋅ (t−tmc−twc) R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tmc−twc) 2 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0.01 − 0.03)
275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0.01 − 0.03)
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0.01 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= 0.03 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.02 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.04 mm
Operating, Hot & Corroded, Below Support Point
tp = (Pressure)
=
= 9.75 mm
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 9.76 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 9.76 mm
Maximum allowable working pressure, Longitudinal Stress
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
15.1 ⋅ 98066.5
π⋅2862⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
523.4 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
|0 + 0.01 − (0.03)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0.01+(0.03) − (0)
P⋅R 2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec+ 0.40 ⋅ |P|
99.28 ⋅ 275
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |99.28|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
9.75+0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (9.75)|
P =
=
= 228.04 bar
Operating, Hot & New, Below Support Point
tp = (Pressure)
=
= 9.75 mm
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 9.76 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 9.76 mm
Maximum allowable working pressure, Longitudinal Stress
P =
=
= 228.04 bar
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0 + ( − 0.01)) 275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0 + ( − 0.01))
P⋅R 2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec+ 0.40 ⋅ |P|
99.28 ⋅ 275
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |99.28|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
9.75+0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (9.75)|
2 ⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tm+ )tw
2 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0 + ( − 0.01)) 275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0 + ( − 0.01))
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
Hot Shut Down, New, Below Support Point
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
Empty, Corroded, Below Support Point
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
0 + 0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (0)|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
0 + 0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (0)|
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
Empty, New, Below Support Point
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
0 + 0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (0)|
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
0 + 0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (0)|
tp = (Pressure)
=
= -0.15
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total, net compressive)
=
= 0.14 mm
tc = (total required, compressive)
=
= 0.14 mm
Maximum Allowable External Pressure, Longitudinal Stress
P =
=
= 154.91 bar
Hot Shut Down, Corroded, Weight & Eccentric Moments Only, Below Support Point P⋅R
2 ⋅Sc⋅Ks+ 0.40 ⋅ |P|
−1.03 ⋅ 275 2 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00 + 0.40 ⋅ |1.03|
mm
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅Sc⋅Ks
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅Sc⋅Ks
-138.1 ⋅ 98.0665
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00
| +tp tm− |tw
| − 0.15 + 0 − ( − 0.01)|
+ −
tmc twc tpc
0 + ( − 0.01) − ( − 0.15)
2 ⋅Sc⋅Ks⋅ (t−tmc−twc) R− 0.40 ⋅ (t−tmc−twc) 2 ⋅ 936.87 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ (22 − 0 − − 0.01)
275 − 0.40 ⋅ (22 − 0 − − 0.01)
tp = 0 mm (Pressure)
tm = (bending)
=
= 0 mm
tw = (Weight)
=
= -0.01 mm
tt = (total required, tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
tc = (total, net tensile)
=
= 0.01 mm
ASME Section VIII Division 1 UG-80(a) Out-of-Roundness
ASME Section VIII Division 1 UG-80(b) Out-of-Roundness
Measured deviation shall not exceed the maximum permissible deviation e
2.3456
27 0.2 25 0.25 29.0328
0.2248
⋅ MetricFactor M
π⋅R2m⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98066.5 0
π⋅2862⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
⋅ MetricFactor W
2 ⋅π⋅Rm⋅St⋅Ks⋅Ec
⋅ 98.0665 -138.1
2 ⋅π⋅ 286 ⋅ 1,380 ⋅ 1.00 ⋅ 1.00
+ −
tp tm tw
0 + 0 − ( − 0.01)
|tmc+twc−tpc|
|0 + ( − 0.01) − (0)|
(Dmax−Dmin) shall not exceed 1% of D
When the cross section passes through an opening or within 1 I.D. of the opening, (Dmax−Dmin) shall not exceed 1% of D+ 2% of the inside diameter of the opening
= =
L Do
1,393.27 594
= =
Do
t 594
22
Lower curve factor = ( = 2.3456)= y1 L
Do
Upper curve factor = ( = 2.3456)= y2 L
Do
C F= y−y1 (C −C ) +C = ⋅ (0.25 − 0.2) + 0.2 =
F F F 27 − 25
ASME Section VIII Division 1 Figure UG-29.2
0.39 12.8567 0.3 38.9389
0.3412 202.67 mm 405.34 mm Chord length = 2 ⋅ arc length determined from Figure UG-29.2
Lower curve factor = ( = 2.3456)= y1 L
Do
Upper curve factor = ( = 2.3456)= y2 L
Do
C F= y−y1 (C −C ) +C = ⋅ (0.3 − 0.39) + 0.39 =
−
y2 y1 F2 F1 F1 27 − 12.8567 38.9389−12.8567 A rc=C F⋅Do = 0.3412 ⋅ 594 =
Chord = 2 ⋅A rc= 2 ⋅ 202.67 =